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1
Content available Barriers impending introduction of autonomous vessels
Pawelski Jan
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
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2022
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nr 72 (144)
34--41
EN
Today’s shipping industry is experiencing a shortage of properly trained and competent deck and engine officers. This problem is becoming more acute with each passing year and traditional methods to resolve it apparently do not work. It has become obvious that cargo vessels must be less dependent on human operators. The solution lies in the replacement of manned vessels with autonomous ones. The introduction of autonomous vessels encounters several barriers, which need to be analyzed to find ways to overcome them. It requires a multipronged analysis of existing regulations, technical limitations, cyber security, and co-existence of manned and unmanned vessels in waters with dense traffic. The most difficult problems lie in international regulations, which were written for manned vessels only. Such rules need to be reworked before the deployment of autonomous vessels can be sanctioned worldwide. Technical issues are being gradually resolved with the introduction of new technologies. Special attention should be given to the cyber security of autonomous shipping as it requires the transfer of very large amounts of data through wireless networks. Accommodation of manned and unmanned vessel traffic may require a new approach for ship routing to separate both kinds of traffic.
2
Content available Quantitative processing of situation awareness for autonomous ships navigation
Zhou X. Y., Liu Z. J., Wu Z. L., Wang F. W.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
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2019
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Vol. 13, no. 1
25--31
EN
The first ever attempt at fully autonomous dock-to-dock operation has been tested and demonstrated successfully at the end of 2018. The revolutionary shift is feared to have a negative impact on the safety of navigation and the getting of real-time situation awareness. Especially, the centralized context onboard could be changed to a distributed context. In navigation safety domain, monitoring, control, assessment of dangerous situations, support of operators of decision-making support system should be implemented in real time. In the context of autonomous ships, decision-making processes will play an important role under such ocean autonomy, therefore the same technologies should consist of adequate system intelligence. At the same time, situation awareness is the key element of the decision-making processes. Although there is substantial research on situation awareness measurement techniques, they are not suitable to directly execute quantitative processing for the situation awareness of autonomous ships navigation. Hence, a novel quantitative model of situation awareness is firstly proposed based on the system safety control structure of remotely controlled vessel. The data source is greatly limited, but the main result still indicates that the probability of operator lose adequate situation awareness of the autonomous ship is significantly higher than the conventional ship. Finally, the paper provides a probabilistic theory and model for high-level abstractions of situation awareness to guide future evaluation of the navigation safety of autonomous ships.
3
Content available Is full-autonomy the way to go towards maximizing the ocean potentials?
Zghyer R., Ostnes R., Halse K. H.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
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2019
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Vol. 13, no. 1
33--42
EN
Growth prospects for ocean economy are promising because ocean industries are addressing challenges such as food security, energy security and climate change. However, safety and efficiency are the general challenges of ocean operations. Increased automation is believed to solve these problems. This paper discusses the impact of automation on safety and efficiency. A literature review of ‘Human factors’ mainly from the aviation and maritime industries is presented to untangle the human-machine relationship characteristics when increased automation is introduced to operators. A literature review of Hydrodynamics, Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) technologies is presented to introduce the state-of-art and associated limitations. It is concluded that, if the industry’s drive is safety and efficiency, then full-autonomy is, at present, not the way to go. Remote control, instead, could facilitate a feasible future, while focused research and development are in need.
4
Content available Codifying Good Seamanship into Machine Executable Rules
Salter I. R.
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
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2018
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Vol. 12, no. 2
329--334
EN
Enabling unmanned surface vessels to comply with the collisions regulations is one of the most interesting challenges facing the shipping industry. The “Machine Executable Collision Regulations for Marine Autonomous Systems” (MAXCMAS project aims to develop a comprehensive capability and demonstrate satisfactory execution of marine ‘rules of the road’ by autonomous vessels. This is an Industry-academia Research and Technology (R&T) collaboration with Innovate UK part-funding including a contribution from the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl). The project partners include Rolls-Royce, ATLAS ELEKTRONIC UK Ltd, Lloyd’s Register EMEA, Queen’s University of Belfast and Warsash Maritime Academy. This paper discusses how the regulations that have been written by humans for human consumption were portrayed to the researchers by the Master Mariner to enable the generation of intelligent MAXCMAS algorithms.
5
Content available Autonomiczność statków morskich : klasyfikacje
Sokołowski W.
Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka
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2018
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nr 12
1099--1112, CD
PL
W artykule poruszono zagadnienia dotyczące autonomii statków morskich. Przedstawiono definicję i podział autonomicznych statków morskich. Scharakteryzowano także samo pojęcie autonomiczności statków morskich. Jednak najwięcej uwagi poświęcono wybranym klasyfikacjom poziomów autonomiczności statków morskich.
EN
The article discusses issues related to the autonomy of sea-going vessels. The definition and division of autonomous sea vessels is presented. The concept of autonomy of sea-going vessels was also characterized. However, the most attention was paid to selected classifications of the levels of autonomy of sea-going vessels.
6
Content available Fundamental principles of passage planning for autonomous vessels
Wołejsza P., Kulbiej E.
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
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2017
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nr 52 (124)
90--94
EN
This article aims to depict the fundamentals of passage planning and route management for an autonomous vessels (AV). It presents a derivation of such a voyage passage plan, its step-by-step analysis, and a comparison to its conventional equivalent. This passage plan consists of four major parts: dock and harbour, en route, approach, and mooring stages. The whole activity of passage planning itself may be divided into the following stages: appraisal, planning, execution, and monitoring. The paper concludes with an overview of potential future applications and use of mentioned content.
7
Content available Perspektywa rozwoju bezzałogowych, autonomicznych jednostek pływających
Pleskacz K.
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
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2017
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R. 18, nr 6
1258--1261, CD
PL
W artykule omówiony zostało zagadnienie rozwoju bezzałogowych, autonomicznych jednostek pływających. Zaprezentowano argumenty wskazujące na konieczność rozwoju żeglugi w tym kierunku: poprawa bezpieczeństwa nawigacji i środowiska pracy marynarzy oraz obniżenie kosztów eksploatacji połączonych z ochroną środowiska morskiego. Przedstawiono i omówiono również szczegółowo zagadnienia, kierunki, w których muszą podążać badania, aby stworzyć finalnie jednostkę częściowo lub w pełni autonomiczną.
EN
The article discusses the issue of development of unmanned, autonomous vessels. Presented arguments pointing that the needs for navigational development in this direction are: improving navigational safety and working environment of seafarers reduce operating costs associated with the protection of the marine environment. Presented the topics and directions in which to follow the research and discussed in detail in direction to eventually create partially or fully autonomous vessel.
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