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1
Content available Monitoring fuel quality in the transport industry
EN
Purpose: The aim of the article is to check whether there are indications that light waves can be used to monitor fuel quality. Design/methodology/approach: Tests of deposits released in fuels during long-term storage were carried out. The research involved observing with the unaided eye illuminated samples of fuels stored in glass vials. The research was qualitative in nature. Samples of diesel oil, gasoline were tested. The phenomena occurring in materials under the influence of aging processes were determined and the relationships between the tested material, its quality and the impact of light rays on the sample were explained using physic-chemical phenomena. Findings: The novelty of the article is to show that fuels after the storage process can significantly differ in quality from the starting material and that it is possible to monitor fuel quality using spectroscopic methods. Research limitations/implications: The research conducted is qualitative and not quantitative. Practical implications: It is suggested to use methods of continuous monitoring of stored fuels using light spectroscopy methods. Originality/value: It is to show that fuels from one manufacturer and stored in the same tank age at different times. Fuels have different properties and significantly differ in quality compared to the input material. Therefore, there is a real need for continuous monitoring of fuel quality.
EN
This paper explores and presents the importance and application of the Design of Experiments (DOE) method in scientific and industrial research. It analyses in detail the theoretical foundations of the method and then illustrates concrete examples and benefits of its use in an automotive environment. The introduction outlines the key principles and objectives of the DOE method, including optimization of experimental processes and minimization of variability of results. The publication focuses on the significant impact of this method in improving the efficiency of experiments and achieving reliable and reproducible results. The practical part of the paper presents concrete examples of the application of the DOE method in the automotive industry. Through this case study, it is highlighted how the DOE method enables the systematic investigation of the influence of different factors on experimental results, leading to a better understanding of the phenomena under investigation and an increase in process efficiency. Emphasis is also placed on the practical aspects of using the DOE method, including the design of experimental plans and the analysis of the data obtained. The case study outlines the challenges and benefits that can arise when implementing this method and presents new perspectives for future research in statistical experimental analysis. Overall, this research paper can be considered an important resource for researchers and practitioners seeking effective methods for planning and conducting experiments to achieve significant research results in various disciplines.
EN
The aim of the research was to select a material from which a washer can be made, so that it can be connected to an E355 steel tube by Rotary Friction Welding (RFW). It was decided to choose the steel grade X6CrMo17-1. The numerical model of the RFW process was built using the finite element method (FEM) using the ADINA System software. The numerical model takes into account the friction coefficient with variable values depending on the temperature. Numerical simulations of the process made it possible to determine the temperature fields in the weld cross-section. For the assumed process parameters: rotational speed of 14,000 rpm, friction time of 1.5 s and friction force of 600 N, the peak temperature occurred in the middle of the friction surface at the end of the friction phase and amounted to 1050 C. The results of the temperature analysis are one of the most important parameters for the implementation of subsequent calculations, such as the calculation of structural changes, hardness, residual stresses and deformations.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia koncepcje weryfikacji materiału kompozytowego zbrojonego włóknem szklanym w osnowie epoksydu mogącego znaleźć zastosowanie w nośnej konstrukcji ramy motocyklowej. Poddano analizie występujące typy ram motocyklowych umożliwiających zastosowanie kompozytów. Wytworzono próbki materiału kompozytowego z wykorzystaniem metody trzpieniowej dla wybranej konstrukcji ramy, badając wpływ różnej orientacji włókien szklanych. Próbki kompozytu poddano badaniom fizykochemicznym, określając podstawowe własności wytrzymałościowe, gęstość, pracę zniszczenia oraz przeprowadzono obserwację mikroskopową wykonanych próbek.
EN
The article presents the concept of a glass fiber reinforced composite in an epoxy matrix that can be used in a motorcycle frame. Motorcycle frames types enabling the composites usage were analyzed. Composite material samples with different glass fibers orientations were produced using the pin method. The manufactured composite material was subjected to physicochemical tests to determine basic strength properties, density, work of destruction, and microscopic observation was carried out.
EN
In an effort to reduce operating costs and to increase the quality and efficiency of production, production organizations in the automotive sector are trying to implement the Industry 4.0 concept, which has become a phenomenon of the last two decades. These initiatives have a significant impact on the employees in production organizations, especially in automotive sector. The main aim of the presented study is to expertly assess the importance of general competencies for transforming job positions in the automotive industry in Slovakia. The starting point of the presented study were the results of re-search focused on emerging positions in the automotive industry and the competencies required by employers in Slovakia. Based on the expert assessment, the hierarchical structure of the solved problem was created and the importance of competencies for analysed job positions was assessed by applying the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method. The results pointed to the growing importance of non-technical competencies. Analyses have shown that actually the most important work competencies are: basic literacy, professional knowledge, problem solving, digital skills and analytical thinking. The development of the necessary competencies will be important both, from the point of view of employers, but also of employees working in professions that are in decline, become endangered and need to be transformed into the required professions.
EN
Lean Manufacturing (LM) practices have gained popularity as a means to achieve high-quality products while reducing costs and delivery times. However, the implementation of LM can be challenging, with a high failure rate. This paper aims to explore the perspectives of employees and managers on LM practices implemented in an automotive company. The research involved primary and secondary data analysis, combining observation, interviews, and a questionnaire survey. The survey assessed knowledge and skills, impact on quality improvement, motivation, supervisor support, control, and engagement in LM development. The results highlight the importance of management commitment and support in achieving successful LM implementation. Moreover, the study emphasises the positive impact of LM practices on employee motivation and the overall quality of processes and products. The PDCA cycle emerged as the most impactful tool, along with other recognised tools like Poka Yoke, Andon, Kaizen, Visual Management, and the 5S method. The findings contribute to understanding the implementation and effects of LM practices, providing insights for companies seeking improvement through Lean Manufacturing methodologies.
7
Content available Assessment of engine valve materials
EN
This paper presents an analysis of six sets of engine valves, each set consisting of one exhaust valve and one intake valve. Each pair of valves was used in an engine with different displacement and mileage. The valves were subjected to microscopic analysis, hardness measurement and chemical composition analysis using a glow discharge spectrometer and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The design and materials of the valves showed that both the intake and exhaust valves in their present form would be a strength of the engine.
8
Content available remote Passive safety in sports cars – safety cells
EN
The safety cell (depending on its producer also referred to as safety cage, roll cage or crash box) is an indispensable sports car element tasked with limiting results of a potential car crash. The aforesaid structure should be characterised by the highest possible and repeatable workmanship, providing strength assumed at the design stage. The collaboration of the Łukasiewicz Research Network – Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, Welding Research Centre and of the Polish Automobile and Motorcycle Federation (i.e. the institution supervising motor racing in Poland) enabled the implementation of the Certification Procedure for Safety Cages in accordance with the Homologation Regulations for Safety Cages of Federation Internationale de l’Automobile. The article discusses conclusions concerning tests performed within the Certification Procedure for Safety Cages, rescue aspects concerning the safety cell design and further research trends.
PL
Klatki bezpieczeństwa są niezbędnym wyposażeniem samochodu sportowego, których zadaniem jest ograniczenie skutków potencjalnego wypadku. Konstrukcje te powinny zapewniać możliwie najwyższy oraz powtarzalny poziom wykonania, aby ich wytrzymałość była taka, jak założono na etapie projektowania. Dzięki współpracy Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz − Instytutu Spawalnictwa z Polskim Związkiem Motorowym − instytucją nadzorującą sport samochodowy w kraju − możliwe było wprowadzenie Procedury Certyfikacji Klatek Bezpieczeństwa zgodnie z Regulaminem Homologacji Klatek Bezpieczeństwa Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. Niniejszy artykuł opisuje dotychczasowe wnioski dotyczące badań przeprowadzonych w ramach Procedury Certyfikacji Klatek Bezpieczeństwa. Omówiono również aspekt ratowniczy, odnoszący się do konstrukcji klatek bezpieczeństwa, oraz określono dalsze kierunki badań.
EN
Semi-metallic brake pads are quite a good choice for performance-driven automotive industries, because of improved braking performance in a more comprehensive range of temperatures. In this study, a semi-metallic brake pad is fabricated through a powder metallurgy processing technique with two compositions of powders with a different weight ratio of Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), flash, Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Barium sulfate (BaSO4), Phenolic resin, Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Graphite for automotive application. A well-distributed composition was indicated by the microstructure, which exhibited a uniform dispersion of hard particles throughout the matrix. BP-20Cu-20Fe specimen exhibited a high hardness value of 171Hv. Under higher loads of 70 N, the specimen BP-20Cu-20Fe showed excellent wear resistance, with a low wear rate of 1.072×10-6 g/Nm. On the other hand, specimen BP-20Cu-20Fe showed a notable 35% increase in friction coefficient when the load was increased from 30 N to 70 N.The surface morphology, elemental distribution, and worn surface features and characteristics are examined using advanced instrumental techniques.
EN
This paper aims to provide a performance measurement system for the automotive spare parts supply chain. We focus on an independent distributor belonging to an independent channel. The framework encompasses different performance aspects for a high supply chain visibility, as well as the required categories, subcategories and key performance indicators for the automotive spare parts supply chain performance measurement. The framework is the first contribution that advances the performance measurement in the automotive aftermarket and allows assessing the performance of the automotive spare parts supply chain as a whole.
EN
Purpose: The novelty and the aim of the article is to check the possibility of welding high 9 strength steels with a mixture containing 7000 ppm of nitrogen. Design/methodology/approach: A new welding material and method have been developed in order to obtain a high-quality joint for automotive industry and for antenna holders and towers. The properties of the joint were checked by NDT (Non Destructive test) tests and the strength and fatigue were tested. Findings: Relations between process parameters and the quality of welds. Research limitations/implications: In the future, it can be suggested to investigate the effect of micro addition of nitrogen in gaseous shielding mixtures of the MIG/MAG welding process. Practical implications: The proposed innovation will not cause problems in the production process. Only the innovate shielding gas with micro additives will be modified without affecting the technological process, management and economic aspects. Social implications: Modifying the welding method will not affect the environment and production management methods. Originality/value: It is to propose a new solution with its scientific justification. The article is addressed to manufacturers of high-strength steel for automotive industry and to manufacturers of antenna components and instrumentation.
12
Content available The global automotive consumer – case study
EN
Purpose: The purpose of the work is to present the research results of 26,000 consumers in 25 countries provided by the Deloitte Report from 2022 as the Global Automotive Consumer. Design/methodology/approach: Due to the cognitive nature of the work, the aim of the work will be achieved using the method of analyzing the literature and newest Deloitte research from 2022. Literature studies only foreign publications. Findings: The Global Automotive Consumer is very widely described in international literature. Many reports have been created and the most updated Deloitte shows overview current situation in researched matter. Originality/value: The analysis ither international literature and report from 2022 with statistics shows global automotive consumer preferences as well as most development countries next to similarities and differences between worldwide automotive community. It includes some influences due to pandemic Covid-19.
EN
Due to the high demand for secondary alloys in the automotive and aerospace industry, this work investigates the effect of higher iron content on the quality of AlSi7Mg0.6 sand castings. Secondary-recycled Al-Si alloys contain an increased amount of impurities due to their remelting of scrap metal. One of the most unwanted impurities found in these alloys is iron. Iron leads to the formation of various Fe-rich intermetallic phases, whose morphology influences the mechanical properties even at low Fe content. It also promotes the formation of casting defects, such as porosity and shrinkage. The formation of porosity in secondary Al-alloys is another major aspect that can affect the final properties of castings. Since these materials are mainly used to produce castings for the automotive industry, such as engine blocks, cylinder heads, and so on, it is necessary to produce castings without any defects. Therefore, the quality of AlSi7Mg0.6 sand casting is investigated at lower iron content (0.128% wt. Fe) and compared to the higher iron content (0.429% wt. Fe), whereby a correlation between iron content and porosity is monitored.
EN
The subject of the study is to verify the impact of the SARS-COV2 virus pandemic on the functioning of the automotive industry in the context of the global economy. The conducted research is important due to the enormous change in the functioning of the automotive industry due to the covid pandemic as well as megatrends affecting the industry. The paper aims to verify the determinants influencing the functioning of the automotive industry. The conclusions resulting from the study will be used to better understand the current situation and to prepare the market's strategy for the coming years. The selected research method includes literature and industry research and the Exact Systems company case study. The case study relates to a survey of car and car parts manufacturers in 12 European countries. The author's contribution is an indication of many factors influencing the potential future of the automotive industry available in the literature. Then the author compares these data with the expectations and predictions of the car manufacturers' market participants to draw consistent conclusions.
15
Content available remote Surowce wtórne w wyrobach kompozytowych w branży automotive
PL
Od 2018 roku obserwuje się zapaść na rynku surowców objawiający się ograniczoną i niestabilną dostępnością oraz ogólnym wzrostem cen. Dodatkowo Dyrektywy Unii Europejskiej coraz bardziej restrykcyjnie formułują zasady gospodarki odpadami i udziału surowców wtórnych w produktach wprowadzanych na rynek. Odpowiedzią na oba zagadnienia jest zwiększenie udziału recyklingu w procesach produkcyjnych, co w przypadku materiałów niskocząsteczkowych, jak stal, szkło i papier jest już dobrze rozpoznane i wdrożone. Takie praktyki nie stanowią też problemu w przypadku tworzyw termoplastycznych, jak poliolefiny, poliamidy i in. W branży automotive, niezależnie od rodzaju napędu, duży udział w surowcach odpadowych mają też kompozyty i tekstylia. Takie materiały, nie są obecnie recyklowane na szeroką skalę, a odpady z ich zawartością są składowane w glebie lub spalane pirolitycznie z emisją spalin do atmosfery. W artykule przeprowadzono dyskusję o możliwości wdrożenia recyklingu materiałów kompozytowych i tekstylnych w branży automotive oraz przedstawiono próby laboratoryjne obróbki takich surowców odpadowych i wytwarzania kompozytów ze znacznym udziałem recyklatów.
EN
Since 2018, some collapse in the market of raw materials has been observed, which is manifested by limited and volatile availability of products and an overall increase in prices. In addition, European Union Directives more and more restrictively formulate the rules of waste management and the share of secondary raw materials in products placed on the market. The answer to both issues is to increase the share of recycling in production processes, which in the case of low-molecular materials such as steel, glass and paper is already well recognized and implemented. Such practices are also not a problem for thermoplastics such as polyolefins, polyamides, etc. In the automotive industry, regardless of the type of drive, composites and textiles also have a large share in waste materials. Such materials are currently not recycled on a large scale, and the waste with their content is deposited in the soil or pyrolytically burned with the emission of exhaust gases into the atmosphere.
EN
Sustainable supplier development helps to improve mutually the supplier’s as well as the buying company sustainability performance. The producer could choose guidance, compliance or capacity building activities to develop its supplier or implement them all. This paper aims to present how the car producers practice sustainable supplier development taking into account different types of approaches and implementation tools. The authors applied content analysis to investigate approaches of six car producers from EU member states. The data was collected from the sustainability reports and complemented with the available information of the supplier sustainability requirements and the code of conduct of each car producer. The findings revealed that analysed car producers use similar approaches to develop their suppliers in the context of sustainability. All of them use mix of activities from all identified categories and collaborate within industry initiatives devoted to spread sustainability in supply chain.
PL
Cel: Celem artykułu jest analiza wymagań w zakresie świadomości wpływu pracowników na jakość wyrobu motoryzacyjnego zgodnie z wymaganiami normy IATF16949:2016 oraz prezentacja i weryfikacja narzędzia służącego do sprawdzania poziomu tej świadomości. Projekt badania/metodyka badawcza/koncepcja: Stworzone przez autora artykułu narzędzie do badania poziomu świadomości wpływu pracowników na kształtowanie jakości wyrobu zostało zweryfikowane w badaniu ankietowym. Badaniem pilotażowym objęto pracowników, którzy w okresie przeprowadzania badania przebywali w przedsiębiorstwie i dobrowolnie wyrazili chęć do wzięcia udziału w badaniu. Wyniki/wnioski: W wyniku badania pilotażowego kwestionariusz ankietowy został oceniony jako czytelne oraz zrozumiałe narzędzie. W przedsiębiorstwie, w którym przeprowadzono badanie, można stwierdzić, iż występuje wysoki poziom świadomości wpływu pracowników na kształtowanie jakości wyrobu. Prawie wszyscy pracownicy objęci badaniem znają cele jakościowe przedsiębiorstwa oraz uważają, że ich praca ma bardzo duży lub duży wpływ na kształtowanie jakości wyrobu i procesu. Ograniczenia: Badanie docelowe, ukierunkowane na poznanie poziomu świadomości wpływu pracowników na kształtowanie jakości wyrobu, powinno zostać dokonane dla wszystkich pracowników, co może stanowić wyzwanie dla dużych organizacji. Zastosowanie praktyczne: Stworzone przez autora artykułu narzędzie do badania poziomu świadomości wpływu pracowników może zostać zastosowane w organizacjach branży wyrobów motoryzacyjnych, które chcą spełniać wymagania normy IATF 16949:2016. Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza: Artykuł ma charakter teoretyczno-praktyczny. W ramach części teoretycznej dokonano analizy tematu świadomości wpływu pracowników na kształtowanie jakości wyrobu. W ramach części praktycznej zaproponowano narzędzie do badania poziomu świadomości wpływu pracowników na kształtowanie jakości wyrobu, spełniając wymagania normy IATF 16949:2016.
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to analyze the requirements for awareness of employees’ impact on the quality of an automotive product and to present and verify a tool for checking the level of this awareness. Design/methodology/approach: The tool created to study the level of awareness of employees’ impact on creating product quality was verified in a pilot study. The pilot study included employees who were in the company during the study period and voluntarily expressed their willingness to take part in the study. Findings/conclusions: In the context of the pilot study, the questionnaire was assessed as a clear and understandable tool. In the company where the study was conducted, it can be concluded that there is a high level of awareness of the impact of employees on creating quality of a product. Almost all employees surveyed know the company’s quality objectives and believe that their work has a very large or large impact on creating a quality of a product and process. Research limitations: The target study, aimed at understanding the level of awareness of employees’ impact on creating quality of a product, should be made for all employees, which can be a challenge for large organizations. Practical implications: The tool created by the author of the article to verify the level of employees’ awareness can be used in automotive organizations that want to meet the requirements of IATF 16949:2016 standard. Originality/value: This article has a theoretical and practical character. In the theoretical part, an analysis of the subject of employees’ awareness of the impact on the quality of the product was carried out. In the practical part, a tool was proposed to verify the level of awareness of the impact of employees on creating quality of the product, meeting the requirements of IATF 16949:2016 standard.
PL
Podobno jedyną pewną rzeczą w życiu jest zmiana. Jeśli jednak chodzi o ideę samochodu - ta przez niemal sto lat skutecznie opierała się temu filozoficznemu stwierdzeniu. Oczywiście mam tu na myśli samą koncepcję pojazdu - czyli silnik spalinowy, skrzynię biegów, hamulce, oświetlenie, siedzenia no i nadwozie. Oczywiście samochód z 1920 i 2020 r., to dwa różne światy, ale ich koncepcja była wciąż ta sama. Co prawda na początku XX w. był moment, kiedy samochód z napędem elektrycznym był traktowany jako konkurencja dla pojazdu spalinowego, jednak problemy z magazynowaniem energii spowodowały, że samochody z napędami elektrycznymi przez wiele, wiele lat pozostawały jedynie techniczną ciekawostką.
PL
W pracy zaprezentowana jest krótka historia polskiego oddziału Vehicular Technology Society (VTS), który na chwilę obecną jest najmłodszym oddziałem IEEE w Polsce. Oddział VTS rozpoczął swoją działalność w dniu 7 stycznia 2020 r. po zebraniu odpowiedniej liczby podpisów i uzyskaniu wymaganych zatwierdzeń. Celem powstania nowego oddziału jest promowanie Polski nie tylko jako miejsca, gdzie znajdują się fabryki samochodów lub podzespołów samochodowych, ale jako kraju wysoko wykwalifikowanych naukowców i inżynierów zajmujących się tematyką pojazdową. Oddział ma umożliwiać jego członkom rozwój i podnoszenie umiejętności po zakończeniu studiów, przekazywać wiedzę i doświadczenie pomiędzy starszymi i młodszymi pokoleniami inżynierów poprzez organizację warsztatów i seminariów. Dodatkowo, organizacja ma być partnerem dla organizacji rządowych przy tworzeniu i opiniowaniu standardów i regulacji dotyczących pojazdów. Praca podsumowuje okres działalności oddziału przez ostatnie 3 lata, prezentuje kluczowe osiągnięcia i wydarzenia, jak również odnosi się do tego czego nie udało się w pełni zrealizować.
EN
The work presents a short history of the Polish Chapter of the Vehicular Technology Society (VTS), which is currently the youngest IEEE chapter in Poland. The VTS chapter began its operations on January 7, 2020 after collecting the appropriate number of signatures and obtaining the required approvals. The purpose of establishing the new chapter is to promote Poland not only as a place where factories of cars or automotive components are located, but also as a country of highly qualified scientists and engineers involved in the automotive research and development. The chapter enables its members to develop and improve their skills after graduation, transfer knowledge and experience between older and younger generations of engineers by organizing workshops and seminars. In addition, the organization should be a partner for government organizations in giving opinions on standards and regulations related to the automotive sector. The paper summarizes the period of the chapter’s activity over the last 3 years, presents key achievements and events, as well as refers to what has not been fully implemented.
EN
Increasing greenhouse gases impose severe concern over the environment resulting in rising dangerous calamities of climate change in the form of floods, etc. Major disadvantages like intermittency of electric vehicles need to be charged after traveling fixed distance. The paper develops an algorithm for a selected industrial electric vehicle to be controlled at different speeds that envisages working on real time Internet of Things (IoT) based Global Po-sitioning System (GPS) signals. It engages the ARM core based STM micro-controller in conjunction with mesh networked Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to govern the operations besides enabling it to be dynamically monitored. The system design considers the vehicle parameters that include the speed of vehicle and the engine, State of Charge (SoC) and State of Health (SoH) of battery together with real time GPS based navigation system using IoT bundled GPS based maps interface. The methodology involves a closed loop monitoring with specified sequence of steps that augur the system to operate at defined speed over designated work shifts and schedules. The procedure introduces an embedded C environment with a process of unit-testing based simulation to capture the merits of schema in terms of an improved vehicle performance under varying parametric conditions.
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