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1

The Influence of Cold Deformation and Annealing on Texture Changes in Austenitic Stainless Steel

Kowalska Joanna, Witkowska Małgorzata

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 2

143--158

EN

Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in industry, from heavy industry and power generation to precision mechanics and electronics, accounting for about 2/3 of the stainless steels produced. The stability of austenite influences the properties and behaviour of these steels during deformation and annealing. This paper presents the results of research into austenitic metastable phase X5CrNi1810 steel, which was subjected to cold rolling (in the range of 5 to 80%) and then annealing (at temperatures of 500-900°C). The research focused mainly on changes in crystallographic texture parameters occurring during the analysed processes. It was found that the observed development of the deformation texture is complex due to the fact that several processes take place simultaneously. Namely, the deformation of austenite, the transformation of austenite into martensite, and the deformation of the resulting martensite. The texture of the deformed austenite was similar to the texture of the alloy type {112}<110>. After 80% deformation, the Goss-type {110}<001> texture component showed the highest intensity. The lack of {112}<111> orientation in the texture was due to the fact that this orientation changes to the {112}<110> martensite orientation as a result of the γ→α’ phase transition. Annealing of the deformed steel at 500°C led to an increase in the degree of texturing (sharpening of the texture), which was related to the improvement of the texture in this temperature range. Above 600°C, the degree of texturing decreased, which is directly related to the α’→γ reverse transformation and the subsequent recrystallization process. Magnetic studies indicate an increasing proportion of the magnetic phase α’ (martensite) together with an increasing degree of deformation. For deformation of 80%, the amount of magnetic phase reached a value of more than 33%. However, after annealing at a temperature of 800°C, there is no martensite in the structure, which indicates that, in these heat treatment conditions, the complete reverse transformation of martensite into austenite has already taken place.

2

Shielding gas oxygen and nitrogen content effects in the case of duplex stainless steel welding

Varbai Balázs

Advances in Materials Science

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2024

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Vol. 24, nr 3(81)

111--123

EN

The duplex stainless steels show improved localized corrosion resistance and strength comparing to the austenitic stainless steels. All of the duplex stainless steels solidify as pure ferrite and the double microstructure is evolving during the solid-state, diffusion driven phase transformation. In this research nitrogen and oxygen containing argon-based shielding gases were used. It was found that the nitrogen and oxygen addition significantly increased the weld metal austenite content, up to +27%. The oxygen addition also improved the weld dissolved oxygen content with up to +0.09%, and the weld penetration depth with up to +3.3 mm.

3

Influence hot plastic deformation on the structure and properties of carbon steel of the railway wheel

Vakulenko Igor, Plitchenko Sergey, Bolotova Dariy, Asgarov Khangardash

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 121

257--266

EN

The study is devoted to the explanation of the influence of hot plastic deformation on the properties of railway wheels. The shape of individual elements of the wheel provides for a different degree of hot compression, which determines the mechanism for the development of the recrystallization at austenite. With a decrease in the degree of the hot deformation, a certain proportion of grains with a low energy of linear stretching are formed in austenite. As a result, of the low mobility of such boundaries, the likelihood of preservation of part of the substructural state of the austenite increases, which should affect the formation of a colony of perlite during the cooling of the carbon steel. Against background preservation and a dependence of strength properties on the dispersion of the pearlite colony, the appearance in austenite of grain boundaries with a low energy of linear tension leads to a qualitative change in the plastic properties of railway wheel steel. The increase in plasticity of carbon steel with an increase in dispersion of the pearlite colony is due to a decrease in the effect of solid solution hardening and an increase in the role of the ferrite-cementite interface in the development processes of strain hardening carbon steel. The results obtained can be useful for improving the technology of manufacturing all-rolled railway wheels.

4

Staliwo stopowe wysokomanganowe w zastosowaniach na odlewane elementy infrastruktury kolejowej

Wróbel Tomasz, Bartocha Dariusz, Jezierski Jan, Sobula Sebastian, Kostrzewa Krzysztof, Feliks Edward

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

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2023

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nr 1-2

30--34

PL

W publikacji przedstawiono charakterystykę staliwa stopowego wysokomanganowego, potocznie określanego mianem staliwa Hadfielda. Staliwa z tej grupy w warunkach wzrostu ciśnienia lub obciążenia, np. w wyniku uderzenia, wykazują dużą skłonność do tzw. umocnienia zgniotem, objawiającego się zwiększeniem powierzchniowej twardości i odporności na zużycie przy zachowaniu ciągliwości rdzenia.

EN

The paper presents the characteristics of a high-manganese alloy cast steel, commonly referred to as Hadfield cast steel. Cast steels of this group demonstrate a high tendency to the so-called strain hardening under the conditions of pressure or load increase, e.g. as a result of an impact, which is manifested by an increase in surface hardness and wear resistance while maintaining the ductility of the core. This is decisive for the applicability of a high-manganese cast steel for the castings of hammers and liners for coal mills and other mills, crusher cones, working elements of construction machines as well as cast elements of turnouts. In particular, the paper presents the chemical composition and usable properties of a high- -manganese cast steel intended for use in railway infrastructure as well as the characteristics of its microstructure finally shaped by heat treatment.

5

Effect of various factors on the measurement error of structural components of machine parts materials microhardness using computer vision methods

Vlasovets Vitaliy, Vlasenko Tatiana, Kovalyshyn Stepan, Kovalyshyn Olesy, Kovalyshyn Oleg, Kurpaska Sławomir, Kiełbasa Paweł, Bilovod Oleksandra, Shulga Lyudmila

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 1

323--329

EN

To assess the causes of failure of parts in operation, it is often necessary to assess the degradation of the structural and phase composition of the material and determine the cause of its change. Microhardness test is used to evaluate the mechanical properties of microvolumes of the material. Microhardness of structural components of steels and cast irons (armco iron ferrite, austenitic component of steel 12Х18Н10Т and cementite of centrifugally cast chrome-nickel cast iron (cast coating Ø910 mm)) was determined by restored four-sided pyramid impression with a square base and a top angle of 136±1. The paper evaluates the influence of the main factors on the micro-hardness error of ferritic, austenitic and carbide component of steels and cast irons: the amount and speed of the indenter load, the stiffness of the substrate, the field of distribution of plastic deformations around the impression, the quality of the surface preparation, the influence of grain boundaries and the relaxation of the impression shape over time. The main factors affecting the accuracy of measurements by the reconstructed impression method have been determined for each of the investigated phases: ferrite, austenite, and cementite.

PL

Aby ocenić przyczyny awarii części w eksploatacji, często konieczna jest ocena degradacji składu strukturalnego i fazowego materiału oraz określenie przyczyny jego zmiany. Do oceny właściwości mechanicznych mikroobjętości materiału stosuje się test mi-rotwardości. Mikrotwardość składników strukturalnych stali i żeliwa (ferryt żelaza armco, austenityczny składnik stali 12Х18Н10Т i cementyt odśrodkowo odlewanego żeliwa chromowo-niklowego (powłoka odlewu Ø910 mm)) określono przez przywrócony wycisk piramidy czterobocznej o podstawie kwadratowej i kącie wierzchołkowym 136±1. W pracy oceniono wpływ głównych czynników na błąd mikrotwardości ferrytycznego, austenitycznego i węglikowego składnika stali i żeliwa: wielkości i prędkości obciążenia wgłębnika, sztywności podłoża, pola rozkładu odkształceń plastycznych wokół wycisku, jakości przygotowania powierzchni, wpływu granic ziaren oraz relaksacji kształtu wycisku w czasie. Określono główne czynniki wpływające na dokładność pomiarów metodą zrekonstruowanego wycisku dla każdej z badanych faz: ferrytu, austenitu i cementytu.

6

Precise Orientation Control of Single Crystalline NiMnGa-Based Alloys by in-situ EBSD Analysis

Szewczyk Arkadiusz, Faryna Marek, Wójcik Anna, Maziarz Wojciech, Chulist Robert

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 3

1171--1175

EN

The article presents a precise method for the orientation process of NiMnGa-based single crystals. For this method, a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD camera and a heating stage allowing temperatures exceeding 873 K was used. The orientation process was carried out in both the high-temperature austenite phase and in the room-temperature martensite phase. The facilities allowed for determining the orientation of a single grain of austenite at elevated temperatures as well as the orientation of particular martensitic variants at room temperature. A practically perfect cubic orientation was obtained in the austenitic case with a deviation of about 1° while the samples oriented in the martensitic phase deviated from the desired orientation by 4.5-5.2°. Additionally, the training process of single crystals was carried out in order to show the influence of the orientation process on twinning stress.

7

Effects of the thermomechanical treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ferrite–martensite dual phase steel

Ha M. T., Pham M. K., Nguyen H. H.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 124, nr 2

49--55

EN

Purpose: The study aims to investigate the effects of thermomechanical treatment, including tempering and hot–rolling, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ferrite–martensite dual phase steel. Design/methodology/approach: The initial steel billet was a hypoeutectoid steel, which was annealed at 1000ºC, then hot–rolled at 920ºC, followed by austenitisation at various temperatures (730, 770, 800, and 830ºC), and finally quenched to obtain ferrite–martensite dual phase steel. X-ray diffractometer and optical microscopy investigated the microstructure and grain size of the dual-phase steel. Mechanical properties such as hardness, elongation, and tensile strength were also examined. Findings: The grain size decreased with increasing elongation percentage and remained constant after an elongation of 30%. The martensite/ferrite phase ratio increased with higher tempering temperatures. The hardness, elongation, and tensile strength reached a maximum when the tempering temperature was 800ºC. Research limitations/implications: Future studies could consider the effect of hot–rolling temperature or cold-rolling. Practical implications: The study proposes a straightforward and efficient thermomechanical treatment process to transform hypereutectoid steel into ferrite-martensite dual-phase dual- phase steel with improved mechanical properties. Originality/value: The study reveals the contributions of grain size and the martensite/ferrite ratio to the mechanical properties of ferrite–martensite dual steel through thermomechanical treatment.

8

Effect of Element Addition, Microstructure Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, Machining and Welding Processes of the Hadfield Austenitic Manganese Steel

Zellagui Rihab, Hemmouche Larbi, Ait-Sadi Hassiba, Chelli Amel

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 3

863--868

EN

High manganese steel, also called Hadfield steel, is an alloy essentially made up of iron, carbon, and manganese. This type of steel occupies an important place in the industry. It possesses high impact toughness and high resistance against abrasive wear and hardens considerably during work hardening. The problem with this kind of steel is the generation of carbides at the grain boundaries after the casting. However, heat treatment at the high-temperature range between 950°C and 1150°C followed by rapid quenching in water is proposed as a solution to remove carbides and obtain a fully austenitic structure. Under the work hardening effects, the hardness of Hadfield steel increases greatly due to the transformation of the austenite γ to martensite ε or α and mechanical twinning, which acts as an obstacle for sliding dislocations. Hot machining is the only solution to machine Hadfield steel adequately without damage of tools or changing the mechanical characteristics of the steel. The choice of welding parameters is important to prevent the formation of carbides and obtain welded steel with great characteristics. This paper aims to give an overview about Hadfield steel, element addition effect, microstructure, heat treatments, work hardening, machinability and welding processes.

9

Modelowanie struktury i własności mechanicznych stali mikrostopowych

Adrian Henryk, Marynowski Przemysław

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

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2021

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nr 1-2

61--67

PL

Własności mechaniczne stali mikrostopowych zależą od zawartości i wielkości wydzieleń węglikoazotków, które tworzą mikrododatki takich pierwiastków jak: Ti, Nb, V, wprowadzane w ilościach nieprzekraczających 0,1%. W pracy zaprezentowano program komputerowy do obliczania zawartości i wielkości wydzieleń węglikoazotku M(C,N) oraz składu chemicznego austenitu przy danej temperaturze austenityzowania na podstawie składu chemicznego stali i warunków obróbki cieplnej. Przeprowadzono analizę wpływu składu chemicznego stali na parametry powstających w warunkach izotermicznych wydzieleń węglikoazotków M(C,N) oraz na efekt umocnienia wydzieleniowego z wykorzystaniem programu komputerowego. Zaprezentowano obrazy symulowanej mikrostruktury zawierającej wydzielenia.

EN

The mechanical properties of microalloyed steels depend on the content and size of carbonitride precipitates, which form micro-additions of such elements as Ti, Nb, and V, introduced in amounts not exceeding 0.1%. The paper presents a computer programme for calculating the content and size of M(C,N) carbonitride precipitates and the chemical composition of austenite at a given austenitizing temperature based on the chemical composition of steel and heat treatment conditions. An analysis of the influence of the chemical composition of steel on the parameters of M(C,N) carbonitride precipitates formed in isothermal conditions and on the effect of precipitation strengthening with the use of the computer programme was carried out. The images of simulated microstructure containing the precipitates are presented.

10

The calculation of stress intensity factor steel of railway wheels

Vakulenko Igor, Proydak Svetlana, Askerov Hangardas

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

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z. 109

187--193

EN

From an analysis of the dependence complex of carbon steel properties on structural parameters, it was found that for an isostructural state, the influence of austenite grain size on impact strength exceeds the dependence on carbon content. As a result of explaining correlation relationships between individual mechanical characteristics, to evaluate critical stress intensity factor, a relationship is proposed based on the use of impact strength. The proportionality coefficient in proposed dependence is determined by ratio of elongation to narrowing at tensile test.

11

Kumar Sanjeev, Pandey Chandan, Goyal Amit

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 3

506--532

EN

This paper investigates the metallurgical behavior and mechanical properties of the P91 steel welds joint. The joint of heat-resistant P91 steel has been welded by the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process using the dissimilar Inconel grade 617 filler. The P91 welds joints have been subjected to varying heat treatment regimes in the temperature range of 650–810 °C for 2 h. The normalizing-based tempering was also performed for the welded joint. The weld fusion zone (WFZ) with austenitic structure and heat-affected zones (HAZs) with martensitic structure was characterized using the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The detailed characterization of the weld metal and HAZ interface has also been performed for as-welded and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) conditions. For mechanical properties of the welds joint, tensile testing and hardness testing were performed. The relationship between mechanical behavior and microstructure of the welded joint has been evaluated for as-welded and heat treatment conditions. The microstructure studies revealed the formation of an unmixed zone (UZ) close to the fusion line, and it was characterized as peninsula and island. The WFZ showed the complete austenitic mode of the solidification and revealed the austenitic structure with cellular and equiaxed grains in the center of the weld metal. The columnar and cellular dendrites were seen near the boat fusion line, i.e., interface of the weld metal and HAZ. The soft δ ferrite patches were observed near the fusion line in the area of HAZ and remain undissolved up to tempering temperature of 810 °C (PW 3). The dissolution of the ferrite patches was noticed for PW 4. The maximum and minimum tensile strength of the welds joint was measured 731 MPa and 502 MPa for PW 3 and PW 2, respectively. A uniform hardness variation in the transverse direction of the welded joint was observed for PW 3 and PW 4 conditions. The optimum combination of strength and ductility was obtained for the PW 3 condition.

12

Niskotemperaturowe nawęglanie gazowe stali austenitycznej typu X5CrNi18-10 aktywowanej cienką powłoką żelaza

Żółciak T., Przywóski A.

Inżynieria Powierzchni

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2018

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nr 1

50--60

PL

W pracy badano skuteczność aktywacji stali nierdzewnej X5CrNi18-10 za pomocą cienkiej powłoki żelaza w zastosowaniu do niskotemperaturowego nawęglania oraz przydatność generatorowej atmosfery endotermicznej do tego procesu. W celu aktywacji powierzchni stali nakładano na nią elektrolitycznie bezprądowo powłokę żelaza o grubości 1–2 μm. Nawęglanie przeprowadzano w temperaturach 450–500oC w atmosferach na bazie generatorowej atmosfery endotermicznej z dodatkiem azotu lub wodoru. Modyfikacja powłoki przez dodanie kilku procent siarki do żelaza spowodowała zmniejszenie rozrzutu twardości na powierzchni, a pojawiająca się sadza wykazywała luźne powiązanie z powłoką. Alternatywna aktywacja za pomocą krótkotrwałego tlenoazotowania z następującym po nim wyżarzaniem dyfuzyjnym sprzyjała wzrostowi twardości na powierzchni i zmniejszeniu jej rozrzutu po nawęglaniu. Po nawęglaniu w endogazie stali X5CrNi18-10 w temperaturze 470oC w czasie 30 h uzyskano warstwę nawęgloną o grubości ok. 35 μm i twardość na powierzchni ok. 1150 HV0,05. Obniżenie temperatury nawęglania o 20oC spowodowało spadek grubości warstwy o 20% w przypadku 24 h nawęglania. Wyznaczono zmiany grubości warstwy nawęglanej w endogazie i twardości na powierzchni od czasu nawęglania.

EN

The study investigated the effectiveness of X5CrNi18-10 stainless steel activation by means of a thin iron coating for low temperature carburizing and the usefulness of the generator endothermic atmosphere for this process. In order to activate the steel surface an iron coating with a thickness of 1–2 µm was applied on it electrolytically electroless. Carburizing was carried out at the temperatures of 450–500oC in the atmospheres based on the generator endothermic atmosphere with the addition of nitrogen or hydrogen. Coating modification by adding a few per cent of sulphur to iron resulted in a reduction of the dispersion of hardness on the surface, and the appearing soot showed a loose connection with the coating. Alternative activation by means of the short-term oxy-nitriding and the following diffusion annealing promoted an increase of hardness on the surface and a reduction of its dispersion after carburizing. After carburizing in endogas of X5CrNi18-10 steel at 470oC during 30 h, a carburized layer with a thickness of approx. 35 μm and the surface hardness of approx. 1150 HV0,05 were obtained. Lowering the carburizing temperature by 20oC resulted in a decrease of the layer thickness by 20% after 24 hours of carburizing. The changes in the thickness of the layer carburized in endogas and the hardness on the surface since the carburization were determined.

13

Effect of Delta Ferrite on the Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds

Ghasemi R., Beidokhti B., Fazel-Najafabadi M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 1

437--443

EN

The dissimilar welds of AISI 304 to AISI 430 stainless steel was investigated by using gas tungsten arc welding. Three filler metals including ER309L, ER316L and ER2594 were applied. The weakest region of the welds was the heat affected zone of 430 stainless steel due to the formation of martensite. Also, the wide grain growth zone was observed in this side. The ferrite number for type 309L, 316L and 2594 weld metals was about 15, 32 and 57, respectively. The hardness and tensile strength values of the weld metals were higher than that of the heat affected zones and the base metals. The ferrite presented higher hardness values than the austenite in type 316L and 309L joints; while the hardness of austenite and ferrite was comparable in type 2594 weld metal.

14

Prediction of Ferrite Content in Austenitic Cr-Ni Steel Castings During Production

Senberger J., Pernica V., Kana V., Zadera A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 3

91--94

EN

Determination of the ferrite content in austenitic steels, which solidified under defined conditions. Ferrite content in austenitic matrix was determined from samples with wall thickness of 60 mm. Measured ferrite contents served to propose the regression equations for the calculation of the ferrite content in steels with Cr content of 18 up to 22 % and Ni of 9 up to 11 %. An additional regression equation was proposed for steels with a higher Ni content. The proposed regression equations have been checked up on the operating melts. In conclusion, the ferrite content in the axis of the casting of wall thickness of 500 mm has been calculated and it was compared to the ferrite determined in the usual way from the cast-on test.

15

Ausferritic Microstructure Phase Analysis in Ductile Iron

Trzaskowski W., Nawrocki P., Łukasik K., Myszka D.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 2

112--116

EN

Image analysis allows to acquire a number of valuable quantitative informations on the observed structure and make appropriate conclusions. So far, a large part of analyzed images came only from light microscopes, where it was a possibility of accurately distinguish the different phases on the plane. However, the problem happened in the case of the observation of images obtained by scanning electron microscopy. In this case, the presence of various shades of gray, and the spaciousness of the image attained. To perform the analysis the matrix images of the ausferritic ductile iron were used. Full analysis was carried out using the computer program MicroMeter 1.03. Results obtained in the analysis were related directly to the results from X-ray diffraction. Obtained as a result of the analysis were related directly to the results from X-ray diffractometer. The following technique has weaknesses, including the misinterpretation by the operator microscope or program. After all, it was possible to obtain similar results to the result that has been obtained from X-ray diffractometer.

16

Effect of plastic deformation on the magnetic properties of selected austenitic stainless steels

Orsulova T., Palcek P., Kudelcik J.

Production Engineering Archives

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2017

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Vol. 14

15--18

EN

Austenitic stainless steels are materials, that are widely used in various fields of industry, architecture and biomedicine. Their specific composition of alloying elements has got influence on their deformation behavior. The main goal of this study was evaluation of magnetic properties of selected steels, caused by plastic deformation. The samples were heat treated in different intervals of temperature before measuring. Then the magnetic properties were measured on device designed for measuring of magnetism. From tested specimens, only AISI 304 confirmed effect of plastic deformation on the magnetic properties. Magnetic properties changed with increasing temperature.

17

Influence of hot-reduction parameters on the steel austenite structure of a railway wheel

Vakulenko I., Bolotova D., Perkov O., Lisniak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2016

|

z. 93

141--148

EN

The formation of grain structures with boundaries similar to substructures is one of the factors contributing to grain refinement in hot-reduction carbon steel. At the forming of a rim, the slight cooling-down (100-150°С) of the surface volumes is sufficient to increase their strength characteristics. After that, an increase in the magnitude of the hot-hardening of metal in the central rim volumes will lead to the formation of a more uniform fine-grain austenite structure over the rim section.

18

Rozwój technologii regulowanego walcowania stali

Jeleńkowski J.

Obróbka Metalu

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2016

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nr 2

26--28

EN

The experience of many generations of researchers; metallurgists and designers have resulted in new types of steel, they called it: third generation.

PL

W artykule przybliżono postępy dokonane w pracach nad rozwojem technologii regulowanej przeróbki plastycznej na gorąco, które doprowadziły do wytwarzania stali o wielofazowej strukturze z wymaganym udziałem, rozmieszczeniem i morfologią poszczególnych składników strukturalnych. Wymaga to odpowiedniego sterowania procesami zachodzącymi już podczas obróbki plastycznej na gorąco, w zakresie stabilności austenitu i kontrolowanego przebiegu chłodzenia w warunkach przemiany fazowej austenitu przechłodzonego. Wytwarzane obecnie w tej technologii stale, tzw. trzeciej generacji, wymienione w końcowej części publikacji, są stosowane na elementy konstrukcyjne wymagające połączenia wysokiej wytrzymałości i plastyczności, zdolne do pochłaniania energii w warunkach odkształcenia plastycznego z dużymi prędkościami. Obecnie regulowane walcowanie, obok hartowania izotermicznego na bainit dolny, jest też jednym z finalnych zabiegów obróbki stali konstrukcyjnych wysokowęglowych oraz narzędziowych zarówno do pracy na zimno jak i szybkotnących.

19

Ocena właściwości magnetycznych żeliwa sferoidalnego ausferrytycznego podczas wymrażania

Myszka D., Kowalczyk M.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2015

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Vol. 36, nr 6

419--422

PL

Austenit w żeliwie sferoidalnym ausferrytycznym jest fazą mającą specyficzne cechy zależne od wielu czynników. Te najczęściej badane i wymieniane są związane z wpływem składu chemicznego oraz parametrów obróbki cieplnej, co starano się uwypuklić w analizach przedstawionych w artykule. Można jednak przyjąć pewne uogólnienie, które jest związane z całą grupą żeliwa sferoidalnego ausferrytycznego — stwierdzono w badaniach, że w mikrostrukturze żeliwa sferoidalnego ausferrytycznego występuje austenit, którego temperatura MS znajduje się poniżej 0°C oraz że austenit ten nie jest jednorodny, na co wskazuje znaczny przedział temperatury przemiany pomiędzy MS i Mf. Niejednorodność właściwości magnetycznych austenitu oraz określenie wartości temperatury MS jako niewiele niższej od 0°C wskazują, że austenit w temperaturze pokojowej może wykazywać niestabilność mechaniczną. Celem przedstawionych w artykule badań było określenie stabilności mikrostruktury żeliwa sferoidalnego ausferrytycznego podczas zmian temperatury w zakresie 20÷300 K za pomocą określenia jego cech magnetycznych. Przeprowadzono pomiary w magnetometrze z wibrującą próbką (VSM) na próbkach ze stali austenitycznej Fe27Ni2TiMoAlNb oraz czterech rodzajów żeliwa sferoidalnego ausferrytycznego otrzymanego w różnych warunkach obróbki cieplnej. Na zarejestrowanych krzywych zmian magnetyzacji w funkcji temperatury zaobserwowano szereg charakterystycznych punktów związanych z przemianami zachodzącymi w mikrostrukturze. Dla każdego z materiałów zidentyfikowano temperaturę MS oraz przedział temperatury, w którym zachodzi przemiana martenzytyczna.

EN

Austenite in ausferritic ductile iron is a phase with some specific features dependent on many factors. As highlighted in the disclosed analysis, the factors most commonly studied and described are those related with the effect of chemical composition and heat treatment parameters. A few general statements can be made here, however, which will relate to the entire group of ausferritic ductile iron grades. These are the following statements: a) in the microstructure of ausferritic ductile iron, austenite is present and its MS temperature is below 0°C, b) this austenite is not homogeneous as indicated by a wide range of transformation temperatures between MS and Mf . The heterogeneity of the magnetic properties of austenite and the value of MS temperature at a level slightly lower than 0°C indicate that austenite at room temperature can be mechanically unstable. The aim of this article was to determine the stability of the austempered ductile iron (ADI) microstructure during temperature changes in a range of 20÷300 K through changes in magnetic properties. The measurements were taken in a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) using Fe27Ni2TiMoAlNb austenitic stainless steel and four types of austempered ductile iron. ADI samples were obtained under various heat treatment conditions. The plotted curves showing changes in the magnetization level as a function of temperature, illustrating changes taking place in the microstructure. For each of the materials examined, the MS and Mf temperature of the martensitic transformation takes place were identified.

20

Increasing of Utility Properties of Grey Cast Iron Castings with Heat Treatment

Eperješi Š., Malik J., Vasková I., Fecko D.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 15, iss. 2

13--16

EN

Grey cast iron belongs to materials for casting production, which have wide application for different industry branches. Wide spectrum of properties of these materials is given by the structure of base metal matrix, which can be influenced with heat treatment. Processes of annealing can be applied for grey cast iron without problems. During heat treatment processes, where higher cooling rates are used, the thermal and structural strains become important. Usage and conditions of such heat treatment for grey cast iron castings of common production are the subject of evaluation of this article.