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1

Analysis of the surface geometry of the orthodontic archwire and their influence on the bacterial adhesion

Ziębowicz B., Woźniak A., Ziębowicz A., Ziembińska-Buczyńska A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2019

|

Vol. 93, nr 1-2

32--40

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work is to characterize the surface geometry of the orthodontic archiwire and their influence of the pitting corrosion resistance and bacterial adhesion. Design/methodology/approach: In the paper, the results of the SEM/EDS analysis and microscopic observation of the samples surface and analysis of geometrical structure with the use Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Confocal Microscopy were presented as well as the pitting corrosion test and surface roughness and microhardness measurements were performed. Additionally the microbiological study after bacterial breeding with the use Scanning Electron Microscope was carried out. Findings: In the basis of the investigation, it can be concluded that the surface geometry of archwire has a significant impact on their pitting corrosion resistance in artificial saliva solution and on the bacterial adhesion. The obtained results show satisfactory properties and surface geometry of the tested orthodontic wires for use in the human oral environment. Research limitations/implications: In the future, it is planned to extend the research with physicochemical properties and the influence of oral hygiene products on the corrosive behaviour of the material. Limitations in the conducted tests refer to archwire design – a small diameter making measurements difficult. Practical implications: The oral environment is an extremely aggressive corrosive environment. The orthodontic elements should have very good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The focus should be on continuously improving orthodontic wires in terms of material quality and topography of its surface topography. Originality/value: The research is conducted in the field of biomedical engineering, which is part of material engineering and is used for the field of dentistry and microbiology.

2

Multiresponse optimization of EDM process with nanofluids using TOPSIS method and genetic algorithm

Prabhu S., Vinayagam B. K.

Archive of Mechanical Engineering

|

2016

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Vol. LXIII, nr 1

45--71

EN

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) process with copper tool electrode is used to investigate the machining characteristics of AISI D2 tool steel material. The multi-wall carbon nanotube is mixed with dielectric fluids and its end characteristics like surface roughness, fractal dimension and metal removal rate (MRR) are analysed. In this EDM process, regression model is developed to predict surface roughness. The collection of experimental data is by using L9 Orthogonal Array. This study investigates the optimization of EDM machining parameters for AISI D2 Tool steel using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and F-test are used to check the validity of the regression model and to determine the significant parameter affecting the surface roughness. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is used to capture the machined image at micro size and using spectroscopy software the surface roughness and fractal dimensions are analysed. Later, the parameters are optimized using MINITAB 15 software, and regression equation is compared with the actual measurements of machining process parameters. The developed mathematical model is further coupled with Genetic Algorithm (GA) to determine the optimum conditions leading to the minimum surface roughness value of the workpiece.

PL

Badania charakterystyk obróbki materiału ze stali narzędziowej AISI D2 przeprowadzono w procesie obróbki elektroiskrowej (EDM) z miedzianą elektrodą narzędziową. Zastosowano wielościenną nanorurkę węglową w połączeniu z płynami dielektrycznymi. Analizowano parametry charakteryzujące wynik procesu, takie jak chropowatość powierzchni, wymiary fraktalne i szybkość usuwania metalu. Opracowano model regresyjny procesu EDM pozwalający przewidzieć chropowatość powierzchni. Dane eksperymentalne zebrano w tablicy ortogonalnej L9. Do badania optymalizacji parametrów procesu EDM zastosowano wielokryterialną metodę TOPSIS. Stosując metodę analizy wariancji ANOVA i test F sprawdzano prawidłowość modelu regresyjnego i wyznaczono parametry wpływające istotnie na chropowatość powierzchni. Obrazy powierzchni obrabianych zarejestrowano w mikroskali stosując mikroskopię sił atomowych (AFM), a chropowatości powierzchni i wymiary fraktalne analizowano używając oprogramowania do spektroskopii. W kolejnym etapie parametry te były optymalizowane przy pomocy oprogramowania MINITAB 15, a równania regresji porównywane z wynikami rzeczywistych pomiarów parametrów procesu obróbki. Opracowany model matematyczny został następnie sprzężony z algorytmem genetycznym (GA) by określić warunki optymalne prowadzące do minimalizacji szorstkości powierzchni obrabianego elementu.

3

Imaging system using higher-harmonic in the tapping mode of the ”Terra AFM” microscope

Pawłowski S., Dobiński G., Smolny M., Majcher A., Mrozek M.

Problemy Eksploatacji

|

2015

|

no. 3

27--38

EN

Terra AFM is the atomic force microscope designed and built by the authors as a device for research applications in advanced technologies in industry and in teaching. In tapping-mode, in atomic force microscopy, the interaction between the tip and the sample is, in fact, non-linear and consequently higher harmonics of the fundamental resonance frequency of the oscillating cantilever are generated. In this paper, we present the Terra AFM system using the method of synchronous detection that allows simultaneously recording the amplitudes and phases of the fundamental resonance frequency and of the higher harmonics. The used detection system, composed of 16 bit 100 mega-samples per second (MSPS) analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device, allows measuring the amplitude and phase of the cantilever within one oscillation cycle and with good signal-to-noise ratio. As a result, good-quality images at higher harmonics could be obtained with the use of conventional cantilevers. The obtained results prove that higher-harmonics imaging can be used to distinguish between different materials. High spatial resolution (about 1 nm) of the presented system is also demonstrated.

PL

Mirroskop Terra AFM jest mikroskopem sił atomowych opracowanym i zbudowanym przez autorów jako urządzenie do zastosowań badawczych, przemysłowych i edukacyjnych w obszarze zaawansowanych technologii. W każdym mikroskopie sił atomowych pracującym w trybie kontaktu przerywanego oddziaływanie pomiędzy sondą i próbką ma charakter nieliniowy, co powoduje powstawanie wyższych harmonicznych częstotliwości podstawowej drgań sondy. W artykule przedstawiono system mikroskopu Terra AFM wykorzystujący metodę detekcji synchronicznej umożliwiającą jednoczesne wyznaczanie amplitudy i fazy wyższych harmonicznych przebiegu podstawowego. Głównymi elementami opracowanego systemu detekcji są przetwornik analogowo-cyfrowy o rozdzielczości 16 bitów i szybkości próbkowania 100 MSPS oraz układ programowalny FPGA pozwalający na pomiar amplitudy i fazy w okresu przebiegu podstawowego drgań sondy z dobrą wartością stosunku sygnału do szumu. Prowadzi to do otrzymywania dobrej jakości obrazów przy wyższych harmonicznych z użyciem typowej sondy mikroskopu AFM. Przedstawiono przykłady uzyskiwanych obrazów, które wskazują na przydatność systemu do rozróżniania obszarów próbek zbudowanych z różnych materiałów. Potwierdzają one również wysoką rozdzielczość przestrzenną (około 1 nm) opracowanego systemu.

4

Surface morphology and optical properties of Al₂O₃ thin films deposited by ALD method

Dobrzański L. A., Szindler M., Szindler M.M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2015

|

Vol. 73, nr 1

18--24

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the results of investigations on the changes in surface morphology, roughness, and thickness of the prepared aluminium oxide thin films as dependent on conditions of the thin films preparation. Design/methodology/approach: Thin films have been prepared with use of atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. The changes of surface morphology have been observed in topographic images performed with the atomic force microscope (AFM). Obtained roughness parameters have been calculated with XEI Park Systems software. The thickness distribution have been measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry. The optical transmission spectra have been measured with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Findings: Results and their analysis show that the atomic layer deposition method allows the deposition of homogenous thin films of Al2O3 with the desired geometric characteristics and good optical properties. Practical implications: The technology of atomic layer deposition of aluminium oxide thin films causes that mentioned thin films are good potential material for optics, optoelectronics and photovoltaics. Originality/value: The paper presents results of investigations on aluminum oxide thin films prepared with atomic layer deposition method on glass substrate.

5

Konstrukcja mikroskopu sił atomowych z układem obrazowania wykorzystującym składowe harmoniczne

Pawłowski S., Majcher A., Zbrowski A., Mrozek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Mechanika / Politechnika Opolska

|

2014

|

z. 103

145--148

EN

The paper presents the design of the atomic force microscope. The basic criterion for its development was the ease of use associated with high measurement parameters. The used modular design of mechanical, control and software elements allows to make changes and in¬troduce modifications to extend the range of applications of the device. One such modification involving the imaging of objects using the measurement of the amplitude and the phase of the signal from the probe working in an intermittent contact mode was described.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono konstrukcję zbudowanego mikroskopu sił atomowych. Podstawowym kryterium przy jej opracowaniu była prostota obsługi przy zachowaniu wysokich parametrów pomiarowych. Zastosowano modułowość rozwiązań mechanicznych, sterowania i oprogramowania, co umożliwia wprowadzanie zmian i modyfikacji rozszerzających zakres zastosowań urządzenia. Opisano jedną z takich modyfikacji polegającą na obrazowaniu badanych obiektów z wykorzystaniem pomiaru amplitudy i fazy składowych harmonicznych sygnału pochodzącego z sondy pracującej w trybie kontaktu przerywanego.

6

Structure analysis of the surface of plunger and barrel assembly in the injection pump pumping section

Miszczak A.

Journal of KONES

|

2014

|

Vol. 21, No. 3

227--234

EN

Precision surfaces in a diesel engine’s fuel system are used in the two components. First one is the pumping section in the injection pump. The second ones are injectors. In this paper authors present results of the topography measurements of the surface of plunger and barrel assembly in the injection pump pumping section. The measurements were performed using the atomic force microscopy (AFM) NT-206. The measured surface topographies were shown in the form of two and three-dimensional views of selected areas of the investigated surfaces. There are also presented the profiles of the selected area cross-sections as well as roughness height distribution and cumulative height distribution of roughness. Additionally, the basic parameters describing the surface roughness, such as: a roughness average Ra, a root mean square value Rq of roughness, a skewness Ssk (Rsk) and kurtosis Sku (Rku), are also specified. The samples (plungers and barrels), which have been measured, come from the injection pump pumping section as a new ones and after estimated period of operation time. The lateral precision surfaces have been measured. The atomic force microscope NT-206 allows to perform scanning of the measured surface with maximum are dimensions of 32 μm x 32 μm and maximal roughness height of ± 1 􀁐m. Scanned surfaces was divided into 256x256 measuring points and the measurements were performed in the static (contact) mode. After surface scanning on the atomic force microscope, the data was calculated in the SurfaceXplorer® 1.311 or Gwyddion 2.35 software. In this paper, only selected surfaces from the several dozen performed scans are shown. The obtained results allow to determinate the degree and type of wear of tested surfaces at the micro-level.

7

Finite Element Modelling of Atomic Force Microscope Cantilever beams with Uncertainty in Material and Dimensional Parameters

Wang B., Wu X., Rusinek A., Gan T.

Engineering Transactions

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2014

|

Vol. 62, iss. 4

403–-421

EN

The stiffness and the natural frequencies of a rectangular and a V-shaped micro-cantilever beams used in Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) were analysed using the Finite Element (FE) method. A determinate analysis in the material and dimensional parameters was first carried out to compare with published analytical and experimental results. Uncertainties in the beams’ parameters such as the material properties and dimensions due to the fabrication process were then modelled using a statistic FE analysis. It is found that for the rectangular micro-beam, a ±5% change in the value of the parameters could result in 3 to 8-folds (up to more than 45%) errors in the stiffness or the 1st natural frequency of the cantilever. Such big uncertainties need to be considered in the design and calibration of AFM to ensure the measurement accuracy at the micron and nano scales. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was carried out for the influence of the studied parameters. The finding provides useful guidelines on the design of micro-cantilevers used in the AFM technology.

8

Sol-gel Al2O3 antireflection coatings for silicon solar cells

Dobrzański L.A., Szindler M., Szindler M.M., Hajduk C.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

|

2014

|

Vol. 67, nr 1

24-31

EN

Purpose: This paper presents the results of investigations on morphology and optical properties of the prepared aluminium oxide thin films Design/methodology/approach: Thin films were prepared with use of sol-gel spin coating method. The changes of surface morphology were observed in topographic pictures performed with the atomic force microscope AFM. Obtained roughness coefficients values were generated with XEI Park Systems software. The thickness distribution were checked with spectroscopic ellipsometry with use of mapping mode. The optical reflection spectra were measured with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Findings: Results and their analysis show that the sol-gel method allows the deposition of homogenous thin films of Al2O3 with the desired geometric characteristics and good optical properties. Practical implications: The technology of sol-gel aluminium oxide thin films deposition causes that mentioned thin films are good potential material for optics, optoelectronics and photovoltaics. Originality/value: The paper presents some results of investigations on aluminium oxide thin films prepared with sol-gel spin coating method on polished monocrystalline silicon.

9

Atomic force microscope data post-processing algorithm for higher harmonics imaging

Babicz S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej

|

2013

|

Nr 34

9--12

EN

Previous works have proved that higher harmonics topography imaging using atomic force microscope (AFM) can significantly enhanced its measurement capabilities. Integrated tools dedicated to most of microscopes allow to visualize the investigated surface only by one selected harmonic. Because of the different characteristics of a sample, scanning tip and the environment, appropriate harmonic selection is time consuming and requires multiple scanning. In addition, repeated scanning guarantees no precise location of topographic formations, because the sample may be displaced. The author developed a system that allows simultaneous recording of the excitation signal, tips response signal from the photodiode and synchronization signal during typical surface scanning. The author presents an algorithm that allows higher harmonics surface imaging using these stored data.

PL

Dotychczasowe badania wykazuja, że obrazowanie topografii za pomoca mikroskopu sił atomowych (AFM, ang. Atomic Force Microscope) z wykorzystaniem wyższych harmonicznych moe znaczaco rozszerzyc jego możliwosci pomiarowe. Z uwagi na różne własciwosci próbki, igły skanujacej i srodowiska, w jakim jest przeprowadzany pomiar, dobór odpowiedniej harmonicznej jest czasochłonny i wymagałby wielokrotnego skanowania powierzchni. Autor opracował system umożliwiajacy jednoczesna rejestracje sygnału pobudzajacego wibrujaca igłe skanujaca, sygnału odpowiedzi igły z fotodiody oraz sygnału synchronizujacego. Na podstawie tego ostatniego, możliwe jest precyzyjne okreslenie momentu badania danego obszaru próbki. Wykorzystujac przedstawiony algorytm przetwarzania zarejestrowanych danych, autor obrazuje jednoczesnie powierzchnie badanej próbki za pomoca wyższych harmonicznych oraz za pomoca dedykowanego oprogramowania AFM.

10

The Analysis of Distorting Effects in Atomic Force Microscopy Based on Cantilever of Mechanical Type

Dupak B., Lobur M., Ivantsiv R., Kosobutskyy P.

Machine Dynamics Research

|

2013

|

Vol. 37, No. 2

22-28

EN

Analyzed the two main methods of AFM, the effect of which is essential in the research of individual microscopic adsorbed on the surface of a solid substrate: the broadening of the profile and the effect of understating the AFM height images of objects.

11

Analysis of surface topography of slide journal bearings and micro - bearings

Miszczak A.

Journal of KONES

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2013

|

Vol. 20, No. 4

285--292

EN

In this paper, the author presents the results of measurements of the slide journal bearings and micro-bearings sleeves and journal surfaces. The study was performed with the atomic force microscope (AFM) NT-206. The results of measurements of surface topography are presented in the form of a 2D and 3D map of surface topography and also in the form of profiles for selected cross-sections of examined surfaces. Additionally, the height distributions of surface roughness are presented. The Atomic Force Micsroscope NT-206 allows investigating the surface of sample with maximum scanning area 32μm x 32μm and with the maximum value of roughness ±1μm. The measurements can be carried out in three modes: static (contact) mode, dynamic (non-contact) mode, dynamic intermittent mode. The author used the contact mode. The application of this mode of operation, in the case of samples with a hard surface, for example, the journal of a bearing, enables to obtain a good mapping of the measured surface. The presented in this paper results of surface topography measurements, include the calculated values of the Ra and Rq parameters and also the maximum value of the distance between the lowest and the highest surface inequality. The obtained results allow evaluating the amount and type of wear of researched elements in the micro-scale and they also are useful in the design of such surface layers of co-operating components, in order to obtain optimum tribological properties. When considering the impact of the surface roughness on the change of height of bearing gap, and consequently the change of flow and operating parameters, the information about average distribution of roughness value is required. With such measurements, it is possible to obtain these data. In the presented research the micro-bearings from personal computers hard drives, as well as classic bearings and sleeves, were investigated.

12

Analiza topografii powierzchni panewek mikrołożysk ślizgowych z mikrorowkami

Miszczak A., Wierzcholski K.

Tribologia

|

2012

|

nr 3

103-110

PL

W niniejszej pracy autorzy przedstawili topografię powierzchni panewek mikrołożysk ślizgowych z mikrorowkami zmierzonymi za pomocą mikroskopu sił atomowych (NT-206 produkowanego w MTM na Białorusi) i profilometru (T8000-R60 firmy Hommeltester). Wyniki pomiarów topografii powierzchniprzedstawiono w formie dwu- i trójwymiarowych wykresów oraz przekrojów badanej powierzchni. Topografię powierzchni wykonano dla panewek mikrołożysk ślizgowych stosowanych w 2,5" HDD Samsung HM160HI – 5400 obr/min, 3.5" HDD Seagate Barracuda 7200.10 ST380815AS – 7200 obr/min oraz wentylatorze komputerowym Kama Flow SP0825FDB12H. Rozpatrywane mikrołożyska eksploatowane były przez rok na nominalnych prędkościach obrotowych w dwóch trybach pracy. Pierwszy tryb pracy charakteryzował się pracą ciągłą (tj. 24 godziny). Drugi tryb pracy to tryb przerywany, czyli 15 minut urządzenie było włączone i 15 minut wyłączone. Dzięki wynikom uzyskanym za pomocą profilometru określono wielkość, kształt i rozmieszczenie mikrorowków. Wyniki otrzymane na mikroskopie sił atomowych posłużyły do oceny chropowatości powierzchni w skali mikro i manometrycznej oraz zużycia powierzchni ślizgowych.

EN

This paper presents the sleeve surface topography containing microgrooves measured by virtue of Atomic Force Microscopy NT-206 constructed in MTM Belarus, and a T8000-R60 Hommeltester profile measurement gauge. The topography was generated in 2D and 3D charts for the cross-sections of the considered surface sample. The topography was developed for slide micro-bearing sleeve applied in 2.5" HDD Samsung HM160HI – 5400rpm, 3.5" HDD Seagate Barracuda 7200.10 ST380815AS - 7200 RPM and in computer ventilator Kama Flow SP0825FDB12H. The micro-bearings were exploited for one year at nominal rotational speed for two cases. The first case included continuous operation of 24 hours per day. The second case included interrupted operation, e.g. 15 minutes on and 15 minutes off. By virtue of the results obtained using profile measurement gauge, we can record the quantities, shapes, and location of microgrooves. Moreover, the results obtained using AFM were helpful for roughness assessment and wear surface evaluation.

13

Surface topography of operated slide journal micro - bearings used in computer fans

Miszczak A., Czaban A., Labuda W.

Journal of KONES

|

2012

|

Vol. 19, No. 4

457-463

EN

In this paper authors present results of measurements of slide journal bearings surface topography measured with a profilometer and an atomic force microscope (AFM). Surface topography of investigated bearings (i.e. journals and sleeves) was measured using the Hommeltester T8000- R60 profilometer. The results of these measurements give information about micro-grooves dimensions and location. Measurements of surface topography were made for journals and sleeves of slide journal micro-bearings from personal computers fans, with the Atomic Force Microscope NT-206 produced in MTM in Minsk, Republic of Belarus. The results of measurements of surface topography were presented in the form of surface topography maps, threedimensional graphs and some examples of selected cross-sections of investigated surfaces in the form of profile graphs. The values of profile roughness parameters Ra and Rq and the distance between maximum peak height and maximum valley depth are presented as well. The application SurfaceXplorer registered trademark was used for processing and visualization of the data obtained from AFM NT-206, which besides from generating 2D, 3D and profile diagrams, was used to calculate and draw graphs of height distribution. In this research authors used two identical sets of micro-bearings. The investigated bearings are: a) Kama Flow SP0825FDB12H fan with grooved surface of bearing sleeve, b) Xilence Case fan which sleeve surface was without grooves. First set of that micro-bearings functioned for a year at rated RPM continuously (i.e. 24 hours a day). Second set of the same micro-bearings also functioned for a year at rated RPM, but in intermittent mode (i.e. 15 minutes on, 15 minutes off). On the surfaces of studied micro-bearings some microgrooves can be found in form of herringbone, with depth about 1-2..m and width 100-150..m. Received information about microgrooves geometry will help to develop proper theory of hydrodynamic lubrication for micro-bearings with microgrooves and allows determining how the mode of operating affects on the wear of co-operating surfaces.

14

Surface topography of operated slide journal micro - bearings used in HDD

Miszczak A.

Journal of KONES

|

2012

|

Vol. 19, No. 4

449-456

EN

In this paper author present results of measurements of slide journal micro-bearings surface topography measured with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results of measurements of surface topography were presented in the form of surface topography maps, three-dimensional graphs and some examples of selected cross-sections of investigated surface in the form of profile graphs. Measurements of surface topography were made for journals and sleeves of slide journal micro-bearings from personal computers' hard disc drives, with the Atomic Force Microscope NT-206 produced in MTM in Minsk, Republic of Belarus. In this research author used two identical sets of micro-bearings from 2.5" HDD Samsung HM160HI 5400rpm and 3.5" HDD Seagate Barracuda 7200.10 ST380815AS 7200 rpm hard disc drives. First set of those four microbearings worked for a year at rated RPM continuously (i.e. 24 hours a day). Second set of the same micro-bearings also worked for a year at rated RPM, but in intermittent mode (i.e. 15 minutes on, 15 minutes off). The values of profile roughness parameters Ra and Rq and the distance between maximum peak height and maximum valley depth are presented as well. The application SurfaceXplorer registered trademark was used for processing and visualization of the data obtained from AFM NT-206, which besides from generating 2D, 3D and profile diagrams, was used to calculate and draw graph of height distribution. Surface topography of investigated bearings sleeves was also measured using Hommeltester T8000-R60 profilometer. Those measurements give information about micro-grooves dimensions and location. On the surfaces of studied micro-bearings, some micro-grooves can be found in form of herringbone, with depth about 1.5..m and width 150..m. Received information about micro-grooves geometry will allow developing proper theory of hydrodynamic lubrication for micro-bearings with micro-grooves.

15

Sol gel TiO2 antireflection coatings for Silicon solar cells

Dobrzański L.A., Szindler M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

|

2012

|

Vol. 52, nr 1

7--14

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to investigate changes in surface morphology and optical reflection of thin films of titanium dioxide. Thin films were prepared using sol gel spin coating method. Design/methodology/approach: The microanalysis have been investigated by the Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDS. The changes in surface topography was observed by the atomic force microscope AFM and scanning electron microscope SEM. The results of roughness have been prepared in the software XEI Park Systems and optical reflection by the spectrometer UV/VIS. Findings: Results and their analysis allow to conclude that the titanium isopropoxide concentration in solution and spin speed, which is an important factor in spin coating technology has a significant influence on surface morphology and optical reflection of thin films titanium dioxide. Practical implications: Known sol gel titanium dioxide optical parameters and the possibility of obtaining a uniform thin films show that it can be good material for photovoltaic application. Originality/value: The paper presents some researches of titanium dioxide thin films deposited by sol gel spin coating method on monocrystalline silicon.

16

Wykorzystanie mikroskopu sił atomowych w badaniach topografii powierzchni elementów łożysk

Czaban A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

|

2011

|

nr 71

15-31

PL

Celem pracy jest zaprezentowanie możliwości zastosowania mikroskopu sił atomowych (AFM – atomic force microscope), a w szczególności mikroskopu sił atomowych NT-206, jako narzędzia wykorzystywanego w badaniach tribologicznych i mikrotribologicznych. Stosując metodę statyczną (zwaną też metodą kontaktową – contact mode), dokonano pomiarów topografii powierzchni elementów łożysk i mikrołożysk ślizgowych oraz tocznych. Przykładowe wyniki zaprezentowano w formie graficznej jako mapę topografii powierzchni, jak również pokazano profile powierzchni w wybranych przekrojach oraz obrazy badanych powierzchni w formie wykresów trójwymiarowych. Artykuł zawiera także omówienie problemów napotkanych podczas przygotowania próbek oraz przeprowadzania pomiarów topografii współpracujących powierzchni panewek, czopów łożysk ślizgowych i elementów łożysk tocznych.

EN

The aim of this work is to present possibilities of using atomic force microscope (AFM), specially Atomic Force Microscope NT-206, as a useful tool for conducting tribological and micro-tribological researches. Using static (contact) mode, measurements of rolling and sliding bearings and micro-bearings surfaces topography has been made. Examples of obtained data were presented as a topography maps, profile graphs through selected cross-sections and 3D diagrams of surface roughness. This paper also describes some problems met during samples preparation and proceeding of measurements of bearings surfaces topography.

17

Topografia współpracujących powierzchni łożysk tocznych pomierzona na mikroskopie sił atomowych

Czaban A., Miszczak A.

Tribologia

|

2011

|

nr 5

31-38

PL

W niniejszej pracy autorzy przedstawiają wyniki pomiaru topografii powierzchni współpracujących elementów w łożyskach tocznych przeprowadzone na mikroskopie sił atomowych (AFM). Badaniu topografii powierzchni poddano elementy toczne (kulki, rolki) oraz bieżnie łożysk tocznych przepracowanych i nowych. Badania zostały przeprowadzone na mikroskopie sił atomowych typu NT-206 firmy MTM z Białorusi. Zaprezentowane w pracy wyniki topografii powierzchni zawierają również wyliczone wartości chropowatości Ra i Rq oraz wartość maksymalnej odległości pomiędzy najniższą a najwyższą nierównością. Dzięki programowi komputerowemu SurfaceXplorer topografię powierzchni przedstawiono w pracy w trzech postaciach: mapy powierzchni, trójwymiarowego obrazu chropowatości powierzchni i profilu przez wybrany przekrój powierzchni. Dodatkowo zaprezentowano również rozkłady wysokości chropowatości. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają na dokonanie oceny stopnia i rodzaju zużycia badanych elementów w skali mikro, pomogą również w projektowaniu takiej warstwy wierzchniej elementów współpracujących, aby uzyskiwać jak najlepsze efekty tribologiczne.

EN

In this paper authors present measurements results of the surface topography of the cooperating surfaces of rolling bearings conducted with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Measurements of surface topography were made for rolling elements (balls, rollers) and races of non-used and used rolling bearings. In the investigations, the authors used the Atomic Force Microscope NT-206 produced in MTM in Minsk, Republic of Belarus. The presented results of surface topography measurements include calculated values of profile roughness parameters Ra and Rq and the distance between maximum peak height and maximum valley depth. The application SurfaceXplorer was used for processing obtained data and the visualization of surface topography in the three forms: a surface roughness map, a three-dimensional surface topography plot and a profile graph in selected cross-section. Furthermore distribution functions graphs of peaks and valleys heights, tilt and orientation are presented. The results and information about surface topography allows one to evaluate the degree and type of wear in microscale and will help to design surface layers with improved tribological properties.

18

Surface topography of slide journal bearings

Miszczak A., Czaban A.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 3

279-285

EN

In this article the measurements results of surface topography of different types of slide bearings sleeves have been presented. The research has been conducted with the use of atomic force microscope (AFM). The results of measurements of surface topography were presented in the form of surface topography maps, three-dimensional graphs and some examples of selected cross-sections of investigated surface in the form of profile graphs. Measurements of surface topography were made for thin-walled sleeves of slide journal bearings covered with PTFE, POM, bronze and white metal layers. Operated and new sleeves have been considered with the use of Atomic Force Microscope NT-206produced in MTM in Minsk, Republic of Belarus [2]. Atomic Force Microscope NT-206 provides information for samples with maximum roughness value plus or minus 1 mi m. Max. field in one scanning process is up to 32)um x 32mi m. Measurements were preceded with resolution 256x256points. Presented in the work results of surface topography measurements also include the calculated values of average deviation profile Ra and Rq and the value of fixed distance between the lowest and highest inequality. The application SurfaceXplorer was used for processing and visualization of the data obtained from AFM NT-206, which besides from generating 2D, 3D and profile diagrams, was used to calculate and draw graph of height distribution. The comparison of received data will allow verifying type and amount of surface wear of discussed journal micro-bearings parts in micro and nanoscale and will help to design surface layers with improved tribological properties.

19

Surface topography of non-operated slide journal micro-bearings

Czaban A., Miszczak A.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 2

109-115

EN

In this paper authors present results of measurements of slide journal bearings surface topography measured with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results of measurements of surface topography were presented in the form of surface topography maps, three-dimensional graphs and some examples of selected cross-sections of investigated surface in the form of profile graphs. Measurements of surface topography were made for journals and sleeves of slide journal micro-bearings from personal computers' hard drives and fans, with the Atomic Force Microscope NT-206 produced in MTM in Minsk, Republic of Belarus. The values of profile roughness parameters Ra and Rq and the distance between maximum peak height and maximum valley depth are presented as well. The application SurfaceXplorerŽ was used for processing and visualization of the data obtained from AFM NT-206, which besides from generating 2D, 3D and profile diagrams, was used to calculate and draw graph of height distribution. Surface pictures of investigated bearings sleeves were made with the optical microscope Zeiss Axiovert 25+. That measurements give information about micro-grooves dimensions and location. On the surfaces of studied micro-bearings some micro-grooves can be found in form of herringbone, with depth about 1.5mi m and width 150/mi m. Received information about micro-grooves geometry will allow to develop proper theory of hydrodynamic lubrication for micro-bearings with micro-grooves. Topography of surfaces of investigated journal micro-bearings will be reconsidered after exploiting them proper amount of time.

20

Reconstruction of thin films polyazomethine based on microscopic images

Weszka J., Szindler M., Śliwa A., Hajduk B., Jurusik J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 48, nr 1

40-48

EN

The aim of this paper was to investigate changes in surface morphology of thin films of polyazomethine PPI. Thin films were prepared using low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method.