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1
Content available Zegary Wszechświata : Atom. Historia, jakiej nie znacie
Helfand David J.
Postępy Fizyki
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2024
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T. 75, z. 2
26--29
PL
*Przedruk Wprowadzenia z książki wydawnictwa CCPress (Kraków 2024) za zgodą wydawcy. W 99,9999999999995% składają się z pustej przestrzeni. Są niemal doskonałą nicością. A mimo to tworzą wszystko, co widzimy i odczuwamy oraz czego dotykamy. Karmią nas i odziewają. Za sprawą ich ruchu jest nam ciepło (lub zimno).Wywołują nasze nadzieje, marzenia i wspomnienia. Mogą istnieć w całkowitym odosobnieniu i wchodzić w skład bardzo skomplikowanych struktur. Odmierzają czas. Potrafią odsłaniać przed nami tajemnice przeszłości, których w żaden inny sposób nie moglibyśmy poznać. Chodzi oczywiście o atomy.
EN
They consist of 99.9999999999995% empty space. They are almost perfect nothingness. And yet they create everything we see and feel and touch. They feed us and clothe us. Their movement makes us feel warm (or cold). They evoke our hopes, dreams and memories. They can exist in complete isolation and be part of very complex structures. They keep time. They can reveal to us the secrets of the past that we could not know in any other way. It's about atoms, of course.
2
Content available remote BCK-codes Based on a Parity Check Matrix
Keshavarzian Nazanin, Borumand Saeid Arsham, Tehranian Abolfazl
Fundamenta Informaticae
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2020
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Vol. 174, nr 2
137--165
EN
Hamming codes are of primary concern in information theory and its applications. Despite a number of researches that have been conducted on such codes and their characterizations, dealing with the properties of previously introduced codes in a BCK-algebraic framework has not been considered in earlier works. This paper investigates a code constructed based on BCK-algebraic models and proposes an algorithm corresponding to the presented code. It is noticeable that the suggested rendered algorithm is also established on the basis of the elements of a BCK-algebra. In fact, both the Hamming distance and dimension, associated with the presented code, can be estimated through a BCK-algebra structure due to the mechanism of its algorithm which is heavily dependent on the parity check matrix. In addition, the way in which the codes are designed contributes substantially to classification of them and to extract greater number of their attributes compared to the previous works. The highlight of the proposed method is that the number of atoms of the BCK-algebra plays a key role in calculation of the Hamming distance and dimension of these codes. Moreover, the obtained codes possess specified and recognizable Hamming distance which are essential in performing error-correcting, error-detecting and decoding tasks.
3
Content available Hydrogen - some historical highlights
Szydło Zbigniew A.
Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology
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2020
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R. 25, NR 1-2
5--34
EN
The early history of experiments in which an inflammable air was prepared is outlined. Once hydrogen had been discovered by Cavendish in 1766, the world of science and technology was given a colossal impetus. Its scientific and social consequences form the main focus of this essay. Special attention is given to explain why experiments were done, and their aims. The many difficulties which confronted scientists in the interpretation of their results are discussed. Timelines have been used in order to facilitate an understanding of the evolution of ideas. A particular emphasis is given to the story of how, through spectral analysis of the hydrogen atom, our understanding of atomic structure developed. Experiments involving hydrogen constitute important teaching material in schools. Detailed instructions are given for making hydrogen in the laboratory and for demonstrating its lightness and flammability. Suggestions are made of how to use these reactions to teach a wide variety of chemical concepts and facts.
4
Content available EMG field analysis in dynamic microscopic/nanoscopic models of matter
Fiala Pavel, Bartušek Karel, Dědková Jarmila, Dohnal Premysl
Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska
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2019
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T. 9, nr 1
4--10
EN
We discuss a numerical model (macro/micro/nanoscopic) to enable more accurate analysis of electro-hydro-dynamic (EMHD) processes in water at the level of atoms. Dedicated experiments have shown that inserting a relatively homogeneous periodic structure (deionized, degassed, or distilled H2O) in a magnetic field will influence the atomic basis, molecules, and relevant bonds. In this context, the present paper focuses on the designing, analysis, and evaluation of the behavior of an extensive system that represents H2O from the microscopic perspective, and it also outlines the properties and changes of the bonds in the examined water samples. Complementarily, a simple example is used to define the results obtained from analyses of the generated spiral static gradient magnetic and non-stationary gradient electromagnetic fields from the frequency range of f = 1 GHz to 10 GHz.
PL
W artykule przedyskutowano (makro/mikro/nanoskopowy) model numeryczny przeznaczony do dokładniejszej analizy procesów elektrohydrodynamicznych (EMHD) w wodzie na poziomie atomowym. Przeprowadzone w tym celu eksperymenty wykazały, że wprowadzenie względnie jednorodnej struktury okresowej (dejonizowanej, odgazowanej lub destylowanej wody w polu magnetycznym wpłynie na strukturę atomową, molekuły i odpowiednie wiązania. W tym kontekście niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na projektowaniu, analizie i ocenie zachowania rozległego systemu, który reprezentuje H2O z perspektywy mikroskopowej, a także nakreśla właściwości i zmiany wiązań w badanych próbkach wody. Dodatkowo, zastosowano prosty przykład służy do definiowania uzyskanych wyników na podstawie analizy statycznych, spiralnych statycznych gradientowych i niestacjonarnych gradientowych pól elektromagnetycznych w zakresie częstotliwości od 1 GHz do 10 GHz.
5
Content available Physical interpretation of the Cosserat mechanics for a collection of atoms
Sikoń M.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
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2016
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Vol. 64, nr 2
333--338
EN
In this work, the Cosserat medium is analyzes as a set of atoms. These atoms are under the action of a mechanical load. The statistical analysis is preceded by a description of a single atom using classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. The behavior of the atoms in the field generated by mechanical change of the interatomic distance is shown as a phenomenon which can explain the Cosserat mechanics in a continuum.
6
Content available remote Atoms and ideals of pseudo-BCI-algebras
Dymek G.
Commentationes Mathematicae
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2012
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Vol. 52, [Z] 1
73-90
EN
The main subject of the paper are atoms and ideals of a pseudo-BCI-algebra. Many different characterizations of them are given. Some connections between ideals and subalgebras are presented. Conditions for the set At(X) of atoms of a pseudo-BCI-algebra X to be an ideal of X are established.
7
Content available remote Normal pseudo-BCK-algebras
Dymek G.
Commentationes Mathematicae
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2011
|
Vol. 51, [Z] 1
99-107
EN
A normal pseudo-BCK-algebra X is an algebra in which every subalgebra of X is an ideal of X. Characterizations of normal pseudo-BCK-algebras are given.
8
Content available remote Convergence diagnosis to stationary distribution in MCMC methods via atoms and renewal sets
Romaniuk M.
Control and Cybernetics
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2008
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Vol. 37, no 1
205-229
EN
MCMC setups are one of the best known methods for conducting computer simulations useful in such areas as statistics, physics, biology, etc. However, to obtain appropriate solutions, the additional convergence diagnosis must be applied for Markov Chain trajectory generated by the algorithm. We present the method for dealing with this problem based on features of so called "secondary" chain (the chain with specially selected state space). The secondary chain is created from the initial chain by picking only some observations connected with atoms or renewal sets. In this paper we focus on finding the moment when the simulated chain is close enough to the stationary distribution of the Markov chain. The discussed method has some appealing properties, like high degree of diagnosis automation. Apart from theoretical lemmas and a more heuristic approach, the examples of application are also provided.
9
Content available remote On some method for diagnosing convergence in MCMC setups via atoms and renewal sets
Romaniuk M.
Control and Cybernetics
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2007
|
Vol. 36, no 4
985-1008
EN
MCMC setups are among the best known methods for conducting computer simulations necessary in statistics, physics, biology, etc. However, to obtain appropriate solutions, additional convergence diagnosis must be applied for trajectory generated by Markov Chain. In the paper we present, the method for dealing with this problem, based on features of so called "secondary" chain (the chain with specially selected state space). The secondary chain is created from the initial chain by picking only some observations connected with atoms or renewal sets. The discussed method has some appealing properties, like high degree of diagnosis automation. Apart from theoretical lemmas, the example of application is also provided.
10
Content available remote Rozpraszanie promieniowania elektromagnetycznego na atomach i cząsteczkach
Gryglewicz-Kacerka W., Małecki H.
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
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2006
|
R. 82, nr 12
104-106
PL
Promieniowanie elektromagnetyczne przechodząc przez warstwę materii oddziaływuje z atomami tej warstwy na drodze czterech różnych procesów. Są to: zjawisko fotoelektryczne, tworzenie par, zjawisko Comptona i zjawisko Thomsona. W wyniku występowania zjawiska fotoelektrycznego i zjawiska tworzenia par zachodzi całkowita absorpcja fotonów, natomiast dwa pozostałe zjawiska prowadzą do rozproszenia fotonów. Praca zawiera charakterystykę zjawisk: - rozpraszanie światła przez pojedyncze atomy, - rozpraszanie światła przez cząsteczki.
EN
When passing through matter the electromagnetic radiation interacts with molecules by means of four different processes, i.e. the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, the Thompson effect, and pair production. The photoelectric effect together with pair production result in total photon absorption, while the other two phenomena lead to photon dissipation. This paper regards the following phenomena: -light dissipation by single atoms, -light dissipation by molecules.
11
Content available The scientific and cultural role of atomistics
Sosnowski R.
Nukleonika
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2005
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Vol. 50,suppl.3
5-10
EN
The development of the idea that atoms are the building blocks of matter is presented. This hypothesis began in the Ancient Greece and, independently, in the Ancient India. Arguments are presented that the fact that the atomic theory started in these two regions and not e.g. in Egypt, China or by the Mayas can be linked to their writing. In both Greece and India the alphabet contained letters and not pictograms as used in the three other cultures. The role of Islamic scholars in preserving the knowledge of the ancient atomic theories is presented. In the Middle Ages a significant part of the Greek philosophic treatises have been firstly learned via the Arab translations. It is shown that the atomic concept has not been developed in the Middle Ages. This was because the church found it to be in a disagreement with the Holy Scripture. The start of the modern scientific atomic theory is presented and the role of the established quantitative laws of chemical reactions is discussed. Arguments are presented that the atoms discovered in the nineteenth century did not have the qualities of the atoms proposed by the Ancient Greek philosophers. Contrary to the atoms proposed by the Greeks the former can be decomposed into more fundamental parts. The discussion of the possibility that quarks, leptons and quanta of interactions fields meet the above qualities is presented.
12
Content available remote Nanomechanika ośrodka Cosseratów. II. Kwantowy charakter naprężeń momentowych. Rozszczepienie energii atomu w polu sił mechanicznych
Sikoń M.
Czasopismo Techniczne. Mechanika
|
2003
|
R. 100, z. 6-M
221--233
EN
Atom energy change by mechanical disturbance of the elektron motion is considering on the base of formalisation apply in quantum physic. Hamilton operator is introduce and sketch derivation of formula to obtain the atom energy fission in the mechanical field is written. Formation of the couple stress by precession of the electron spin is presented and influence of the mechanical spinal quantum number to fission of the atom energy is described.
13
Content available remote Mechanika kwantowa wkracza do szkoły
Bader F.
Postępy Fizyki
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2002
|
T. 53, z. 2
93-97
EN
New high-school teaching programs, introducing basic concepts of quantum physics in several German lands, are described. Didactic value of Bohr's atom model is critically discussed. Other approaches to teaching basic quantum mechanics are proposed.
14
Content available remote Duch w atomie [rec.]
Kamiński J.
Postępy Fizyki
|
2002
|
T. 53, z. 1
45-46
PL
Recenzja książki: Duch w atomie, oprac. P.C.W. Davies i J.R. Brown, z jęz. angielskiego tłumaczył Piotr Amsterdamski, Wydawnictwo CIS, Warszawa 1996, s. 182.
15
Błędy ułożenia - czym są i od czego zależy ich energia.
Wróbel M.
Inżynieria Materiałowa
|
2001
|
R. XXII, nr 6
1024-1032
PL
W pracy przedstawiono definicje błędów ułożenia (BU) i energii błędu ułożenia, rozróżniając energię hipotetycznego (nieograniczenie rozciągłego) błędu ułożenia, na który nie wpływają dyslokacje (EBU) od energii błędu ułożenia ograniczonego dyslokacjami częściowymi (efektywna energia błędu ułożenia EEBU). Przedyskutowano również ograniczenia traktowania energii błędu ułożenia jako miary względnej stabilności struktur krystalicznych. Krótko przedstawiono podstawy związku EBU z oddziaływaniami atomów i elektronów oraz przedyskutowano przyczyny wyznaczonych zależności EBU od składu chemicznego stopów i od temperatury.
EN
The concept of the stacking faults (SF), the stacking energy (SFE) and selected examples of typical SFs in the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and in the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure is presented. The sequence of stacking and SFs have been described by some letters which designate position of the successive atomic planes. Additionally, Frank notation system as well as notation introduced by Jagodziński were explained and used. Some experimental SFE values for selelcted metals are collected.
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