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A review of isolation attack mitigation mechanismsin RPL-Based 6LoWPAN of internet of things

Rajasekar V.R., Rajkumar S.

Computer Assisted Methods in Engineering and Science

2024

Vol. 31, no. 3

279--311

The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is an open standardrouting protocol defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to address theconstraints of IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). RPL issusceptible to various attacks, including isolation attacks, in which a node or a set of RPLnodes can be isolated from the rest of the network. Three significant isolation attacksare the black hole attack (BHA), selective forwarding attack (SFA), and destination ad-vertisement object (DAO) inconsistency attack (DAO-IA). In a BHA, a malicious nodedrops all packets intended for transmission silently. In an SFA, a malicious node forwardsonly selected packets and drops the other received packets. In a DAO-IA, a maliciousnode drops the received data packet and replies with a forwarding error packet, caus-ing the parent node to discard valid downward routes from the routing table. We reviewthe literature on proposed mechanisms, propose a taxonomy, and analyze the features,limitations, and performance metrics of existing mechanisms. Researchers primarily fo-cus on power consumption as the key performance metric when mitigating BHA (47%),SFA (51%), and DAO-IA (100%), with downward latency being the least addressed met-ric for BHA (4%) and SFA (3%), and control packet overhead being the least addressedfor DAO-IA (37%). Finally, we discuss the unresolved issues and research challenges inmitigating RPL isolation attacks.