Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Obciążenia wyjątkowe szkła a bezpieczeństwo

Jaśkowska D.

Świat Szkła

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2012

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R. 17, nr 3

12-13

2

Saletra amonowa jako czynnik zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa przemysłowego i publicznego

Zygmunt B., Buczkowski D.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2006

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[Z] 60, 5-6

365-378

EN

Ammonium nitrate (AN) is one of the most popular synthetic chemicals in the world, produced in quantity of a few dozen millions tons every year. The main application of AN is as a nitrogen containing fertilizer in agriculture. The second large use, but in a much minor scale, is as an essential ingredient for manufacturing AN based explosive for mining industry. In both application AN is used in a granular or prilled form. Granules/prills of commercial AN of dimension from 1 mm to 5 mm reveal much better exploitation properties than other form (grains, crystals). Granulated/prilled AN characterizes excellent flow ability what make easier final manufacturing operations and usage. Granulated/prilled form of AN also posses a relatively higher resistance to caking - the main disadvantage of many fertilizers. The history of large scale production of AN started in the beginning of XX century. Till those times, AN was regarded as a moderate oxidizer, without explo-sive features as a pure compound. Huge industrial catastrophes in Germany in 1921 caused by unexpected explosions of large amount of AN were the reason to change radically the opinion concerning the safety of the chemical. Massive explosions of AN still take place nowadays during production processes, transportation and storage, even in highly technologically advanced countries (USA, France). Since the last few decades AN in a form of porous prills/granules is used for manufacturing the most popular explosive in mining industry. Porous AN saturated with 5-6% of fuel oil is relatively powerful, safe in handling and the cheapest tool for crushing mineral deposits. The explosive is called ANFO what origins from the acronym of ingredients. Explosive properties of AN and its mixtures are well known by world-wide net of terrorist groups. In the last dozen years about hundred terrorist attacks have been performed using large weight bombs consist mainly of easy available mining grade or fertilizer AN. The pattern to prepare bomb attacks is the criminal case which took place in Oklahoma City (USA, 1995), where federal skyscraper was ruined by explosion of 2 tons AN charge killing 170 persons and wounding hundreds people. The scientific and technological problem is to produce AN of two grades. First, as a fertilizer with no limitation in purchasing, should characterize full resistance to explosion and without potential ability to make explosive mixture with other additives. The second, as a raw material for manufacturing ANFO, it should be available only for professionals which posses appropriate permission and because such a product itself is an explosive material with all limitations in transportation, storage and handling. In the paper the review of huge industrial catastrophes as well as terrorist attacks caused by explosion of AN were done. The physical properties of AN used as a fertilizer in agriculture and as an ingredient for manufacturing of mining explosives were described.

3

Statek morski jako obiekt oddziaływania terrorystycznego

Kubiak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2000

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R. 41 nr 2 (142)

117-128

PL

W artykule omówiono w oparciu o doświadczenia ostatnich kilku lat-podstawowe sposoby prowadzenia działań terrorystycznych wymierzonych w żeglugę handlową. Omówiono m. in możliwości organizowania ataków bombowych i oddziaływania ogniowego na jednostki pływające, zagrożenie uprowadzeniem statków wycieczkowych promów pasażerskich i jednostek transportujących ładunki niebezpieczne, oraz zagrożenia stwarzane dla żeglugi przy użyciu min morskich.

EN

The paper discusses on the basis of recent years experience the basic methods of terrorist actions aimed against merchant shipping. It discusses among other things possibilities of organizing bombing and fire attacks against vessels afloat the threat of abducting cruise ships passenger ferries and vessels carrying dangerous cargo as well as the threat to shipping caused by sea mines.