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EN
II Group-metals, like magnesium, are one of the most widespread elements in the environment. The abundance of II-group metals in the Earth’s crust is over 108 times greater than the precious metals. For the industrial applications, the important factors are the low costs of production and higher accessibility of their compounds. This puts the spotlight on alkaline-earth metals competing with transition elements as catalysts in organic synthesis. Features of their derivatives, like mild Lewis acidity and strong Brønsted basicity enabled them to catalyze reactions where Lewis-acidactivation of the substrate is essential. In this review the emphasis was put on magnesium-catalyzed pericyclic reactions, which are recognized as one of the most important methods of new carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds formation. Using the catalysts based on II-group metal cations and chiral ligands, a highly stereoselective conversion of achiral substrates into enantioenriched products is possible. The Mg-based catalysts have been used in Diels-Alder, ene and 1,3-dipolar additions. Described synthesis methods were characterized by high efficiency (chemical yields and enantiomeric excesses). Where applicable, the relationships between the structure of catalyst/substrates, conditions and efficiency were discussed. Just now there are a few applications, for example in synthesis of alkaloid (–)-manzacidine or antibiotic of algal origin – (–)-malyngolide.
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EN
Aziridines, the nitrogenous analogues of epoxides, are useful building blocks for the synthesis of various functional materials and biologically active compounds. The reactivity of aziridines toward ring opening and expansion is dependent upon their extremely strained ring structures. Among the procedures of ring opening of aziridines, a nucleophilic ring-opening reaction is one of the major routes to highly functionalized compounds (Scheme 2). This short review focused on essentiac asymmetric ring opening reactions of aziridines including enantioselective ring opening of meso-aziridines and kinetic resolution of racemic aziridines with various hetero and carbon nucleophiles towards the synthesis of highly enantiomerically enriched 1,2-difunctionalized fine chemicals.
EN
One of the fundamental research goals in modern chemistry is the development of efficient and selective procedures to access organic compounds. Among all of the methodologies developed so far, catalysis offers an efficient and economical approach to enantiomericaly pure substances. In particular, transition metal catalysts modified by ligands, usually phosphines, are one of most successful examples of practical catalysis. Unfortunately, most of the applied metals (e.g., Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir) are low abundant, toxic and expensive. For this reason, recent research is focusing on their replacement by cheaper and low toxic metals. For example, the use of zinc can be of great interest, due to its abundance (0.0076% in the earth crust), biological relevance and distinct abilities. In the last two decades many scientific group have been working on finding new, high efficient and inexpensive catalytic system based on zinc for enantioselective transformations. It has been found that many of important organic reactions (for example aldol, Diels-Alder, Friedel-Crafts, Henry reactions) in their asymmetric version can be catalyzed by zinc complexes. One of them is also asymmetric reduction of double carbon-heteroatom bonds through addition of hydride (from silane). Hydrosilylation reduction is a promising alternative for the catalytic transformation of organic molecules to other reduction methods such as: hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation owing to its operational simplicity and mild conditions. This review will give a general overview of the possible applications of zinc-catalyzed hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds and imines. Since the understanding of mechanism of reaction is crucial for rational planning of new and more efficient ligands, some part of this article was devoted for mechanical considerations.
PL
Asymetryczna synteza z wykorzystaniem chiralnych kompleksów metali przejściowych jako katalizatorów jest jedną z najbardziej ekonomicznych, przyjaznych środowisku oraz chętnie wykorzystywanych w przemyśle farmaceutycznym transformacji organicznych. Jednak z powodu braku ogólnej teorii wiążącej budowę katalizatorów katalizatorów ze stereoselektywnością syntezy, dobór odpowiedniego katalizatora dla nowej reakcji nadal odbywa się empirycznie. Ideą niniejszego przeglądu jest wyłonienie zależności pomiędzy budową katalizatora, właściwościami elektronowymi podstawników znajdujących się w ligandzie a efektywnością katalityczną jego kompleksów z metalami przejściowymi, co może znaleźć przełożenie na łatwiejszy dobór optymalnego układu katalitycznego.
EN
The asymmetric synthesis using the chiral transition metal complexes as catalysts is one of the most cost-effective, eco-friendly and readily used organic transformations used in the pharmaceutical industry. However, because of the lack of general theory linking the structure of catalysts with the synthesis stereoselectivity, the selection of an appropriate catalyst for a new reaction is still performed on an empirical basis. The idea of this overview is to show an interdependence between the catalyst structure, the electron properties of substituents placed on the ligand and the catalytic effectiveness of its transition metal complexes, which can make it easier to choose the optimum catalytic system.
PL
Asymetryczne reakcje są jednymi z najbardziej ekonomicznych, przyjaznych środowisku, oraz chętnie wykorzystywanymi w przemyśle farmaceutycznym transformacjami organicznymi. Niemniej jednak z powodu braku ogólnej teorii więżącej budowę katalizatorów z stereoselektywnością syntezy dobór odpowiedniego katalizatora dla nowej reakcji powinien odbywać się empirycznie. Ideą niniejszego przeglądu jest wyłonienie zależności pomiędzy budową katalizatora a jego efektywnością, co może znaleźć przełożenie na łatwiejszy dobór optymalnego układu katalitycznego.
EN
Asymmetric synthesis with the use of chiral complexes of transition metals is one of the most economic and environment friendly organic transformations applied in the pharmaceutical industry. However, due to the lack of a universal theory that would bind catalyst structure with synthesis stereoselectivity, selecting an appropriate catalyst for a new reaction is still performed empirically. The aim of this review is to indicate relations between catalyst structure and its efficiency, which may in the future facilitate the selection of an optimum catalytic system.
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