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Wielkie oko – nowe okno na Wszechświat

Janiec Jakub

Postępy Fizyki

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2022

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T. 73, z. 1

7--10

PL

W momencie pisania tego tekstu świat z niecierpliwością spoglądał w niebo zastanawiając się, czy aby na pewno się uda? Lata opóźnień, problemy techniczne, nawet rozłożenie i ponowne złożenie całego urządzenia, aby upewnić się, że wszystko jest na miejscu i działa tak jak powinno. Kosmiczny teleskop im. Jamesa Webba przysporzył nam wiele problemów, nerwów oraz odpowiedzialny jest za niejeden siwy włos. W końcu nadszedł ten wielki dzień 25.12.2021

EN

At the moment of writing this article, the world was looking up nervously asking itself Will it’ll be all right?. Years of delay, technical issues. Even disassembly and assembly again and all this to make sure that everything will work as it should. James Webb Space Telescope is responsible for many sleepless nights and gray hairs. Yet, here we are, the big Day 25 December 2021.

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Proposed Tasks of Enceladus Missions’ Instrumentation in the Context of Their Astrobiological Goals

Kubiak Katarzyna, Kotlarz Jan, Zalewska Natalia, Zielenkiewicz Urszula

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2020

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R. 24, nr 4

47--56

EN

Enceladus, Saturnian satellite, is a very significant object for astrobiologists due to the presence of liquid water that forms the ice-covered ocean. Water ice geysers escape from the south pole region through cracks in the ice shield. During the Cassini flight, the probe took samples of plumes matter recognizing besides other methane and molecular hydrogen. Since then, hypotheses have been formulated that life forms similar to those found in the Lost City Hydrothermal Field in the Atlantic ocean bottom may occur near Enceladus’ hydrothermal chimneys. In our work, we analyzed the possibility of a microbial factor detection in the Enceladus geysers. We used as model organisms selected extremophiles. We investigated multi-spectral cameras and mass spectrometers intended for use in mission proposals to Enceladus: Enceladus Orbiter, Enceladus Life Finder, The Explorer of Enceladus and Titan and THEO mission. The review pointed that the configuration of mass spectrometers and the proposed parameters of scientific orbits are appropriate for detecting volatile organic compounds corresponding to selected microorganisms such as aldehyde, ethanol, benzene, toluene, indole, or violacein. The possible presence of a microbiological component with physical dimensions in the order of several micrometres can only be observed for areas of geyser formation at their higher density (> 10 ppm) and with the occurrence of the “snowing microbes” phenomenon. We have found that particularly useful optical channels are 780–975nm, 860–910 nm, and 5.0–5.3 μm.

PL

Enceladus, księżyc Saturna, jest obiektem bardzo ważnym dla astrobiologów ze względu na obecność ciekłej wody, która tworzy ocean pokryty lodem. Gejzery lodu wodnego wydobywają się z regionu bieguna południowego przez pęknięcia w pokrywie lodowej. Sonda Cassini pobrała podczas lotu próbki pióropusza, rozpoznając, między innymi, metan i wodór cząsteczkowy. Od tamtej pory sformułowano hipotezy, że w pobliżu hydrotermalnych kominów Enceladusa mogą występować formy życia podobne do występujących w polu hydrotermalnym Lost City na dnie Atlantyku. W naszej pracy przeanalizowaliśmy możliwość wykrycia czynnika mikrobiologicznego w gejzerach Enceladusa. Posłużyliśmy się wybranymi ekstremofilami jako organizmami modelowymi. Przebadaliśmy kamery wielospektralne i spektrometry masowe przeznaczone do wykorzystania w proponowanych misjach do Enceladusa: Enceladus Orbiter, Enceladus Life Finder, The Explorer of Enceladus and Titan oraz misji THEO. Ich przegląd wykazał, że konfiguracja spektrometrów masowych oraz proponowane parametry orbit są odpowiednie do wykrywania lotnych związków organicznych odpowiadających wybranym mikroorganizmom, takich jak aldehyd, etanol, benzen, toluen, indol czy wiolaceina. Ewentualną obecność składnika mikrobiologicznego o wymiarach fizycznych rzędu kilku mikrometrów można zaobserwować jedynie dla obszarów formowania się gejzerów przy ich większej gęstości (> 10 ppm) oraz przy występowaniu zjawiska „snowing microbes”. Stwierdziliśmy, że szczególnie przydatne kanały optyczne to 780-975 nm, 860-910 nm oraz 5,0-5,3 μm.

3

Applicability of cryoconite consortia of microorganisms and glacier-dwelling animals in astrobiological studies

Zawierucha K., Ostrowska M., Kolicka M.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2017

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Vol. 6, iss. 1

1--10

EN

For several years it has been of interest to astrobiologists to focus on Earth’s glaciers as a habitat that can be similar to glaciers on other moons and planets. Microorganisms on glaciers form consortia – cryoconite granules (cryoconites). They are granular/spherical mineral particles connected with archaea, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, algae, fungi, and micro animals (mainly Tardigrada and Rotifera). Cryophilic organisms inhabiting glaciers have been studied in different aspects: from taxonomy, ecology and biogeography, to searching of biotechnological potentials and physiological strategies to survive in extreme glacial habitats. However, they have never been used in astrobiological experiments. The main aim of this paper is brief review of literature and supporting assumptions that cryoconite granules and microinvertebrates on glaciers, are promising models in astrobiology for looking for analogies and survival strategies in terms of icy planets and moons. So far, astrobiological research have been conducted on single strains of prokaryotes or microinvertebrates but never on a consortium of them. Due to the hypothetical similarity of glaciers on the Earth to those on other planets these cryoconites consortia of microorganisms and glacier microinvertebrates may be applied in astrobiological experiments instead of the limno-terrestrial ones used currently. Those consortia and animals have qualities to use them in such studies and they may be the key to understanding how organisms are able to survive, reproduce and remain active at low temperatures.

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“Snake”: One More Terramorphic Entity of the Hypothetical Venus Fauna

Ksanfomality L. V.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 3

64-75

EN

During the years that passed since the time of TV experiments employing VENERAlanders (1975 and 1982), no similar experiments or missions to Venus have been performed. Analysis of treated once gain VENERA-13 and VENERA-14 panoramic images revealed (among other hypothetic living entities) a 'snake' object about 40 cm in size possessing apparent terramorphic features. The snake’s body stands out with its honeycomb, spotty surface against the stone plates close by. The ‘snake’ can be included into the list of the most significant findings of the hypothetical Venusian fauna. Apart from that, of interest is a ‘dove’ object, although details of its structure cannot be discerned. The snake’s body show slow movements, which is another evidence of the Venusian fauna’s very slow style of activity, which appears to be associated with its energy constraints or, and that is more likely, with the properties of aninternal medium of its body. The terramorphic features of the fauna, if they are confirmed, may point out at outstandingly importantand yet undiscovered general laws of theanimated nature.

5

Solar activity and life: a review

Messerotti M., Chela-Flores J.

Acta Geophysica

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2009

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Vol. 57, no. 1

64-74

EN

During the early stages of the study of the origin of life, not enough attention was paid to the question of the correlation of chemical evolution on Earth and the all-important evolution of the still-to-be understood early Sun. Today, due to the advent of a significant fleet of space missions and the possibility of performing experiments in the International Space Station (ISS), a meaningful study begins to be possible concerning factors that led to an early onset of life on Earth. We wish to review and update recent work concerning the frontier between Space Weather (SpW) and Astrobiology. We argue that the present robust programs of various space agencies reinforce our hope for a better understanding of the bases of Astrobiology. Eventually, with a more realistic model of the Sun, more reliable discussions of all the factors influencing the origin of life on Earth, and hence Astrobiology, will be possible.

6

Does Light Direct Life Toward Cosmic Awareness?

Head T.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2005

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Vol. 64, nr 1-4

185--189

EN

The evolution of life on our planet is briefly reviewed emphasizing the roles played by light and language. Life and language are regarded as a single interlocking system which light has stimulated to serve as an organ of cosmic awareness. Light first rewarded life with energy. Light then stimulated life to grow upward from the surface of our planet. Life is now integrating into itself detailed knowledge of the cosmos by decoding the vast store of information contained in celestial light.