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A Critical Review on Economical and Sustainable Solutions for Wastewater Treatment Using Constructed Wetland

Vishwakarma Smily, Dharmendra Dr

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

2022

Vol. 32, no. 3

260--284

Pollutant removal by the mechanism of constructed wetland has led to low cost, highly efficient wastewater treatment technology. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are artificial engineered systems that mimic like natural wetlands. CW’s have been used in previous research to treat a broad range of waste streams at large-scale for low-cost application in wastewater management. Generally, the most literature has targeted a particular class of mechanism or the other due to lack of generalized techniques for wastewater management using CWs. This work focuses on to introductory information and review on concept of CWs based on the latest mechanisms for the wastewater treatment to inspire economical and sustainable solutions to water based environmental problems. This research emphasis CW mechanism, construction, design, and applications of CWs as well as optimization of CWs for the treatment of wastewater. This review also highlights the study with different treatment stages of CWs for removing pollutants from different types of wastewaters.

Sustainable management of wastewater: Theoretical design of combined upflow anaerobic reactors and artificial wetlands systems

Guardia-Puebla Yans, Llanes-Cedeño Edilberto, Rodríguez-Pérez Suyén, Arias-Cedeño Quirino, Sánchez-Girón Victor, Morscheck Gert, Eichler-Löbermann Bettina

Journal of Water and Land Development

2020

no. 47

66--76

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an adequate alternative to treat wastewater generated from fruit and vegetable processing (FVWW); likewise, in recent years, artificial wetlands (AWs) have been applied as a post-treatment process for anaerobically pre-treated wastewater. The objective of this work was to design a sustainable treatment system for FVWW composed of upflow anaerobic reactors (UASB) with phase separation and an AW system that receive the anaerobically pretreated effluent. Using the design methodologies for the UASB reactors and artificial wetlands with sub-surface flow (AW-SSF), the parameters of the combined AD-AW system that treat a wastewater flow of 300 m3∙d–1 were calculated. The UASB acidogenic system was adjusted to a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 h and organic loading rate (OLR) of 13.84 kg COD m–3∙d–1; meanwhile, the methanogenic and cascade UASB reactors with OLRs of 10.0 and 3.0 kg COD m3∙d–1, and HRTs of 11 and 10 h, respectively, achieve a high COD removal efficiency (above 94%), and an overall biogas production rate of 1.53 m3 of biogas per m3 of reactor capacity per day. According to the results obtained with the theoretical design, anaerobic-wetland combined system achieves an overall efficiency greater than 98%. The wastewater treated by the proposed system will allow the reuse of 30% of the water used in the washing of fruits and vegetables.

Effect of hydraulic loading rate and vegetation on phytoremediation with artificial wetlands associated to natural swimming pools

Guardia-Puebla Yans, Pérez-Quintero Fernando, Rodríguez-Pérez Suyén, Sánchez-Girón Victor, Llanes-Cedeño Edilberto, Rocha-Hoyos Juan, Peralta-Zurita Diana

Journal of Water and Land Development

2019

no. 40

39--51

The treatment of pool water, whether for recreational or sporting purposes, by phytoremediation is widely applied. This work evaluates two artificial vertical flow wetlands, one on a real scale and the other on a laboratory scale, which have been planted with Typha domingensis, for the treatment of pool water in the climatic conditions of the city of Santiago de Cuba. When the hydraulic load applied to the real scale wetland was less than 0.25 m3∙m–2∙d–1, the levels of organic and microbiological contamination in the pool were below the maximum limits allowed by Cuban standards. At a laboratory scale, the presence of vegetation favoured the elimination of nitrogen compounds (nitrates and ammonium) and organic materials (BOD and COD). This behaviour is explained by the presence of processes of assimilation of organic compounds, or by the action of microorganisms associated with the rhizome of plants, which establish a symbiotic mechanism favourable to phytodepuration. The minimum concentration of ammonium obtained in outflow from the laboratory-scale reactor without vegetation reached a value of 2.15 mg∙m–3, which is within the limits allowed by the sanitary regulations.

Fitoremediacja jest szeroko stosowana do oczyszczania wody w rekreacyjnych i sportowych basenach pływackich. W pracy oceniono dwa sztuczne mokradła: jeden w rzeczywistej skali i drugi w skali laboratoryjnej, które obsadzono Typha domingensis w celu oczyszczania wody w basenie w klimatycznych warunkach Santiago de Cuba. Kiedy obciążenie hydrauliczne układu w skali rzeczywistej było mniejsze od 0,25 m3∙m–2∙d–1, stężenie zanieczyszczeń organicznych i mikrobiologicznych było mniejsze niż maksymalne limity wyznaczone przez kubańskie normy. W skali laboratoryjnej obecność roślinności sprzyjała eliminowaniu związków azotowych (azotanów i jonów amonowych) oraz materii organicznej (BZT i ChZT). Taki efekt tłumaczy się występowaniem procesów asymilacji związków organicznych lub aktywnością mikroorganizmów powiązanych z kłączami roślin, które tworzą symbiotyczny system korzystny dla oczyszczania. Minimalne stężenie jonów amonowych mierzone na odpływie z laboratoryjnego reaktora bez roślinności wynosiło 2,15 mg∙dm–3; mieściło się więc w granicach dopuszczalnych przez normy sanitarne.