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1

Dynamic loads on the roof plate of the wheeled carrier during the firing of a 30 mm cannon

Wiśniewski Andrzej

Archiwum Motoryzacji

|

2023

|

Vol. 99, nr 1

53--65

EN

On the battlefield, modern vehicles perform a variety of roles. Transportation is one of the most fundamental. Operating in different terrains, including urban areas, means exposing the crew to different hazards. To increase crew protection, passive and active protection systems are used. On the other hand, in addition to protection, support of the infantry in offensive operations is an equally important activity. The most common solution for medium wheeled vehicles is a manned turret. The weapon is a 30 mm cannon. Nowadays, there is a trend towards installing systems that allow such weapons to be operated remotely. This minimises the exposure of highly trained personnel. This paper presents the results of a numerical study of the dynamic loads on the roof-plate structure of a wheeled armoured personnel carrier resulting from the firing of the vehicle's main armament. It includes the values of the strains and stresses in the upper plate structure and the forces transmitted by the brackets connecting the roof plate to the bottom plate, and an assessment of the risk of using such a system on the safety of the vehicle structure and its crew.

2

Modernizacja techniczna KTO ROSOMAK w celu zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa załogi

Motrycz G.

Szybkobieżne Pojazdy Gąsienicowe

|

2018

|

nr 1 (47)

17--18

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę przypadków użycia granatników przeciwpancernych z udziałem pojazdów kontyngentu Polskich Sił Zbrojnych w Afganistanie. Na podstawie zebranych przypadków opisano metody ostrzału przez przeciwnika. Omówiono wyniki przeprowadzonych w kraju prac z zakresu modernizacji zabezpieczenia pojazdu przed wymienionym zagrożeniem. W podsumowaniu odniesiono się do wprowadzonych działań zapobiegawczych – zmian w konstrukcji i eksploatacji KTO ROSOMAK.

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the cases of the use of anti-tank grenade launchers where vehicles of the Polish Military Contingent in Afghanistan were involved. Methods of bombardment applied by the enemy in these cases are described. The paper discusses the results of research carried out in Poland on improving protection of vehicles against such threats. In the summary reference is made to the implemented preventive measures: modifications in the design and operation of KTO ROSOMAK aimed at improving vehicle crew safety.

3

Crew safety improvement in KTO ROSOMAK vehicle

Motrycz G.

Szybkobieżne Pojazdy Gąsienicowe

|

2018

|

nr 1 (47)

69--80

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the cases of the use of anti-tank grenade launchers where vehicles of the Polish Military Contingent in Afghanistan were involved. Methods of bombardment applied by the enemy in these cases are described. The paper discusses the results of research carried out in Poland on improving protection of vehicles against such threats. In the summary reference is made to the implemented preventive measures: modifications in the design and operation of KTO ROSOMAK aimed at improving vehicle crew safety.

4

Przypadki użycia improwizowanych urządzeń wybuchowych

Motrycz G.

Szybkobieżne Pojazdy Gąsienicowe

|

2017

|

nr 2 (44)

29--42

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę przypadków użycia improwizowanych urządzeń wybuchowych z udziałem pojazdów kontyngentu Polskich Sił Zbrojnych w Afganistanie w 2011 r. Na podstawie zebranych przypadków opisano metody ich użycia oraz sposoby detonacji ładunków przez przeciwnika. We wnioskach odniesiono się do wprowadzonych działań zapobiegawczych – zalecanych zmian w konstrukcji i wytycznych w zakresie eksploatacji pojazdów wojskowych.

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the cases of the use of improvised explosive devices (IED) in 2011 where vehicles of the Polish Military Contingent in Afghanistan were involved. Methods of IED use and methods of their detonation are described. Conclusions refer to the implemented preventive measures, recommended modifications in the design of military vehicles and guidelines for their use.

5

Cases of using improvised explosive devices

Motrycz G.

Szybkobieżne Pojazdy Gąsienicowe

|

2017

|

nr 2 (44)

95--108

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the cases of the use of improvised explosive devices (IED) in 2011 where vehicles of the Polish Military Contingent in Afghanistan were involved. Methods of IED use and methods of their detonation are described. Conclusions refer to the implemented preventive measures, recommended modifications in the design of military vehicles and guidelines for their use.

6

Armoured personnel carrier SKOT and its variants produced in Poland

Kajetanowicz J.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

|

2016

|

Nr 2

35--61

EN

The paper presents the history of designing the armoured personnel carrier SKOT and the cooperation between Poland and Czechoslovakia related to their participation in its production. The serial production of this vehicle is discussed as well as the extent of related involvement of the Polish defence industry. The article outlines the characteristics of respective variants of the personnel carrier, grouped into: basic, fighting, command and staff, and fire support vehicles. The paper describes the use of the vehicle by the Polish Armed Forces, with a special emphasis on its influence on the process of modernising the Land Forces and their adaptation to operations involving weapons of mass destruction.

7

Transportery opancerzone i bojowe wozy piechoty Ludowego Wojska Polskiego 1943-1989

Zakrzewski B.

Logistyka

|

2014

|

nr 3

6921--6942

PL

W II połowie XX wieku broń pancerna na całym świecie dynamicznie się rozwijała. Jednym z jej elementów były transportery opancerzone i bojowe wozy piechoty. W artykule zdefiniowano, a następnie opisano kołowe, półgąsienicowe i gąsienicowe transportery opancerzone oraz bojowe wozy piechoty, które znalazły się na wyposażeniu Ludowego Wojska Polskiego w latach 1943-1989. Większość scharakteryzowanych w artykule transporterów opancerzonych i bojowych wozów piechoty (w tym te z pomocy Lend and Lease) były przekazywane Ludowemu Wojsku Polskiemu przez naszego „wielkiego brata” - Związek Radziecki. Pozostałe (SKOT, TOPAS, BPzV) były pozyskane lub produkowane we współpracy z bratnią Czechosłowacją. Część z zaprezentowanych pojazdów, na licencji, była produkowana w Polsce i doczekała się wielu polskich przeróbek i modernizacji. Stanowią one zatem ważny element rozwoju polskiej myśli technicznej, w tym zwłaszcza techniki wojskowej. Obecnie egzemplarze tych pojazdów znajdują się na wystawach w polskich muzeach prezentujących militaria i dzieje polskiej powojennej motoryzacji. Inne trafiły w ręce prywatnych kolekcjonerów i biorą udział w wielu zlotach i zjazdach miłośników wojskowości.

EN

In the second half of the twentieth century armoured weapon developed rapidly all over the world. One of its elements were armored personnel carriers and infantry combat vehicles. The article defines and describes the wheel, half-track and tracked armored personnel carriers and infantry combat vehicles with which Polish People's Army was equipped in the years 1943-1989. Most characterized in the article, armored personnel carriers and infantry combat vehicles (including those from Lend &Lease) were transferred to the People's Army of Poland by our “big brother" - the Soviet Union. Other (SKOT, TOPAS, BPzV) were obtained or produced in cooperation with the fraternal Czechoslovakia. Some of them were manufactured under license in Poland and had incorporated many Polish alterations and modernizations. They are therefore an important part of the development of the Polish technical thinking, especially military technology. Currently, some of these vehicles are on show in the Polish museums presenting military equipments and the history of post-war Polish automotive industry. Others found their way into the hands of private collectors and take part in many rallies and gatherings of military enthusiasts.

8

Wpływ niesprawności układu hamulcowego na zachowanie się pojazdu specjalnego w czasie hamowania awaryjnego w ruchu krzywoliniowym

Simiński P.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

|

2013

|

z. 96

387--400

PL

Budowa bezpiecznych pojazdów, to jeden z głównych priorytetów Sił Zbrojnych. Artykuł dotyczy realizacji modelowania i symulacji zachowania pojazdu specjalnego - transportera opancerzonego w trakcie hamowania awaryjnego w ruchu krzywoliniowym. Za pomocą zbudowanego modelu pojazdu, w którym uwzględniono układ hamulcowy z ABS i EBS, wykonano badania symulacyjne. Badania dotyczyły określenie wpływu niesprawności układu hamulcowego na zachowanie się transportera opancerzonego w ruchu krzywoliniowym.

EN

Construction of modern land-based platforms is one of the main priorities of the Armed Forces. The article concerns the implementation of modeling and simulation of behavior special vehicles during braking. With the help of the constructed model of the braking system, which incorporates ABS and EBS systems simulation tests were performed. Studies related to the effect of the brake system failure on the behavior of the armored personnel carrier.

9

The assessment of the influence of selected passive safety systems on the level of dynamic loads of soldiers during collision

Hryciów Z.

Journal of KONES

|

2013

|

Vol. 20, No. 3

161--168

EN

The work describes chosen problem connected with using of armoured personnel carriers (APC) in the frame of military operations. The soldiers inside the APC are exposed to dynamic loads and shock which are, among other things, an effect of collision with other vehicle or terrain obstacles. In military vehicles, which design is based on a rigid frame or integral body, there is no technical solution to mitigate the effects of a crash. The only applicable means of protection against the effects of collisions are lap belts and helmet designed to protect the head. Preliminary research shows that this kind of equipment is not sufficient. In the work an assessment of the influence of chosen solutions of safety belts and helmets on dynamic loads of carrier’s crew during collision with a rigid obstacle are presented. In simulation researches the HYBRID III dummies models have been used and calculations were carried out in LS-DYNA system. The work shows the numeric test results. Behaviour of the dummies during the impact on both the driver and crew member were presented. To assess a risk of injury standard indicators of crash test were used, including: maximum value of the head acceleration and the maximum values of the forces and moments in the neck. The distributions of these parameters were presented. The assessment of applied passive safety systems was made from the point of view of treat to soldiers inside a carrier.

10

Experimental researches of dynamic loads of armoured personnel carrier and its crew during collision with rigid obstacle and all - terrain vehicle

Borkowski W., Hryciów Z., Rybak P., Wysocki J., Wiśniewski A.

Journal of KONES

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2013

|

Vol. 20, No. 3

71--78

EN

The paper presents problems related to dynamic loads of armoured personnel carriers design as well as soldiers located inside them. During tactical operation, there is often the need for ramming other vehicles or terrain obstacles in order to provide road possibility. The lack in armoured vehicles, commonly used in cars crumple zones, will result in large values of accelerations. This can cause significant risk to the crews of vehicles. In order to assess the exposure of soldiers while overcoming terrain and engineering obstacles experimental studies were performed covering a carrier’s collision with a rigid barrier and ramming of all-terrain vehicle. In the paper the research conditions and used measurement equipment were described. A four-wheel SKOT personnel carrier and Tarpan Honker car, out of service, was used for the tests. The tests were carried out within the area of the Military Institute for Armoured and Automotive Technology in Sulejówek. During crash tests, anthropomorphic measurement equipment – Hybrid III 50th Male Dummy type – was used for recording the values of loads affecting the soldiers. The article presents some results of experimental studies. The values of the carrier’s body accelerations in driver’s and landing troop compartment were compared as well as dynamic loads of test dummies. The results obtained during vehicle ramming prove that these types of actions do not cause serious threats for the members of the carrier crew.

11

Analysis of dynamic loads of the armoured personnel carrier crew during frontal crash

Hryciów Z.

Journal of KONES

|

2012

|

Vol. 19, No. 4

223-230

EN

The work describes chosen problem connected with using of armoured personnel carriers (APC) in the frame of stabilisation and peacekeeping mission. The new type of tasks appears: ramming obstacles such as fences, entry gates, light engineering obstacles and also pushing other vehicles aside the road in order to obtain trafficability. The main threat in such situation is a risk of serious injury of soldiers inside vehicle. The lack of a crumple zone increases a value of acceleration acting on the crew. In the work models of driver and crew member seats used in the APC were showed. To the tests a Hybrid III 50th male dummy model in a seated position were used, which is a good representation of the average population of men. To the modelling LS-DYNA software was applied. The work shows the numeric test results. Behaviour of the dummies during the impact on both the driver and crew member were presented. To assess a risk of injury standard indicators of crash test were used, including: maximum value of the head acceleration, the criterion HIC and the maximum values of the forces and moments in the neck. The distributions of these parameters were presented. Results of simulation indicated that velocity and location of dummies has large influence on levels of dynamic loads. To further research is proposed to take into consideration models of dummy with additional equipment of soldiers (e.g. a helmet, a weapon, a bullet-proof jacket).

12

Model pojazdu 8x8 do oceny kierowalności i stateczności ruchu

Motrycz G., Simiński P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2010

|

z. 1/77

231-238

PL

W przedstawionym artykule został zaprezentowany model fizyczny i matematyczny odzwierciedlający zachowania się obiektu (transporter opancerzony) podczas próby podwójnej zmiany pasa ruchu. Przedstawiony model odzwierciedla zachowanie się pojazdów w badaniach kierowalności i stateczności.

EN

In this article was presented physical and mathematical model reflecting the behavior of the object (armored personnel carrier) during the double-lane change. The model reflects the behavior of vehicles in stability and steer ability studies.

13

Bearing capacity of tread track link due to increased weight of APC

Droppa P., Stiavnicky M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2010

|

z. 5/81

33-38

EN

The paper is aimed at the strength analysis of tread track link element of an Armoured Personnel Carrier. The analyses have been carried out by means of finite elements method. The task begins with creating a model and results in studying strains, stresses, deformation energies and deformations.

PL

Opracowanie ma na celu analizę wytrzymałościową spinki gąsienicy transportera opancerzonego (APC). Analizy zostały przeprowadzone metodą elementów skończonych. Początkiem realizacji zadania jest stworzenie modelu oraz uzyskanie wyników badania naprężeń, napięć, energii odkształceń i samych odkształceń.

14

Emisja dwutlenku węgla przez silniki pojazdów specjalnych w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu

Merkisz J., Pielecha I., Pielecha J., Szukalski M.

Transport Samochodowy

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2010

|

z. 2

101--114

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rezultaty z badań wpływu warunków pracy silnika spalinowego kołowego transportera opancerzonego Rosomak na emisję dwutlenku węgla w warunkach drogowych. Pomiarów dokonano na odcinku kilkudziesięciu kilometrów podczas jazdy na odcinkach drogi o różnej charakterystyce. Porównano wpływ pracy standardowej i trybu overboost silnika na macierze udziału czasu pracy silnika oraz zużycia paliwa (lub emisję CO2). Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników dokonano analizy warunków pracy pojazdu bojowego w aspekcie ograniczania zużycia paliwa.

EN

The article presents tests results of the influence, the operating conditions of the armoured wheeled carrier - Rosomak’s combustion engine has on the carbon dioxide emission in the traffic conditions. The measurements were taken while driving along the several dozen kilometres road stretch of varying characteristics. Compared has been influence of the standard operating conditions and the engine overboost mode conditions on the matrix of the engine operating time share and fuel consumption (or CO2 emission). Based on the results obtained, the analysis has been made of the military vehicle’s operating conditions, in the context of limiting fuel consumption.

15

Metodyka oceny użytkowej podwozia kołowych transporterów opancerzonych

Dziubak T., Wysocki T.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

|

2010

|

Vol. 59, nr 1

347-361

PL

Powodzenie w działaniach bojowych na współczesnym polu walki zdeterminowane jest wieloma czynnikami. Jednym z nich jest zapewnienie szybkiego i nieoczekiwanego dla przeciwnika transportu wojsk. Współczesne kołowe transportery opancerzone (KTO) posiadają pozornie podobną mobilność terenową. Stopień przystosowania tych pojazdów do poruszania się w trudnym terenie jest funkcją wielu zmiennych ich układu konstrukcyjnego, w tym, m.in. poprawności doboru zwykle specyficznych rozwiązań w układzie jezdnym, zawieszeniu czy napędowym. Możliwe jest pozyskanie globalnego liczbowego wskaźnika oceny użytkowej KTO, uwzględniającego m.in. ocenę jego mobilności terenowej. Taki wskaźnik jest obiektywną miarą stopnia spełniania przez konstrukcję pojazdu przedmiotowej podgrupy wymagań taktyczno-technicznych. W artykule przedstawiono propozycję metodyki przeprowadzania oceny użytkowej podwozia współczesnego KTO, którą oparto na rachunku zaproponowanych wskaźników liczbowych. Wykorzystując sformułowane wskaźniki, dokonano porównawczej ukierunkowanej i globalnej oceny użytkowej AMV Patria 8 × 8, którą odniesiono do innych współczesnych KTO.

EN

Success during combat on modern battlefield is determined by numerous conditions. One of those conditions is a quick and unexpected (for the red force) transport of troops. Modern APCs (armored personnel carriers) have similar terrain capability. Level of APCs adjustment to movement in hard terrain conditions is the function of numerous indicators of its construction including, e.g., correction of, usually specific, conditions for technical solutions of suspension or engine. It is possible to acquire global numerical indicator of APC utility evaluation, basing on, e.g., evaluation of terrain mobility. Such indicator is the objective way to estimate a level of fulfilling the technical specification of subject subgroup for tactical-technical specification by the APC construction. The article presents a proposal of methodical utility evaluation for modern APC chassis, which is based on account of proposed numerical indicators. Using the set indicators, we have provided comparison of directed and global evaluation of AMV Patria, towards other modern APCs.

16

Technical evaluation of APC chassis

Dziubak T.

Journal of KONES

|

2009

|

Vol. 16, No. 1

101-109

EN

Success during combat on the modern battlefield is determined by numerous conditions. One of those conditions is a quich and unexpected (for the red force) transport of troops. Modern APCs (armoured personnel carrier) have similar terrain capability. Level of APCs adjustment to movement in a hard terrain conditions is the function of numerous indicators of its construction including e.g. correction of, usually specific, conditions for technical solutions of suspension or engine. It is possible to acquire global numericał indicator of APC utility evaluation, basing on e.g. evaluation of the terrain mobility. Such indicator is the objective way to estimate the level of fulfilling the technical specification of subject subgroup for tactical - technical specification by the APC construction. In the article is presented the proposal of methodical utility evaluation for modern APC chassis, which is based on account of proposed numerical indicators. Using the set indicators, we've provided comparison of directed and global evaluation of AMY Patria, towards other modern APCs. In the paper formulas of these indicators are described. The results of evaluation are presented on charts as well ensample types of terrain trials are shown on pictures.

17

Preliminary investigation of dynamic loads of the crew of the armoured personnel carrier during frontal crash

Borkowski W., Hryciów Z.

Journal of KONES

|

2008

|

Vol. 15, No. 4

57-62

EN

On the work one described chosen problems concerning of threats of the crew of the armoured personnel carrier with dynamic loads during crushing the obstacle. One paid attention on the lack of regulations regulative this problems. One described the general construction, and also worked out model of the armoured personnel carrier and crashed object. To the modelling one used the software LS-DYNA, using the method of finite elements. One gave also conditions for carrying out the numeric research. On the work one placed example results of numerical tests, deformations and stresses in the hull of the vehicle and in the crashed gate. One placed also example-courses of the speed and accelerations of chosen elements of the vehicle and people inside. On the basis on received results of simulation research one evidenced high level threats of the crews, liable to be effective with serious offences, particularly of the head and the spine. One qualified also directions and the range of further works targeting the improvement of the safety of the crew, in this taking into account the use of investigative dummy man. To further research one proposed models of dummy man Hybrid III, which for the necessity of taking in to consideration of additional elements of the equipment of soldiers (e.g. the helmet, the weapon, the bullet-proof vest) must be however properly modified. One pointed also on the necessity of working out the additional protective devices and also formulate the methodology of the experimental research.

18

Operations review of APC "Rosomak" chassis

Wysocki T., Micewicz P., Dziubak T.

Journal of KONES

|

2007

|

Vol. 14, No. 2

579-590

PL

Powodzenie w działaniach na współczesnym polu walki zdeterminowane jest wieloma czynnikami. Jednym z nich jest zapewnienie szybkiego, terminowego i nieoczekiwanego dla przeciwnika transportu żołnierzy. Pojazdy opancerzone, przewożące pododdziały w warunkach pola walki, powinny posiadać zdolność dojechania na stanowiska ogniowe, które mogą być położone w terenie, gdzie nie ma dróg utwardzonych a teren jest pofałdowany, górzysty lub podmokły. Zatem przystosowanie do pokonywania przeszkód terenowych przez pojazdy opancerzone powinno wynikać z ich ogólnego układu konstrukcyjnego, proporcji wymiarowych i masowych oraz z zastosowania specyficznych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych w układach jezdnych i napędowych. Jednym z kryteriów oceny użytkowej kołowego transportera opancerzonego (KTO) są jego właściwości ruchowe, zwłaszcza w terenie. Można jednocześnie formułować różne, często odmienne, szczegółowo ukierunkowane kryteria oceny użytkowej jednego lub w celach porównawczych kilku KTO. W przypadku kryteriów o charakterze ilościowym możliwe jest otrzymanie globalnej ilościowej oceny użytkowej oddzielnie dla każdego KTO, co stwarza obiektywne warunki do porównawczej oceny ich konstrukcji. W referacie przedstawiono propozycję metodyki oceny użytkowej podwozia współczesnego kołowego transportera opancerzonego (KTO), którą oparto na rachunku wskaźników liczbowych. Wykorzystując sformułowane wskaźniki dokonano porównawczej ukierunkowanej i globalnej oceny użytkowej KTO Rosomak, którą odniesiono do innych współczesnych KTO.

EN

A success in present combat field operation is determined by many factors. One of them is assuring of rapid, term and unexpected for the enemy troops transport. Armoured vehicles, transporting troops in combat field, should have an ability to reach gun sites, which may be placed in terrain, where are no hardened ways and terrain is undulating, mountainous or boggy. Armoured vehicles adaptation to terrain obstacles covering should result from their construction system, dimensions and mass' proportions and construction solutions of driving system and running gear. One of the criterion of operational appreciation of armoured personnel carrier (APC) is its mobility property, especially in terrain. Various and specialized in many details usable assessment criteria of one or a few (in comparison) KTO might be simultaneously formulated. In case of quantitative criteria it is possible to receive a global usable quantitative assessment for each KTO individually, what makes objective conditions to comparative assessment of their construction. In the paper there is presented a proposal of method of operational appreciation of modern armoured personnel carrier (APC) chassis based on numeral indexes. Using the defined indexes there was made the operational appreciation of APC Rosomak, which was compared to other modern APC's.

19

Development of PANDUR II wheeler armoured vehicle family

Skoff G.

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

|

2002

|

R. 31, z. 82

17--25

EN

The article about modem armoured vehicle like the PANDUR II. Mobility, operational readiness, fire power, hit probability are presented.