Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

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Uwagi na temat faz budowy dominikańskiego kościoła św. Jakuba w Sandomierzu – wyniki badań interdyscyplinarnych

Kamińska Justyna, Doroz-Turek Małgorzata, Gołembnik Andrzej

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2023

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Nr 76

98--114

PL

Artykuł prezentuje przebieg i wyniki interdyscyplinarnych badań przeprowadzonych w kościele św. Jakuba w Sandomierzu w latach 2021–2022 przez zespół badawczy w składzie Justyna Kamińska, Małgorzata Doroz-Turek i Andrzej Gołembnik. Badania objęły kwerendę archiwalną, obserwacje in situ oraz wykonanie i analizę cyfrowych skanów obiektu. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na sformułowanie hipotez dotyczących średniowiecznego procesu budowy korpusu nawowego oraz prezbiterium kościoła św. Jakuba w Sandomierzu (w tym ich chronologii względnej), a także na zidentyfikowanie nowożytnych przekształceń budowli, pomijanych w dotychczasowej literaturze przedmiotu. Główne ustalenia to uznanie korpusu nawowego za najstarszą część kościoła, wyodrębnienie kolejnych faz budowy korpusu oraz prezbiterium, częściowo związanych z problemami konstrukcyjnymi napotkanymi w trakcie budowy, a także wyodrębnienie śladów nowożytnych przebudów.

EN

This paper presents the course and results of interdisciplinary research conducted in the Church of St. James in Sandomierz in the years 2021–2022 by the research team consisting of Justyna Kamińska, Małgorzata Doroz-Turek, and Andrzej Gołembnik. The research included archival searches, in situ observations, as well as the creation and analysis of digital scans of the site. The research carried out has made it possible to formulate hypotheses regarding the medieval construction process of the nave and chancel of the Church of St. James in Sandomierz (including their relative chronology), and to identify modern-period transformations of the building, which have been overlooked in previous literature. The main findings include identifying the nave as the oldest part of the church, identifying successive construction phases of the nave and chancel, partially associated with structural problems encountered during construction, and distinguishing traces of modern alterations at the junction of the chancel and the monastery wing.

2

Perspektywy nowoczesnej rewitalizacji miasta Golub-Dobrzyń w kontekście jego dziedzictwa historycznego, tkanki zabytkowej oraz walorów naturalnych

Białkiewicz Joanna Jadwiga

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2022

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Nr 70

34--49

PL

Golub-Dobrzyń to miasto o interesującej historii i z bogatą tkanką zabytkową. Walory te, właściwie zagospodarowane, powinny służyć jego promocji w skali kraju. Określenie atutów miasta i stref wymagających poprawy jest podstawą dla wyznaczenia perspektyw jego rewitalizacji, której celem jest zarówno poprawa jakości życia mieszkańców, jak i zwiększenie ruchu turystycznego. Proponowana rewitalizacja powinna objąć kluczowe strefy dziedzictwa kulturowego, takie jak stare miasto Golub i zamek, ale również obszary w chwili obecnej zaniedbane, a stwarzające pewien potencjał, jak np. brzegi Drwęcy czy zabudowa Dobrzynia. Punktem wyjścia powinna być rewitalizacja golubskiego rynku, który w swoim obecnym efekt, rewitalizacja rynku musi uwzględniać zarówno konserwację zabytkowej architektury, jak i stworzenie atrakcyjnej przestrzeni publicznej, z uwzględnieniem zorganizowanej zieleni i odpowiedniej infrastruktury.

EN

Golub-Dobrzyń is a town with an interesting history and rich historic tissue. These assets, properly managed, should promote the town on the national scale. The identification of the city’s assets and zones in need of improvement is the basis for defining the prospects of its revitalization aimed at both the improvement of the inhabitants’ quality of life and the increase of tourist traffic. The proposed revitalization should encompass the key zones of cultural heritage such as the old town of Golub and the castle, but also areas that are currently neglected but offer certain potential such as the banks of the Drwęca river or the buildings of Dobrzyń. The starting point should be the revitalization of the Golub market square, which in its current shape does not meet the expectations of the residents, nor is it attractive to tourists. To achieve the desired effect, the revitalization of the market square must include both the conservation of historical architecture and the creation of an attractive public space, including organized greenery and appropriate infrastructure.

3

Conservation studies of the ruins of the Gothic Kazimierz castle (2nd half of the 14th century) in Koło (Gozdów)

Niemcewicz Piotr, Polak Katarzyna, Gralińska-Grubecka Aleksandra, Witkowska Karolina, Bartz Wojciech, Chylińska Marta, Podgórski Andrzej

Architectus

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2022

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Nr 4 (72)

59--69

EN

The purpose of this article is to present the conservation research carried out as part of the revitalization project of the ruins of the castle in Koło. Basis of the recognition of the monument’s construction technique, identification and determination of the properties of historical and contemporary materials, assessment of the state of preservation and analysis of destructive factors developed a program of conservation works. Research was carried out considering the findings of architectural research. Laboratory tests of the collected material were carried out by a wide team of employees using specialized research techniques. Their results are presented in this article and include petrographic, chemical and thermogravimetric analyses of mortars, rocks and bricks, their capillary and mechanical properties, salinity analysis and microbiological analyses of materials. The undeniable value of the conducted research is a detailed diagnosis of historical building materials, which is a significant contribution to the knowledge of old construction techniques.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań konserwatorskich zrealizowanych w ramach projektu rewitalizacji ruin zamku w Kole. Obejmowały one rozpoznanie techniki wykonania zabytku, identyfikację i określenie właściwości materiałów historycznych i współczesnych, ocenę stanu zachowania, analizę czynników niszczących, które wraz z wynikami badań architektonicznych stanowiły podstawę opracowania programu prac konserwatorskich obiektu. Analizę zgromadzonego materiału realizował szeroki zespół z wykorzystaniem specjalistycznych technik badawczych. Wyniki przedstawione w artykule obejmują petrografię, analizę chemiczną, termograwimetrię oraz właściwości kapilarne i mechaniczne zapraw, skał i cegieł, stopień zasolenia oraz analizy mikrobiologiczne materiałów. Niepodważalną wartością przeprowadzonych badań, stanowiącą znaczący wkład w zasób wiedzy, jest szczegółowe rozpoznanie historycznych materiałów oraz zastosowanych technik budowlanych.

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Przekształcenia średniowiecznego klasztoru kanoników laterańskich w Kaliszu w świetle badań architektonicznych elewacji

Prarat Maciej

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2021

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Nr 65

157--168

PL

Klasztor kanoników laterańskich w Kaliszu jest jednym z ważniejszych zabytków architektury średniowiecznej zarówno miasta, jak i regionu. W dotychczasowym stanie badań podnoszono, że dzisiejsza bryła zapewne kryje w sobie dwa średniowieczne budynki. Nigdy jednak budynek ten nie był przedmiotem szerszych analiz. Tekst ma na celu prezentację wyników badań architektonicznych, wykonanych w latach 2016–2017. Objęto nimi wszystkie elewacje celem zarówno rozpoznania przekształceń, jak i określenia wniosków do prac konserwatorsko-restauratorskich. Na ich podstawie wyodrębniono osiem głównych faz budowlanych. Pierwotnie budynek ten był o połowę krótszy i nieco wyższy niż obecna bryła. Jeszcze w okresie średniowiecza został rozbudowany w kierunku zachodnim. Nowa część uzyskała jednak zupełnie inną artykulację. Najbardziej charakterystycznym jej elementem były podwójne, wąskie blendy z małymi otworami okiennymi piętra. W drugiej ćwierci XIX w. zmieniono jego funkcję na plebanię, przemurowano wtedy większość otworów. W takim też stanie dawny klasztor zachował się do dziś.

EN

The Monastery of the Canons Regular of the Lateran in Kalisz is one of the most significant monuments of medieval architecture in both the city and the whole region. In the current state of research, it has been emphasized that its present shape probably hides two medieval buildings. However, the building has never been the subject of wider analyzes. The aim of the text is to present the results of architectural research carried out in the years 2016–2017, which covered all the facades, in order to recognize the transformations and determine the conclusions for conservation and restoration works. Consequently, eight main construction phases were distinguished. Originally the building was half shorter and slightly taller than it is today. As soon as in the Middle Ages, it was extended towards the west. The new part, however, was given a completely different articulation. Its most characteristic element were double, narrow blendes with small window openings on the first floor. In the second quarter of the nineteenth century its function was changed into a rectory, and most of the openings were then remodeled. The former monastery has survived in this condition to this day.

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Loci private na nadwiślańskich zamkach krzyżackich

Lidzbarski Ryszard

Forum Eksploatatora

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2020

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Nr 3/4 (108-109)

92-98

PL

Od połowy XIII wieku do połowy XV wieku urodzajnymi ziemiami pradolin Dolnej Wisły zarządzało państwo krzyżackie. Jego zamki z tego regionu (Świecie nad Wisłą, Grudziądz, Nowe, Gniew, Tczew) są mniej znane od monumentalnych budowli w Malborku, czy Kwidzynie. Jednak osobliwością wszystkich zamków krzyżackich były wieże ustępowe, określane spolszczoną nazwą jako gdaniska lub loci private (łac.).

6

How Do They See Us from Afar: British Scholars and Romanesque and Gothic Architecture in Lesser Poland

Węcławowicz T.

Technical Transactions

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2018

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Vol. 115, iss. 9

49--56

EN

Romanesque and Gothic architecture in Poland cannot compete with European medieval masterpieces even though before the 15th century, medieval buildings in the Kingdom were created by foreign mastermasons who came from far afield. Until recently, Gothic and especially Romanesque churches did not attract attention of British scholars. It is now rewarding for the Polish reader, that thanks to Paul Crossley, Alexandra Gajewski, Zoë Opačić, Agnieszka Sadraei and primarily Eric Fernie, Polish medieval architecture appears for the first time in international literature. Encouragingly, even if it has been created on the outskirts of the Latin culture, it is now seen as being closely anchored in the European artistic universum of that time.

PL

Romańska i gotycka architektura w Polsce nie może pretendować do najwybitniejszych realizacji europejskich. Należy też pamiętać, iż aż do wieku XV wieku średniowieczne budowle wznosili u nas muratorzy obcy, którzy przybyli z Italii z Węgier lub krajów Cesarstwa. Do niedawna nasze kościoły gotyckie, a zwłaszcza romańskie, nie przyciągały uwagi brytyjskich naukowców. Dla polskiego czytelnika satysfakcjonujące jest to, że od kilku lat dzięki Paulowi Crossleyowi, Alexandrze Gajewski, Zoë Opačić, Agnieszce Sadrei, ale przede wszystkim dzięki Ericowi Ferniemu, polska średniowieczna architektura po raz pierwszy pojawiła się w międzynarodowej literaturze naukowej w całej swej prowincjonalnej okazałości, lecz ściśle związana z artystycznym universum ówczesnej Europy.

7

Z badań nad domami opatów w klasztorach benedyktyńskich

Kwiatkowska-Kopka B.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2013

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Nr 35

53--63

PL

Problematyka budynków rezydencjonalnych – domu opata nie jest zagadnieniem często podejmowanym w literaturze przedmiotu. Najnowsze badania w klasztorze benedyktynów w Pécsvárad skłaniają do skreślenia kilku uwag porównawczych. Wieloletnie badania archeologiczne w klasztorze benedyktynów w Tyńcu nie objęły kompleksu budynków zwanych w literaturze „zamkiem – opatówką”. Postulat badawczy dotyczący tej części zespołu klasztornego, w świetle doniesień w Pécsvárad, wydaje się w pełni uzasadniony.

EN

The issue of residential buildings – abbots’ houses, is not frequently addressed in the literature of the subject. The latest research in the Benedictine monastery in Pécsvárad urge to jot down a few comparative remarks. Years-long archaeological research in the Benedictine monastery in Tyniec did not include the building complex known as the “castle – abbot’s house”. In the light of findings from Pécsvárad, a research demand concerning that part of the monastic complex seems to be fully justified.

8

Zamki krzyżackie na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle najnowszych badań wybranych obiektów

Wiewióra M.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2013

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T. 58, z. 1

97--123

PL

Problematyka badawcza dotycząca architektury zamków krzyżackich na ziemi chełmińskiej od dawna cieszy sie niesłabnącą popularnością. Jednak w ograniczonym stopniu opracowania te oparte są na wynikach systematycznych badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych. Zamki krzyżackie na ziemi chełmińskiej są nie tylko architektonicznym, ale przede wszystkim historycznym i artystycznym fenomenem. Mimo niewątpliwych wartości kulturalnych, symbolicznych, artystycznych i historycznych do tej pory nie zrealizowano szerokiego, interdyscyplinarnego programu badawczego obejmującego szczegółowe studia nad architekturą, sztuką, warsztatem budowlanym i szerzej - kulturą materialną. W artykule przedstawiono najistotniejsze wyniki badań zainicjowanych w 2005 r. Celem programu badawczego, realizowanego przez Zakład Archeologii Architektury Instytutu Archeologii UMK w Toruniu, jest analiza architektoniczna i archeologiczna zamków funkcjonujących na terenie państwa krzyżackiego na ziemi chełmińskiej. W tekście omówiono najnowsze wyniki badań archeologicznych zamków w Grudziądzu, Wąbrzeźnie, Papowie Biskupim i Radzyniu Chełmińskim.

EN

Research on the architecture of castles in Chelmno Land is becoming more popular. This is evidenced by numerous publications both scientific and popular, dedicated to the Teutonic Knights history of architecture in general and especially defense architecture. No systematic archaeological and architectural studies have yet been made. The castles of the Teutonic Knights at Chelmno Land display unique architectural features; their historical and artistic identity distinguishes this region from all the other areas in Poland. A broad, interdisciplinary research program is required, involving a detailed study of the architecture, art, and a study of their construction techniques. Since 2005, a research program has been under way examining the architecture and archeology of the castles built by the Teutonic Knights at Chełmno Land. (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Institute of Archaeology, Department of Archaeology of Architecture.) The aim of the research program was to preserve the remains of both Grudziądz and Wąbrzeźno castles and to initiate a broader discussion about forms and phases of the construction of these facilities. Previous sources of knowledge about these castles came exclusively from historical or iconographical sources. Earlier research programs included two other castles (Radzyń Chelminski and Papowo Biskupie). The research attempted to review arrangements for settlement, layout plans, building forms, etc. and what were the forms of settlements before the arrival of Teutonic Knights. The aim of this project is to start interdisciplinary studies of the Teutonic castles at Chelmno Land combining history, architecture, art and material culture. An important goal will be to create a professional research program. Research already completed, has revealed new archaeological and architectural findings; this should lead to a new conservation program which must restore ancient monuments and secure exposed walls - those both visible on the surface and those that are under the earth's surface.

9

Technika konstrukcji średniowiecznych murów ceglanych na ziemiach polskich

Feduszka J.

Ceramika Budowlana

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2011

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nr 3

27-28

PL

Historycy techniki i historycy architektury, a także archeolodzy opierają swoje spostrzeżenia na temat techniki murarskiej w średniowieczu zasadniczo na luźnym zbiorze wiadomości opartych na obserwacji powierzchni murów. Średniowieczny mur ceglany wykonywano ze zwykłej cegły, przede wszystkim zendrówki i cegły glazurowanej. Ta ostatnia była jednak droższa, ze względu na skomplikowaną produkcję. W XIV i XV wieku m.in. w Małopolsce wraz z rozpowszechnieniem się wątku gotyckiego w układzie cegieł, zaczęto stosować pełnoceglane przekładki w miąższu muru, który nie był już wypełniony, jak wcześniej zaprawą i gruzem, ale pełną cegłą. Jako materiału wiążącego używano zaprawy wapiennej, niekiedy odpowiednio spreparowanej gliny. Wapno na zaprawę wypalano w piecach, często w tych samych, w których wypalano i cegłę. Wapienniki w średniowieczu, w przeciwieństwie do innych epok, znajdowały się na placu budowy, lub w bezpośrednim jego sąsiedztwie.

EN

Historians of art and architectural historians, and archeologists base their findings on the masonry techniques in the Middle Ages essentially a loose set of messages based on the observation of the surface of the walls. Medieval brick wall bricks were made from ordinary, mainly zendrówki glazed and brick. The latter, however, was more expensive, due to the complicated production. In the fourteenth and fifteenth century, including in Małopolska the rise of the Gothic thread in the system of bricks, began to use spacers in the flesh pełnoceglane wall that was not already completed, as previously mortar and rubble, but full of bricks. As the binding material used lime mortar, sometimes appropriately crafted clay. Lime for mortar fired in kilns, often in the same, which fired and brick. Lime in the Middle Ages, in contrast to other eras, were on site, or in its immediate vicinity.

10

Wątki murarskie i wątki polemiczne - o problemach datowania średniowiecznych budowli ceglanych w Kaliszu

Poklewski-Koziełł T.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2005

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T. 50, z. 3-4

194-200

EN

The author argues that the hypothesis that the Old Town area in Kalisz, Great Poland, surrounded by a medieval defensive wall could be considered an urban area which developed in the second half of the thirteenth century has no foundation and has to be refuted. There are hydrological and archaeological arguments in support of this opinion. The existence of St. Stanisław's Franciscan Church and St. Mikołaj's parish Church, both built at the end of the thirteenth century, in the southern part of this area is beyond doubt. On the basis of observations made during the excavations, the author proves that the area to the north of the line connecting the two churches was formed by a meander of the Prosna River. The sandy backwaters and old riverbeds stabilized only at the beginning of the fourteenth century and it was then that the area became suitable for building purposes. The riverbed on the border of the meander was still occupied by the river at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Traces of a fourteenth-century and later settlement were discovered during the archaeological works conduced in this area. The hypothesis that this area was inhabited by people in the thirteenth century was practically ruled out. This is why the author thinks that the thirteenth-century town was situated to the south of the two churches. Janusz Tomala contradicted this opinion in 2004. This researcher a priori expressed the view that the urban area enclosed by the city wall exactly corresponds to the location and shape of the thirteenth-century town. The author is of the opinion that assumptions of this sort always require proof and the results of the study carried out by the author prove that Janusz Tomala's supposition is unjustified. In the second part of his article, the author points out that in Kalisz brick walls built using the so-called Wendish course are characteristic not only of the thirteenth-century structures but of the fourteenth-century buildings as well. The stratigraphy of this kind of course found in brick walls in Kalisz does not correspond to their chronological stratigraphy. In at least two buildings, St. Stanisław's Church and the town's defensive wall, the Wendish course is chronologically divergent. It is separated by a fourteenth-century wall section built using the so-called Polish course. The connection between St. Stanisław's Church and the defensive wall standing above the riverbed of the Prosna River which was still referred to as the new river at the beginning of the seventeenth century is particularly important to our argument. To sum up: The author is of the opinion that the conclusion inferred from the above-presented line of reasoning rules out Tomala's assumption that the brick walls erected using the Wendish course date exclusively from the thirteenth century. The author believes that Tomala's interpretation is methodologically incorrect and that all hypotheses formed a priori and resulting from an attempt to date the urban layout to an earlier time should be refuted. Taking into consideration the obvious facts presented above, the layout of the Old Town in Kalisz has to be dated to the fourteenth century and the time of the rule in Poland of King Casimir the Great.

11

Piaskowiec w architekturze średniowiecznych zabytków sakralnych Kościelca Kaliskiego i Kotłowa

Kasprzak M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Budownictwo / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2003

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z. 130

29-36

EN

The article presents two churches of Romanesque architecture and the material they are built of. These monuments are located in the southern part of Great Poland. The special emphasis was placed on a common. Tertiary sandstone and the source of its transport to the studied churches.

12

Warsztat budownictwa ceglanego księcia Władysława Opolskiego i jego pojawienie się w Kaliszu (schyłek XIV wieku). Obraz na podstawie analizy wymiarów cegły

Żemigała M.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2002

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T. 47, z. 4

410-417

EN

King Kazimierz the Great built the castle in Kalisz as part of a sequence of municipal defensive facilities in the northern part of the town, next to Toruńska Gate. During the Middle Ages this four-wing and four storey edifice contained an inner courtyard and was surrounded by a moat. The mediaeval castle burned down in 1537, and was destroyed by fire to such an extent that it was never totally rebuilt. In 1985-1987 archaeological studies of the castle ruins unearthed the foundations of a gate house, located in the former southern wing. It was discovered that the gate had been redesigned already during the Middle Ages. Its state, documented during the excavations, indicates that it had been destroyed by fire, but not in 1537. Presumably, the gate was damaged in 1656 and it certainly functioned in 1564 and 1628, as testified by written sources. The lowering of the threshold of the continuous footing of the gate house and the introduction of a cellar into the foundations had been connected already earlier with changed access to the castle. The new technical solution involved the manner of raising the drawbridge, and consisted of a counterweight. Such a device had appeared in Western Europe already in the course of the fourteenth century, and possibly even earlier. Up to now, the bridge in Kalisz had been ascribed a wide chronological range. Terminus post quern was defined by the time of the construction of the castle - between 1336 and 1343, while terminus ad quem coincided at the latest with the destruction of the gate in 1656. The article intends to establish a more precise date of installing the counterweight in the castle drawbridge. The first option was a dendrochronological study of beams in the gate crossing, and the second was an attempt at dating based on measurements of the brick used for facing the breach in the gate house foundation, executed for the purpose of building a drawbridge outfitted with a counterweight. The author chose the latter approach. Only a single spot was discovered in the examined ruins in which bricks were connected with the brick castle - the outer part of the gate house ground floor and the face of the outer cellar walls. An analysis of the finding led to a differentiation between the bricks of the original fragments and the secondary supplements of the face into two groups: older A and repair B. Counterparts of those sets were found in the castle in Bolesławiec on the Prosna - group B bricks, identified with the redesigning of the castle during the 1380s by Duke Władysław Opolczyk. This is the brick used during the expansion of the castle, placed on top of the original defensive wall from the time of Kazimierz, and the brick from the freestanding octagonal tower. Sets very similar to B group brick from Bolesławiec were found in the town wall in Byczyna, located in Opole (Silesia), some 10 kms from Bolesławiec, and in the face of a castle tower in Ostrzeszów. It is worth stressing that all three constructions were situated in terrains incorporated into the duchy ruled by Władysław Opolczyk: Byczyna - in the duchy of Opole, Bolesławiec - in the region of Wieluń (governed by Opolczyk from 1370 to 1401), and Ostrzeszów in the region of Ostrzeszów, which belonged to the duke of Opole probably from 1375 to 1393. The similarity between the brick from the Bolesławiec "workshop" of Władysław Opolczyk and the brick from the mediaeval constructions in Kalisz was probably not accidental. It is so considerable that the author hazarded a hypothesis claiming that at the turn of the fourteenth century Kalisz found itself within the range of the construction workshops used by the duke of Opole not only in the region of Opole itself (Byczyna), but also in the lands of Wieluń (Bolesławiec) and Ostrzeszów (Ostrzeszów) during the 1380s and the early 1390s. Presumably, the construction "workshop" of the duke of Opole could have made its way to royal lands only after Władysław Jagiełło regained the regions of Wieluń and Ostrzeszów in an expedition waged against Opolczyk in 1393. According to Długosz, Jagiełło captured castles in Olsztyn, Krzepice, Bobolice, Brzeźnica, Wieluń, Ostrzeszów and Grabów on the Prosna. The castle in Bolesławiec on the Prosna was the only one which he did not seize immediately, but besieged, albeit unsuccessfully. Not until the death of Władysław Opolczyk did his widow and sons surrender the castle to the monarch (1401). Apart from the mentioned brick measurements there are also two other categories of sources capable of casting more light. One is the archaeological stratigraphy of the gate-house foundation, indicating that the gate-house cellar existed already prior to the mid-fourteenth century. This assumption is evidenced by findings of coins between the floor beams in the crossing (a Toruń shilling from the time of Kazimierz Jagiellon, 1454-1456, and an unidentified, damaged Teutonic Order coin). On the other hand, written sources have provided two types of information. The privilege issued by Władysław Jagiełło in 1418 contains direct mention of defensive investments; in it, the king permitted the town to conduct free trade and entitled the Town Council to collect market charges, subsequently used for financing the preservation and conservation of the defensive city walls. The second possibility was royal initiative. Władysław Jagiełło who was a frequent visitor in Kalisz, was aware of the degradation of the local defensive walls and up to 1418 personally paid for their upkeep. The content of the document from 1418 indicates that already prior to the issuing of the privilege the town walls had to be repaired, and possibly had already been mended. Such an initiative would have called for financial sources other than the normal revenue of the town. Every researcher examining bricks analyses their size and notices their changeability. These two features can be identified with the progress of time, sometimes with localisation, and in other cases with the investor. All initial premises for further detailed studies are hypothetical. Without forejudging the possibility of generalising the individual examined phenomenon, namely, the distinct similarity between group B bricks from the castle in Bolesławiec on the Prosna and group B bricks from Kalisz Castle, the author believes that in this particular instance an analysis of similarity based on measurement led to a positive conclusion. The author is inclined to place the date of the construction of the new drawbridge cellar in Kalisz Castle in the years immediately after 1394, and to connect it with the activity of the building workshops which during the 1380s developed under the rule of Władysław Opolczyk in the lands of Wieluń and Ostrzeszów, and which at the time of the reign of Jagiełło could have reached Kalisz already as royal workshops. A study of the sizes of the brick, applied for the purpose of stratifying examples of mediaeval brick architecture is, as has been said in the introduction, a controversial method. Nonetheless, in the opinion of the author, researchers dealing with architecture cannot ignore it.

13

Drzwi z ornamentem snycerskim w architekturze średniowiecznej na Śląsku

Legendziewicz A.

Architectus

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2002

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Nr 1(11)

51--60

PL

Zagadnienie średniowiecznej stolarki, w kontekście rozwoju architektury europejskiej, stanowi jeden z ciekawszych obszarów badawczych. Bogactwo form i detali, wpisanych w zmiany epok stylowych, tworzy bogatą mozaiką elementów wypełniających dostojne wejścia romańskich i go-tyckich budowli. Wiele katedr, kościołów, ratuszy i zamków, uznanych za wybitne osiągnięcia myśli ludzkiej, swój indywidualizm zawdzięczająunikatowemu detalowi wnętrz, także drzwiom, będącym integralnym elementem portali. Pośród wielu zachowanych przykładów, oprócz zamknięć metalowych, niewielką acz interesującą grupę stanowią drzwi drewniane, zdobione elementami snycerskimi. Możemy je podzielić na dwie grupy formowania awersu: - drzwi opierzane listwami drewnianymi (i nakładanymi elementami rzeźbionymi), - drzwi z ornamentami snycerskimi.

EN

The subject of mediaeval wood-carving in the context of development of European architecture, is one of the more important areas of investigation. The richness of forms and details imprinted in the changes of style periods, creates an ample mosaic of elements filling the stately entrances of Romanesque and Gothic buildings. Amongst many preserved examples, wooden doors decorated with wood-carving elements, constitute a group, not large but interesting. We may divide them into two groups of the forming of the door obverse: - doors decorated with wooden strips (and imposed carved elements), - doors with wood-carving elements. The origin of form of both groups of wooden doors is rooted in antique art. The porch door of the Santa Sabina Church in Rome may be considered as one of the oldest examples. It was made of cedar wood around the year 430. In the Middle Ages these patterns were copied, referring to outstanding antique prototypes. In the Church of St. Mary on the Capitol in Cologne, there is a door made around 1065, with scenes from the life of Jesus of Nazareth. In Africa, due to advantageous climatic conditions, there is a certain amount of wooden door wings with lattice work of rectangular arrangement. One of the oldest, from Bawuit in Sudan, comes from the 9lh century. The motif of imposing the strips of wood in an arrangement of similar lattice work, appears fairly often in Gothic architecture of Western Europe: in France - the doors of churches in Grannat (14lh century) or Beaune (15lh century), in Italy - the Church of Santa Anastasia in Verona, or in Germany - the door in the church called St. Lorenzkirche in Nurnberg, or the church door wings in Sterzing. In Poland, doors decorated with wooden strips may be found mainly in Pomorze (Pomerania) and in the area of the former State of the Teutonic Knights' Order - in Malbork (Złota Brama -the Golden Gate), also church portals in Gdańsk and Toruń. Only three doors covered with wood-carving motifs have been found in the region of Silesia. From literature we know of two, no longer existing, door wings decorated with wooden strips, from the Church of St. Jerzy (George) in Oleśnica and the parish church in Świdnica. The double-winged door of the parish church in Kłodzko is located in a richly profiled portal with a post. We may assume, that the construction of a doubled portal together with the wings, took place at the same time as the completion of the Garden of Olives chapel, around 1482. In this arrangement, both wings are placed almost symmetrically, however, with differently shaped motifs of wood-carving ornaments. In the east wall of the Hall of Councillors of the Town Hall in Świdnica, in the portal leading to the archives, there was a wooden door with an obverse in the arrangement of two casements. Sculptured motifs with a panel containing the names of the four Evangelists (from the bottom: Lucas, Johannes, Marcus, Mateus), were placed in the centre. We may assume, that the construction of the door should be linked with the rebuilding completion of the Town Hall, around 1536. As may be seen from the examples presented, the wood-carving ornament may not be often found in Gothic entrances, both in Silesia as well as in Poland. The unique artistic and historic value of the door wings in Kłodzko has already been appreciated by architecture researchers at the turn of the 19,h and 20lh century, especially by Bodo von Ebhardt, who during works carried out in the castle of Grodziec used a similar motif for door decoration.