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1

Recent Progress of Phytoremediation-Based Technologies for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Yuliasni Rustiana, Kurniawan Setyo Budi, Marlena Bekti, Hidayat Mohamad Rusdi, Kadier Abudukeremu, Ma Peng Cheng, Imron Muhammad Fauzul

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

208--220

EN

Phytoremediation is considered of a cost effective and environmentally friendly technology and has been used successfully for the remediation of soils and water contaminated with various pollutants. Specifically for full scale application to treat industrial wastewater, phytoremediation is used as sole technology for different types of wetlands. However, phytoremediation of polluted water in wetland type reactor has been mostly studied as black box. The method to measure the performance is only based on pollutant removal efficiency and there is very limited information available about of the pollutant removal mechanisms and process dynamics in these systems. Thus, the aim of this chapter was to briefly review basic processes of phytoremediation, its mechanisms and parameters, and its interaction between rhizo-remediation and microbe-plant. In addition, this chapter also elaborated phytoremediation challenges and strategies for full-scale application, its techniques to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants by aquatic plants in water, and some examples of applications in industries.

2

Evaluation of Hyper-Tolerance of Aquatic Plants to Metal Nanoparticles

Оlkhovych Olga, Taran Nataliia, Hrechishkina Svitlana, Voitsekhivska Olena, Panuta Olga, Voitsekhivskyi Volodymyr, Belava Victoriia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

249--259

EN

The estimation of the protein content and amino acid composition under the influence of metal nanoparticles (Mn, Cu, Zn, Ag) for seven species of aquatic macrophytes: Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl.ExWilld.), Pistia stratiotes L., Salvinia natans L., Elodea canadensis Michx., Najas guadelupensis (Spreng.) Magnus, Vallisneria spiralis L. and Riccia fluitans L. was conducted. The plants were exposed during 7 days on the experimental solutions of metal nanoparticles at the rate of 1 g of plant per 100 ml of the mixture of stock colloidal solutions of metal nanoparticles (Mn – 0.75 mg/l, Cu – 0.37 mg/l, Zn – 0.44 mg/l, Ag+, Ag2O – 0.75 mg/l) diluted 200 times. In the five investigated species, reduction of the protein content was observed. However, this indicator remained stable only in P. stratiotes (52 mg/ml) and, conversely, increased in V. spiralis (46 mg/ml to 51 mg/ml). The content of the studied amino acids in N. guadelupensis decreased by 46% (from 112.05 mmol/g to 60.15 mmol/g), in R. fluitans – by 44% (from 104.06 mmol/g to 58.25 mmol/g), in S. natans – by 23% (from 90.08 mmol/g to 69.59 mmol/g), in E. canadensis – by 10% (from 143.92 mmol/g to 129.4 mmol/g), and in P. stratiotes as well as in L. laevigatum – by 8% (from 210.65 mmol /g to 193.77 mmol/g and with 155.0 mmol/g to 142.60 mmol/g), but in V. spiralis, on the contrary, increased by 7% (from 91.31 mmol/g to 97.59 mmol/g). Changes in the composition and content of amino acids for each species of aquatic plant were analyzed. It was suggested that the studied plants, which belong to different families, have different defense mechanisms, according to which the amino acid composition of plants varies.

3

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Organs of Aqueous Plants and its Association With Bottom Sediments in Bug River (Poland)

Skorbiłowicz E., Skorbiłowicz M., Malinowska D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 4

295--303

EN

The article presents the results of studies upon metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co) in bottom sediments and in various parts of the aquatic plants taken from the Bug river (Poland). The metal contents in the examined environmental elements were determined by AAS technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of metals in bottom sediments and macrophytes (root, stem, leaf) occurring in the Bug river. It was hypothesized that the heavy metal content in plant tissues reflects the amount of metals in sediments. It has been shown that the average metal distribution in the examined plants present in the Bug river and bottom sediments was as follows: Pb, Zn, Co, and Cu sediments>root>leaf>stem, while in the case of Ni and Cr, the contents were greater in roots than in sediment (root>sediment>leaf>stem), although the differences in contents were not large. The study showed that most metals are present in roots and only a small part of them is transported to the stem and leaves. The size of the metal movement within plants may depend on their contents. It was found that for Ni, Cr and Cu in 2014, the bioaccumulation factor was above one, which confirms the high efficiency of metals uptake from the environment as evidenced by statistical analysis. Bioaccumulation factor (BF) was smaller than one for Pb, Co and Zn, confirming the high ability to retain metals in the root. Aquatic plants are an effective barrier for the surface water by accumulating heavy metals in their biomass. Macrophytes are proposed to monitor the river pollution.

4

Accumulation of Chemical Elements by Organs of Sparganium Erectum L. and Their Potential Use in Phytoremediation Process

Parzych A. E.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 1

89--100

EN

The study of bottom sediments and organs of Sparganium erectum carried out in the summer of 2014 in the city of Lębork, located in Northern Poland. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of macroelements and heavy metals in the leaves, rhizomes and roots S. erectum and in bottom sediments of the Łeba River as well as comparison of accumulation and translocation factors of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cd and Cr in researched organs of aquatic plant. The use of S. erectum for biomonitoring and phytoremediation has also been considered. The results of Mann Whitney U test showed a number of statistically significant differences in the content of chemical elements in the leaves, rhizomes, roots and in bottom sediments. The macroelements are mainly accumulated in leaves and heavy metals are accumulated in roots and rhizomes of S. erectum. Increased Mn and Fe content in roots and rhizomes of S. erectum, in relation this physiological needs, refers to the beneficial effects of this species in the water treatment and sludge from the bottom sediment of manganese and iron compounds. The obtained bioconcentration and translocation factors values allowed to state that S. erectum can be used for phytoremediation of contaminated bottom sediments because retains metals in their roots and limit Mn and Fe mobility from roots and rhizomes to leaves once absorbed by roots of plant.

5

Marshland and aquatic plants of the artificial wetland within the municipal park in Skawina

Koziara Z.

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2016

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no. 3

89--104

EN

Observations of aquatic plants and marshland plants were conducted in an artificially formed fen, within the old basin of Skawinka river, in a municipal park located in the southwest part of Skawina town. The area selected for the study was determined based on the location of plant stands, representative for the whole body of water. Based on the analysis of the locations where the aquatic and marshland plants occurred, observations were made of selected species. When making the selection, we were guided by the criterion of the potential suitability of using these plants in garden plantings, planned subsequently. We have marked the locations of particular plant communities, and then applied them on the situational and altitude map, in the scale of 1:500 [Czarnota 1997], which is the basis for the design and planting in the area.

PL

Obserwacje roślinności bagiennej i wodnej prowadzono na terenie sztucznie powstałego zalewiska na obszarze starego dorzecza rzeki Skawinki, w parku miejskim położonym w południowo zachodniej części Skawiny. Wybrany teren badań określono na podstawie zlokalizowania stanowisk grup roślin reprezentatywnych dla całego akwenu. Na podstawie analizy stanowisk występowania zespołów roślinności bagiennej i wodnej, przeprowadzono obserwacje fenologiczne wybranych gatunków. Przy wyborze kierowano się kryterium potencjalnej przydatności do zastosowania ich w późniejszych, planowanych nasadzeniach ogrodowych. Dokonano oznaczenia miejsc występowania poszczególnych zbiorowisk roślin, a następnie naniesiono je na mapkę sytuacyjno – wysokościową wykonaną w skali 1:500 [Czarnota 1997] będącą podstawą do zaprojektowania i obsadzenia roślinami tego terenu.

6

Conditions for the occurrence of selected aquatic plant species in the water bodies of the municipal park in Skawina

Koziara Z.

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2016

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no. 2

77--89

EN

The study was conducted in an artificially formed fen, within the old basin of Skawinka river, in a municipal park located in the southwest part of Skawina town. The location and the conditions of the occurrence of selected species were characterized, by means of describing their positions and plotting them on the land survey and height map in the scale of 1 : 500 [Czarnota 1997]. The pH and salinity of the water were examined, the percentage of light reaching the plants was determined, and the organic matter content in the soil was measured. Understanding these conditions will make it possible to select the right species and varieties of plants, having the requirments compliant with the conditions existing in the tested water basin, which will enable their further development and maintaining attractive appearance.

PL

Badania przeprowadzono na terenie sztucznie powstałego zalewiska na obszarze starego dorzecza rzeki Skawinki, w parku miejskim położonym w południowo zachodniej części Skawiny. Scharakteryzowano miejsca i warunki występowania wybranych gatunków, opisując ich stanowiska i nanosząc na mapę sytuacyjno-wysokościową w skali 1 : 500 [Czarnota 1997]. Zbadano odczyn i zasolenie wody, określono procentową ilość światła docierającego do roślin oraz zawartość materii organicznej w podłożu. Poznanie tych warunków pozwoli właściwie dobrać gatunki i odmiany roślin o wymaganiach zgodnych z istniejącymi w badanym zbiorniku, co umożliwi im dobry dalszy rozwój i zachowanie atrakcyjnego wyglądu.

7

The relationship between macrophyte vegetation and habitat factors along a middle-size European river

Hrivnak R., Otahelova H., Valachovic M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

717-729

EN

The influence of habitat factors on macrophytes distribution was studied along the Hron river - one of the longest Slovakian rivers (length 298 km; average flow rate - 56 m[^3] s[^-1] near the outfall into the Danube) and important tributary of the Danube river. Along the river bed, 19 sections were selected according to approximately regular distances and with and without apparent industrial or agricultural influence. Each river section was 500 m in length, and was divided into 5 subsections with a constant length of 100 m. In each subsection, the abundance of all macrophytes was assessed using a five-level scale, from rare to very abundant (Plant Mass Estimate, PME), and habitat factors were measured or assessed. Only one side of river bed was assessed except the upper part, where plants occur across the river bed and therefore the whole river bed was assessed. PME data were transformed into "plant quantity" using the function y = x[^3] (y - "plant quantity", x - PME; cf. Kohler and Janauer 1995) and their numerical derivatives were calculated for each river section. These are: the Relative Plant Mass - RPM (percentage of "plant quantity" of each species weighted by the river section length, formula (1) and the Mean Mass Total - MMT (index of mean PME of each species with regard to the full length of the river section, formula (2). Species richness of macrophytes (hydrophytes) is low; only 11 species were found. More than 50% of river sections contain only filamentous algae, Rhynchostegium riparioides (Hedw.) Cardot, and Myriophyllum spicatum L. According to the RPM, taxa can be ordered as follows: Batrachium penicillatum Dumort. (RPM [is approximately equal to] 65%), Myriophyllum spicatum (RPM > 19%), filamentous algae (RPM [is approximately equal to] 6%), Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. (RPM > 5%), Rhynchostegium riparioides (RPM > 3%) and other species RPM [is approximately equal to] 0.6%. Canonical correspondence analysis (forward selection) showed 6 habitat factors with significant effect on macrophyte vegetation pattern in the river: the distance from river outfall (river km), temperature and conductivity of water, the width of the river bed, bed material, and human land-use in the surrounding landscape. A direct impact of agricultural or industrial agglomerations was manifested more/less only in the increase of species diversity (H. ranging from 0.99 to 1.28). Some macrophytes significantly react on habitat changes by changing the MMT. The MMT of filamentous algae, Batrachium penicillatum and partly Rhynchostegium riparioides, increased with altitude, distance from the outfall of the river, and flow velocity, but decreased with the width of the river, conductivity of water, average air and water temperature. An obviously contrasting trend was revealed for Myriophyllum spicatum. Fontinalis antipyretica slightly prefers colder water and Batrachium penicillatum shows a positive correlation with pH.