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1

Machine learning for supporting irrigation decisions based on climatic water balance

Treder Waldemar, Klamkowski Krzysztof, Wójcik Katarzyna, Tryngiel-Gać Anna

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 58

25--30

EN

A machine learning model was developed to support irrigation decisions. The field research was conducted on ‘Gala’ apple trees. For each week during the growing seasons (2009-2013), the following parameters were determined: precipitation, evapotranspiration (Penman-Monteith formula), crop (apple) evapotranspiration, climatic water balance, crop (apple) water balance (AWB), cumulative climatic water balance (determined weekly, ∑CWB), cumulative apple water balance (∑AWB), week number from full bloom, and nominal classification variable: irrigation, no irrigation. Statistical analyses were performed with the use of the WEKA 3.9 application software. The attribute evaluator was performed using Correlation Attribute Eval with the Ranker Search Method. Due to its highest accuracy, the final analyses were performed using the WEKA classifier package with the J48graft algorithm. For each of the analysed growing seasons, different correlations were found between the water balance determined for apple trees and the actual water balance of the soil layer (10-30 cm). The model made correct decisions in 76.7% of the instances when watering was needed and in 87.7% of the instances when watering was not needed. The root of the classification tree was the AWB determined for individual weeks of the growing season. The high places in the tree hierarchy were occupied by the nodes defining the elapsed time of the growing season, the values of ∑CWB and ∑AWB.

2

Selected properties of particleboards made of different cultivars of apple wood particles

Żabowski Bartłomiej, Kowaluk Grzegorz

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2023

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No. 123

131--142

EN

Selected properties of particleboards made of different cultivars of apple wood particles. The aim of the research was to determine the density of wood and the possibility of using particles from various cultivars of apple wood for the production of particleboards. The following apple cultivars were used in the research: Gala (Malus domestica Borkh), Prince (Red Jonathan Cltv.), Golden Delicious (Malus domestica 'Golden Delicious' Cltv.), Champion (Malus domestica 'Szampion' Cltv.). As part of the work, three-layer particleboards were produced in laboratory conditions from particles made from branches, and selected physical and mechanical properties of the obtained boards, as well as the wood density of the branches themselves, were examined. The tests confirmed the existence of differences between the density of the tested apple wood, as well as between the properties of the produced particleboards. The research also showed the possibility of producing boards for the furniture industry using wood from the mentioned apple cultivars.

PL

Wybrane właściwości płyt wiórowych wykonanych z cząstek drewna różnych kultywarów jabłoni. Celem badań było określenie gęstości drewna oraz możliwości wykorzystania wiórów z różnych gatunków drewna jabłoni do produkcji płyt wiórowych. W badaniach wykorzystano następujące kultywary jabłoni: Gala (Malus domestica Borkh), Prince (Red Jonathan Cltv.), Golden Delicious (Malus domestica ‘Golden Delicious’ Cltv.), Champion (Malus domestica ‘Szampion’ Cltv.). W ramach pracy wyprodukowano w warunkach laboratoryjnych trójwarstwowe płyty wiórowe z wiórów powstałych z gałęzi oraz zbadano wybrane właściwości fizyczne i mechaniczne uzyskanych płyt, jak również gęstości drewna samych gałęzi. Badania potwierdziły występowanie różnic między gęstością badanego drewna jabłoni, jak również między właściwościami wytworzonych płyt wiórowych. Badania wykazały również możliwości produkcji płyt dla przemysłu meblarskiego z wykorzystaniem drewna wspomnianych kultywarów jabłoni.

3

Production of seven-month-old apple trees in an organic nursery

Bielicki P., Pąśko M.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 2

6--8

EN

The rootstock is an important element in the production of fruit trees. Proper selection of rootstocks affects the quality of trees produced in the nursery and their growth and fruiting in the orchard. In 2015, an assessment was performed of the effect of the rootstock on the quality of apple trees produced in an organic nursery. The assessment and measurements were made in a nursery located in the Experimental Ecological Orchard of the Research Institute of Horticulture in Nowy Dwór Parcela near Skierniewice. The studied objects included seven-month-old trees of four apple cultivars: ‘Szampion’, ‘Gold Milenium’, ‘Topaz’ and ‘Pinova’, which had been grafted onto rootstocks of different growth vigour: M.9, M.26 and M.7. The highest number of trees in relation to the number of the grafted rootstocks planted was obtained for apple trees growing on the M.7 rootstock. The best quality trees of the tested apple cultivars were also obtained on the M.7 rootstock.

PL

Podkładka jest ważnym elementem w produkcji drzewek owocowych. Odpowiedni jej dobór wpływa na jakość produkowanych drzewek w szkółce oraz na ich wzrost i owocowanie w sadzie. W 2015 roku oceniano wpływ podkładki na jakość drzewek jabłoni produkowanych w szkółce ekologicznej. Ocenę i pomiary przeprowadzono w szkółce zlokalizowanej na terenie Ekologicznego Sadu Doświadczalnego Instytutu Ogrodnictwa w Nowym Dworze Parceli koło Skierniewic. Materiał badawczy stanowiły siedmiomiesięczne drzewka czterech odmian jabłoni: ‘Szampion’, ‘Gold Milenium’, ‘Topaz’ i ’Pinova’, które były szczepione na podkładkach o zróżnicowanej sile wzrostu: M.9, M.26 i M.7. Największą liczbę drzewek w stosunku do liczby posadzonych szczepów, uzyskano dla jabłoni rosnących na podkładce M.7. Również najlepsze jakościowo drzewka otrzymano dla badanych odmian jabłoni na podkładce M.7.

4

Quality of two-year-old trees with one-year-old crown of two apple cultivars grown in an organic nursery depending on the rootstock used

Pąśko M., Bielicki P.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 62, nr 4

81--83

EN

The quality of fruit trees obtained from a nursery is very important; it determines their precocity and productivity, and thus helps to obtain a better economic effect. In the years 2015-2016, the quality of two-year-old apple trees with a one-year-old crown (knip trees) was assessed in an organic nursery in relation to the rootstock used. The assessment and measurements were conducted in a nursery located in the Experimental Ecological Orchard of the Research Institute of Horticulture in Nowy Dwór Parcela near Skierniewice. The studied material consisted of two-year-old trees with one-year-old crown of the apple cultivars ‘Szampion’ and ‘Gold Milenium’, which were grafted onto rootstocks of different growth vigour: M.9, M.26 and M.7, in two thickness classes (8-10 mm and 10-12 mm). For both cultivars, the best quality of two-year-old trees with a one-year-old crown was obtained on the M.7 rootstock in both thickness classes.

PL

Jakość drzewek ze szkółki jest bardzo ważna, wpływa ona na wcześniejszy okres owocowania i plonowanie, co pozwala uzyskać lepszy efekt ekonomiczny. W latach 2015-2016 oceniono jakość dwuletnich drzewek z jednoroczną koroną w szkółce ekologicznej w zależności od zastosowanej podkładki. Ocenę i pomiary przeprowadzono w szkółce zlokalizowanej na terenie Ekologicznego Sadu Doświadczalnego Instytutu Ogrodnictwa w Nowym Dworze Parceli koło Skierniewic. Materiał badawczy stanowiły dwuletnie drzewka z jednoroczną koroną jabłoni odmian ‘Szampion’ i ‘Gold Milenium’, które zostały zaszczepione na podkładkach o różnej sile wzrostu w dwóch klasach grubości (8-10 mm i 10-12 mm): M.9, M.26 i M.7. Najlepsze jakościowo dwuletnie drzewka z jednoroczną koroną dla obu badanych odmian uzyskano na podkładce M.7 w obu klasach grubości.

5

Comparison of apple tree water requirements in the Bydgoszcz (Poland) and Isparta (Turkey) regions

Rolbiecki S., Senyigit U., Treder W., Rolbiecki R.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2017

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nr III/2

1251--1261

EN

The aim of the present research was an attempt to compare apple tree water requirements in the vegetation period in the Bydgoszcz region (Poland) and in the Isparta region (Turkey). The paper refers to the 1984-2014 temperature and precipitation values in the Bydgoszcz and Isparta regions. To determine the reference evapotranspiration (ET0), the calculation model by Hargreaves modified by Droogers and Allen was applied. Potential evapotranspiration, identified with apple tree water requirements, was determined using the method of plant coefficients proposed by Doorenbos and Pruitt. In each of the seven months considered (April-October) higher apple tree water requirements occurred in the Isparta region. The highest apple tree water requirements were noted in July and for that month during the thirty-year period they were 167.3 mm and 286 mm, on average, in the Bydgoszcz and Isparta regions, respectively. Daily water requirements of apple trees in July were more than 9.2 mm in the Isparta region and 5.4 mm in the Bydgoszcz region. Apple tree water requirements throughout the vegetation period (April-October) were much higher (by 120 %) in the Isparta region than in the Bydgoszcz region. The highest precipitation deficits occurred in July and amounted to 95.5 mm and 269.1 mm for the Bydgoszcz and Isparta regions, respectively. The differences in the irrigation requirements for apple tree, next to water requirements differences, were affected by a different precipitation distribution in time in the regions com pared. In the Isparta region higher precipitation occurred at the beginning (April, May) and at the end (October) of the vegetation period, while in the Bydgoszcz region - just opposite - in summer months (June, July, August).

6

Effect of the forecast climate change on the apple tree water requirements in the Bydgoszcz region

Rolbiecki S., Piszczek P.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr IV/4

1745--1753

EN

The aim of the present research has been an attempt at evaluating the water requirements of apple trees over 2016-2050 in the Bydgoszcz region drawing on the forecast changes in temperature. The paper draws on the forecasting of mean monthly temperature for the Bydgoszcz region in 2011-2050 according to the climate change scenario for Poland SRES: A1B (Bąk, Łabędzki 2014). The water requirements of the apple tree have been determined based on the indispensable precipitation determined by Kemmer and Schulz. The water requirements were calculated for the period January through December and May through September for each year in the 35-year period (2016-2050). The reference period was made up by a 35-year period immediately preceding it (1981-2015). In the 2016-2050 period in the Bydgoszcz region, in the light of the temperature change scenarios, one could expect increased apple-tree water requirements. Determined with the Kemmer and Schulz method, the required annual (January-December) optimal precipitation will increase for the apple tree from 681 mm to 849 mm (by 168 mm, namely by 25 %). The optimal precipitation trend equations show that in the reference period (1981-2015), calculated with the Kemmer and Schulz numbers, the optimal annual precipitation for the apple tree was increasing in each pentad by 5.8-6.3 mm. In the forecast period (2016-2050) the water requirements will increase, however, in each pentad in a much greater range; from 8.5 to 9.6 mm. In the summer period (May-September) determined by Kemmer and Schulz, the optimal precipitation, expressing the water requirements, for the apple tree in 2016-2050 will increase by 84 mm.