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Properties and Applications of Essential Oils: A Review

Żukowska Grażyna, Durczyńska Zofia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

333--340

EN

Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds obtained from plants where they play aromatic, communicative and defensive roles. They have been used for centuries in medicine, agriculture and industry due to their broad spectrum of biological activity. They exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and smooth muscle relaxant properties. Due to their lipophilicity and small molecular size, essential oil components easily penetrate biological membranes and exert therapeutic effects. Currently, research is underway on the use of essential oils for the treatment of viral infections, cancer prevention and inflammatory diseases. These agents may provide a valuable alternative to conventional therapies due to their natural origin and high tolerability. However, ensuring the appropriate quality and standardization of preparations is crucial to guarantee their efficacy and safe use. This paper provides an overview of the properties of essential oils, the methods used to obtain them, their composition, and their medical and therapeutic applications.

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Simultaneous determination of seven sesquiterpene lactone glucosides in Ixeris dentata by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and their antiviral activities

Park SeonJu, Kim Nanyoung, Park Jun Hyung, Lee Sang-Won, Song Jae-Hyoung, Ko Hyun-Jeong, Chae Han-Jung, Kim Hyung-Ryong, Kim Seung Hyun

Acta Chromatographica

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2019

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Vol. 31, no. 4

280--285

EN

Ixeris dentata (Thunb. ex Thunb.) Nakai (Asteraceae), a well-known edible vegetable in Asia, contains various bioactive secondary metabolites, including sesquiterpene lactones. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of seven sesquiterpene lactone glucosides isolated from the roots of I. dentata. In addition, these compounds were evaluated in terms of their antiviral activities against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and human enterovirus 71 (EV71). The developed method was validated in terms of linearity (R2 > 0.9996), precision (RSD < 2.24%), accuracy (96.30–102.77%), and stability (RSD < 1.94%) and successfully applied to the quantitation of the I. dentata root samples collected from six different regions of Korea. The content of sesquiterpene lactone glucosides varied significantly based on the region. For the antiviral activities, guaianolides with an ester group at C-8 (compounds 6 and 7) showed the most potent activities against CBV3, while germacranolide (compound 5) showed the most consistent antiviral activity against both CVB3 and EV71. The method was validated to be simple and reliable to simultaneously determine seven putative bioactive sesquiterpene lactone glucosides, the substantial chemotaxonomic markers, in I. dentata root samples

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Pochodne 1,2,3-triazolu. Potencjalne leki?

Bankowska E., Wróblewski A. E.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2012

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[Z] 66, 11-12

993-1022

EN

Recently, 1,2,3-triazoles have gained an increased attention in the field of drug discovery because several derivatives have already been marketed as medications (e.g. tazobactam, cefatrizine, rufinamide) [1, 2] and many of them appeared to be very active in diverse biological studies including plinambulin 69 currently in the last stage of the clinical trials [60]. In this review very recent investigations of antibacterial, antitubercular, antifungal, antipsychotic, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, anticancer and antiviral properties of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives are discussed. These studies allowed to select several compounds which were found to be more active in comparison to the already used drugs.

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Izoksazolidynowe analogi nukleozydów

Kokosza K., Piotrowska D. G.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2012

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[Z] 66, 11-12

1041-1070

EN

Compounds having isoxazolidine moiety are of special interest since they show a broad spectrum of biological activity, including anticancer [1–5], antiviral [6], antibacterial [7–9] and antifungal activities [9–12]. Extensive studies on isoxazolidine moiety containing compounds resulted in discovery of several potentially antiviral and anticancer drugs (e.g. pyridemine-A 1 [2, 3], as well as isoxazolidines substituted with thymine and 5-fluorouracil 52a (AdT) [38–40] and 59 [(–)-AdFU] [41–43], respectively). In this review the most spectacular examples of the synthesis of isoxazolidine analogues of nucleosides are discussed and their biological activity is emphasized.

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Bis(2-amidophenyl) Diselenides Derived from Amino Acids and Dipeptides: Synthesis, Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activity

Palus J., Dąbrowska E., Piętka-Ottlik M., Piasecki E., Młochowski J.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2008

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Vol. 82, nr 5

1015-1022

EN

Synthesis of bis(2-aminophenyl) diselenide 1 derivatives, having amino acids and dipeptides moieties, has been reported. This process has been realized by acylation of both amine groups in 1 us ing N-Boc blocked amino acids 8 in the presence of DCC and HOBT, followed by deprotection to hydrochlorides 9. The free amines 2 have been obtained by removing the protective groups. In the similar way dipeptides 3, 10 and 11 have been prepared. Selected compounds have been tested as potential antiviral, antibacterial and antifungial agents.

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Chemiczno-enzymatyczna strategia konstrukcji proleków nukleozydowych

Kaczmarek R., Kulik K., Baraniak J.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2007

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[Z] 61, 5-6

417-443

EN

Several nucleoside analogues have found successful application as antiviral and anticancer agents. Their mode of action differs, but in the most general terms they have been developed as inhibitors or competitors of natural 2'-deoxynucleosides in the process of their conversion to the corresponding nucleoside-5'-triphosphates. As such, they can be incorporated into a growing viral DNA strand by a DNA polymerase resulting in chain termination. In cancer therapy, modified nucleosides, after being phosphorylated to the corresponding monophosphates, block DNA biosynthesis by deactivating nucleoside syntheses. Hence biological activity of nucleoside analogues in most cases depends on the intracellular phosphorylation by viral and/or cellular kinases to their respective mono-, di-, and triphosphate derivatives. Among the three successive activating phosphorylation steps the first one has fundamental importance as the rate-limiting step. Several different enzymes can perform this initial phosphorylation, depending on the nature of the aglycone. Also, the presence and activity of the intracellular enzymes necessary for the activation of nucleoside analogues are highly dependent on the host species, the cell type, and the stage in the cell cycle. Moreover, in many cases, nucleoside analogues are poor substrates for the cellular kinases needed for their activation. For all these reasons, intracellular nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) delivery has been considered for overcoming the first phosphorylation step. Unfortunately, NMPs themselves cannot be used as potential chemotherapeutic agents. Owing to their high polarity, these compounds are not able to penetrate cellular membrane or the blood-brain barrier easily. Therefore, in order to reduce the phosphate negative charge and enable the modified nucleotide to enter the cell, many nucleotides modified on the phos-phate moiety by so-called masking group have been synthesized. A suitable nucleotide prodrug (so-called pronucleotide) has to fulfill two requirements: i) it has to be lipophilic enough for passive diffusion of the membrane and the blood-brain barrier; ii) it should be able to deliver the nucleoside by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis leaving a non-toxic masking group. Many strategies using various protecting groups for the phosphate moiety have been deve-loped to achieve this goal. The majority of strategies for unmasking pronucleotides that have been examined to date have involved substrate-nonspecific enzymes to remove one or more groups that are attached to the 5'MP moiety. Carboxylesterases (CEs) have attracted considerable attention, since they include bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) [(bis(POM)] and S-acyl-2-thioethyl (SATE) moieties which are initially unmasked by CE-mediated cleavage. A combination of aryl ester and amino acid phosphoramidate groups as a particular class of enzyme-labile protecting groups was developed for the delivery of antiviral nucleoside prodrugs. An endogenous phosphoramidase was responsible and necessary for the biological activity of those compounds in living cells. On the other side almost all approaches based on chemical hydrolysis reported so far were unable to deliver the nucleotide selectively exept the cycloSal approach. This review will predominantly concentrate on the different approaches to the design of nucleotide prodrugs. Keywords: prodrug, pronucleotide, nucleoside analogues, antiviral activity, anticancer acti-vity, masking groups.