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1

Przed pismem, papierem i drukiem

Przybysz Kazimierz

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2023

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R. 79, nr 12

649--651

PL

Wobec niezwykle szybkiego rozwoju elektronicznych nośników informacji, powstaje pytanie o przyszłość papieru. W dyskusji na ten temat nie powinno zabraknąć papierników. W celu rozszerzenia wiedzy o dziejach i znaczeniu papieru w kształtowaniu naszej cywilizacji, podjąłem, w ramach moich możliwości, działania w tym zakresie. Niniejszy artykuł rozpoczyna cykl dotyczący dziejów nośników informacji w starożytności.

2

Civilisation and its environmental consequences

Sulimov Stanislav I., Chernigovskikh Igor V., Cherenkov Roman A., Chernykh Vladimir D., Vasiliev Boris V.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2021

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R. 26, NR 1-2

31--40

EN

This work is devoted to examining civilisation’s environmental consequences and the military confrontation between civilised and barbaric societies. The authors examine antique and ancient Chinese ideas about the phenomenon of barbarism, and also highlight common cultural features inherent in the Germans and Celts and opposed to Rome, and the Far Eastern nomads who were adjacent to imperial China. Moreover, the authors seek to analyse the substantial effects of civilisation on the environment and ecosystem. Having analysed the military potential of civilised societies, the authors come to the conclusion that the victory of barbarism is possible only in the case of civilisation internal collapse. The article outlines other important aspects, including the relationships between civilisation and war and between civilisation and the environment. It concludes with a discussion about rethinking and restructuring some of our perspectives on civilisation.

3

Rola tradycji antycznej w sztuce wczesnośredniowiecznej. Rozważania na temat tożsamości europejskiej

Stala K.

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

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2018

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T. 46

711--721

PL

Niniejszy artkuł dotyczy tradycji antycznej w sztuce europejskiej oraz wpływu antyku na naszą europejską tożsamość. Temat recepcji antycznych wzorców na sztukę, w tym w szczególności na architekturę doby średniowiecza, a więc epoki najbliższej chronologicznie spuściźnie Imperium Romanum, towarzyszył autorce od początków jej pracy naukowej. Ten osobisty stosunek do poruszanego zagadnienia oraz przekonanie o tym jak istotne dla rozwoju europejskiej myśli artystycznej są osiągnięcia kultury antycznej, sprawiły, że zdecydowała się do niego powrócić. Bowiem pomimo upływu lat jest on wciąż aktualny i konsekwentnie rozwijany przez badaczy krajowych i zagranicznych.

EN

The article is devoted to the ancient tradition in the European art and the impact of antiquity on our European identity. The issue of reception of ancient models in art, in particular in the architecture of the Middle Ages, thus the epoch that was chronologically closest to the heritage of the Imperium Romanum, has accompanied the author since the very beginning of her academic career. Such personal approach to the issue and strong belief about the significance of the accomplishments of ancient culture for the development of European artistic thought resulted in the fact that the author decided to come back to it. In spite of the passage of time, it is still a valid subject matter, consistently pursued by Polish and foreign researchers.

4

Odlewnictwo w literaturze antycznej

Górny J.

Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa

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2016

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Vol. 56, no. 4

277--300

PL

W artykule zasygnalizowano obecność w literaturze świata antycznego wielu wzmianek odnoszących się do odlewnictwa. Ich analiza pozwala wzbogacić wiedzę o początkach i historii rozwoju odlewnictwa – jednej z najstarszych technicznych dziedzin działalności człowieka, odgrywającego w starożytności niezwykle istotną rolę i od niepamiętnych czasów określanego mianem sztuka. Przytoczono i omówiono wzmianki wskazujące, że w starożytności metale i umiejętność ich obróbki i odlewania uważane były za dar Boga czy bogów, opisujące początki i znaczenie odlewnictwa w zamierzchłych czasach, rozwój technologii wykonywania odlewów, a także wymieniające niektóre dzieła mistrzów sztuki odlewniczej świata starożytnego.

EN

The paper indicates the existence of many references to casting in the ancient literature. Their analysis allows one to enrich the knowledge of the beginnings and the history of the development of casting – one of the oldest technical areas of human activity, which, in ancient times, played a very important role and, as far as one can remember, has been called art. The paper quotes and discusses references indicting that, in ancient times, metals and the skills connected with their treatment and casting were seen as a gift from God or gods, as well as describing the beginnings and significance of casting in old times and the development of casting manufacture technology and pointing to some of the works of the casting art masters of the ancient world.

5

Antyczne budowanie

Grundkowski J.

Warstwy, Dachy i Ściany

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2009

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nr 3

50-55

PL

Budownictwo starożytnej Grecji jest dość dobrze znane, a wiedzę o nim czerpiemy zarówno ze źródeł pisanych, jak i z odkryć archeologicznych. Podstawowe surowce używane do produkcji materiałów budowlanych w helleńskiej starożytności pozostały w zasadzie niezmienne mimo upływu wieków. Były nimi drewno, glina i kamień. Największym zmianom od okresu archaicznego w dziejach Hellady po czas panowania rzymskiego, podlegało drewno. Zmiany te polegały na jego wyczerpywaniu się. Grecy bez litości wycinali swoje lasy. Już w okresie hellenistycznym musieli drewno importować.

6

Odeon-buleuterion w hellenistycznych i rzymskich miastach Azji Mniejszej. Ze studiów nad budowlami użyteczności publicznej starożytności

Golasz-Szołomicka H.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2008

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T. 53, z. 4

47-65

PL

W antycznych miastach zachodniej części Azji Mniejszej zachowały się hellenistyczne buleuteriony i rzymskie odeony. Większość badaczy uważa, że odeony były małymi teatrami muzycznymi. A gdzie odbywały się posiedzenia rady miejskiej w miastach, w których nie było buleuterionów? Niektórzy badacze uważali, że w odeonach i nazywali je buleuterionami. Celem artykułu było sprawdzenie, jakie funkcje mogły pełnić odeony. Analiza usytuowania buleuterionów hellenistycznych i odeonów wykazała, że lokalizowano je podobnie w centrum miasta, przy agorze, lub w jej sąsiedztwie. Porównanie układów przestrzennych tych budowli także ujawniło liczne podobieństwa. Niektóre odeony wyróżniały się dekoracją sceniczną, która przesądzała o możliwości urządzania w nich przedstawień, ale równocześnie nie przeszkadzała w obradach rady miejskiej. W okresie rzymskim na omawianym terenie nie budowano buleuterionów, gdyż ich funkcję przejęły odeony. Usytuowane przy agorze, często także w pobliżu prytanejonu i świątyni, miały dogodne położenie dla członków rady miejskiej i widzów teatru.

EN

Hellenistic bouleuterions and Roman odeons were kept in ancient cities of the western part of Asia Minor. Most researchers think that odeons were small musical theatres. And when town council sessions took place in those cities that did not have bouleuterions? Some researchers thought - in odeons, and called them bouleuterions. The main aim of this article was checking for which function odeons performed. Analysis of the location of Hellenistic bouleuterions and odeons showed that they were located similarly in centre of city, near the agora, or in its neighborhood. Comparison of the spatial arrangements systems of those buildings also showed many similarities. Some odeons were distinguished by scenic decorations, which allowed for the possibility of organising performances therein, but simultaneously did not disturb debates of the town council. Bouleuterions were not built in the Roman period on the discussed terrain because odeons took over their function. Those buildings, situated near the agora and often near the prytanejon and temple, were conveniently located for members of the town council and theatre spectators.

7

Miasto słońca

Grundkowski J.

Warstwy, Dachy i Ściany

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2007

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nr 4

67-69

8

Metody finansowania budownictwa antycznego

Grundkowski J.

Warstwy, Dachy i Ściany

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2006

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nr 3

90-91

9

Budownictwo starożytnej Syrii

Grundkowski J.

Warstwy, Dachy i Ściany

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2005

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nr 4

65-67

10

Budownictwo egipskie

Grundkowski J.

Warstwy, Dachy i Ściany

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2005

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nr 3

42-43

11

Antyczne katastrofy

Grundkowski J.

Warstwy, Dachy i Ściany

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2005

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nr 4

30-31

12

Spartańscy tresantes w V-IV wieku p.n.e.

Kulesza R.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2002

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nr 3-4(48-49)

330-348

EN

The author analyses the importance of courage and cowardice in Spartan ideology trying to explain the status of tresantes who suffered infamy and severe punishment for cowardice on a battlefield. Contrary to common in science beliefs, the author thinks that the Spartans differentiated punishment towards tresantes and that pragmatism dominated in their evaluations. According to the author, the attitude to cowardice and cowards in Sparta was generally the same as in other Greek states. The differences resulted mainly from maximalisation of Hoplic ideology. The author claims that the statement that a Spartan returned from war „with a shield or on a shield” was created as an element of the Spartan legend late (maybe in 2nd century AD). The article also includes general remarks on Spartan military and the state of research on war and military in ancient Greece.

13

Propaganda ateńska i antyateńska w przededniu wojny peloponeskiej

Podemski P.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2002

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nr 2(47)

416--436

EN

The propaganda battle between the Greeks before the Peloponnesian Wars that can be recreated thanks to the work of Thucydides had a solemn and harsh character as Athens and Sparta constituted two entirely different models of Greek polis. The aim of both sides was to prove their rights in questionable matters and propagate the conviction of their own superiority over the opponent. Propaganda was both to strengthen their own position and weaken the adversaries. Therefore it was addressed both to friends and to enemies as well. Its tool, obvious in Greek conditions, was a spoken word. The anti-Athens (Peloponnesian) side took over the initiative at the very beginning. The Corinthians charged the Athens with the tendency to subordinate the whole Greece and accused them of oppressing poleis subordinated to them in the Sea Union. Athenian democracy was ridiculed as a system of mob government leading to the state degeneration. The Peloponnesians trusted in their own ethnic superiority over the Athenians - the superiority of the Dorics over the Ionics. Finally religious arguments were used, reminding of famous Alchmeonids’ crime and spreading favourable Delphic oracle. In these circumstances the Athenian propaganda took defensive shape trying to justify its own actions and deter the enemy not to take war actions. The Athenians claimed that they deserve to govern Ionia as a reward for their services during the wars against Persia. They praised democracy as the majority rule. The rejected accusations of effeminacy, claiming that, although they are not professional warriors as the Spartans, they could oppose them with their inborn bravery and fleet. Arguments voiced in defence of the Sea Union institution sounded so unconvincing then that Thucydides passed them over in silence. The Athenians raised also the issue of the profanation of the Temple of Athena by the Spartans. Athenian propaganda only created a response to the rival accusations, an answer that could convince nobody except the Athenians themselves. The opposite side won the propaganda battle, as well as the wars. The Spartans and their allies set out to fight to “free Hellada”.

14

Miejsce mitu w filozofii

Klein A., Piwnicki G.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2002

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R. 43 nr 3 (151)

95-111

PL

Pierwsze filozoficzne koncepcje mitu pojawiają się w starożytności. Zarówno Platon jak i Arystoteles uważali że zdobywanie większej wiedzy należy rozpocząć od poznania mitologii. Z upływem czasu samoświadomość filozofów oraz koncepcja świata naturalnego były powodem wyodrębnienia się racjonalnego porządku - "logos" od zbiorowego żywiołu "mythos" dając początek istniejącej po dziś dzień opozycji. Dzięki temu pojęcie "mit" uzyskało wymiar uniwersalny, stosowany w większośi kultur. Meandryczność losów mitu w historii filozofii oscylowała pomiędzy demitologizacją a remitologizacją. W XX-wiecznej filozofii powstała oryginalna koncepcja mitu Ernesta Cassirera, traktująca mit jako przejaw świadomości mitycznej i podkreślająca symboliczny charakter tego pojęcia. W polskiej filozofii współczesnej na uwagę zasługuje koncepcja mitu Leszka Kołakowskiego, dla którego mit to wyraz pojęciowo-słowny przeżycia transcendencji. Wedle tej koncepcji w świecie bez mitu nie mogłaby istnieć żadna więź społeczna. W filozofii współczesnej daje się zauważyć dążność do ujęcia teorii mitu w szerokim spektrum

EN

Język oryginału: francuski Wpisz tekst lub adres witryny albo przetłumacz dokument. Anuluj polski angielski niemiecki The first myth of philosophical concepts appear in antiquity. Both Plato and Aristotle believed that the acquisition of more knowledge should start from the knowledge of mythology. Over time, the philosophers and the concept of self-awareness of the natural world were the reason for the emergence of a rational order - "logos" from the collective element of "mythos" giving rise to the existing opposition to the present day. Thanks to this concept of "myth" gained a universal dimension, used in większośi cultures. Meandryczność fate of myth in the history of philosophy and oscillated between remitologizacją demythologizing. In the twentieth-century philosophy was the original concept of the myth of Ernest Cassirer, treats myth as a manifestation of the mythical consciousness and underlining the symbolic nature of this concept. In contemporary Polish philosophy on the concept of myth noteworthy Leszek Kolakowski, for which the myth is an expression of conceptual-verbal experience of transcendence. According to this concept in a world without myth could not exist any social bond. In contemporary philosophy there has been a tendency to approach the theory of myth in a wide spectrum

15

Cement rzymski

Grundkowski J.

Warstwy, Dachy i Ściany

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2002

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nr 2

118-119

16

Corpus Hermeticum w historii

Bugaj R.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2001

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R. 46, nr 4

7--36

EN

The originator and founder of hermetism was the mythical Hermes Trismegistos, a deity of the syncretic Hellenistic religion that came into being through the identification of the Greek god Hermes with the Egyptian god Thot. In later Hellenistsic times, various hermetic writers considered Hermes Trismegistos to have been a historical personnage, a king, prophet and philosopher (physician), as well as author of many widely disseminated writings that made up the so-called Corpus Hermeticum (eithteen separate treatises from the 2nd-4th centuries AD) and the the so-called Emerald Table (Tabula Smaragdina). The Corpus Hermeticum is a collection of treatises of a philosophical, religious, theological as well as theosophical nature. The collection played an important role in the development of the philosophy of alchemy and hermetism, and formed the basis for an alchemist philosophy of nature. There are currently two views among scholars on the origins of hermetism. According to one, hermetism derived directly from Egypt, while according to the other it orginated in Greece. In the years 1945-46 a number of hermetic texts forming part of the now famous gnostic „library“ were discovered in Nag-Hammadi (Chenosboskion) in Upper Egypt. The Coptic texts from Nag-Hammadi date from the middle of the 4th century AD, and according to experts are translations from the Greek. Some authors (R. Reitzenstein and T. Zieliński) have suggested that along with the appearance in Egypt of the Hermetic Books, attributed to Hermes Trismegistos, there also appeared a new god in Egypt, Poimandres, and a new religion was established, hermetism, which competed for influence with Christianity. The present article discusses the main of the hermetic treatises, including Poimandres, which contains an account of the creation of the world. The article also discusses the reasons for the decline of hermetism as a religion and stresses that in spite of this decline the doctrine managed to survive in the form of alchemic hermetism, which played an important role in the culture of the Renaissance. The article also cites the voluminous work by W. Scott and A.S. Ferguson (1924-1936), and A.D. Nock and A.-J. Festugiere (1945-1964), which contains contemporary, English and French, commentaries on and translations of the Corpus Hermeticum texts.

17

Kształtowanie się definicji i zakresu badań archeologii w encyklopediach polskich

Wrońska-Kowalska J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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1999

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R. 44, nr 3/4

53--88

EN

The article attempst to give an assessment to the evolution and change in the scope of archaeological research as evidenced in encyclopaedic entries. Eighteen Polish encyclopaedias were analyzed, published in the years 1859-1939. The entries for ARCHAEOLOGY in those publications were compared with entries in other European encyclopedias of the period; the comparison did not show any differences between the entries in the two groups of publications. Apart from the analysis of material on archaeology, an insight into the evolution of this science can be gained from the comparison of the definitions of related domains of research and learning such as ethnography, anthropology, or history of art. The analysis shows that in the nineteenth century, the terms: archaeology, antiquity and antiquarianism, were used interchangeably. It was not until the 1890s that the term prehistory was introduced, which had a narrower scope, relating to periods in which writing remained unknown. The beginnings of archaeology as a science based on a specific methodology were associated with J. Winckelmann, and those of prehistory - Boucher de Perthes. As for Polish archaeology, its beginnings were linked with the person of H. Kołłątaj. The encyclopaedic entries analyzed indicate that the distinction between archaeology and history of ancient art began to be made only in the 1860s. It was then that archaeology began to direct its attention to finds that were not necessarily spectacular but testified to everyday life in the past. At that time archaeology lacked precise methods for the acquisition and description of sources. The entries stated only that archaeology was concerned with the investigation of the styles (types) of the objects that belonged to the past of various nations. In the 1870s the "material" character of the sources was stressed; it was also emphasized that that inspiration for the establishment of Polish archaeology had come from the revival of national feelings. The entries, however, did not provide information on the new dating of the oldest traces of man. The term prehistory, to describe the period before written records were available, began to feature in the encyclopaedias only in 1890s. The use of this term was followed by information on the long chronology of humankind (relating e.g. to the research of Boucher de Perthes and G. Mortillet). The largest number of materials on the subject of archaeology as perceived in the nineteenth century can be found in successive editions of of Orgelbrand's "Encyklopedia powszechna" [Universal Encyclopaedia] and the unfinished "Wielka encyklopedia powszechna ilustrowana" [The Great Illustrated Universal Encyclopaedia] which appeared at the break of the century. The latter encyclopaedia provided the best and fullest entry descriptions, based on the theory of evolution and written by such eminents scholars as L. Krzywicki, T. Korzon and Z. Gloger. It is quite difficult to provide a more profound assessment of the development of archaeological research, and the ways in which it was influenced by currents in sociology and philosophy, exclusively on the basis of encyclopaedic entries. Such entries are formulated in quite a laconic way and the authors concentrate on factographic data. More knowledge on the subject can be gained from the latest studies in the field, especially the works of A. Abramowicz.