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1

Assessment of the determined ground compaction of anthropogenic soil containing hard coal mine waste using the DPSH dynamic probe

Jendruś Rafał, Pach Grzegorz, Strozik Grzegorz

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 68, no. 2

227--249

EN

The shortage of investment areas may be at least partially satisfied by the development of reclaimed post-mining areas. These are often subsidence zones levelled with hard coal mine waste or reclaimed sub-level old dumps of this waste. From the geotechnical point of view, such grounds represent anthropogenic grounds containing mine waste, and they are considered as possessing unfavourable properties in terms of the foundation of building structures. The paper initially presents the analysis of the properties of waste from the hard coal mining industry, emphasising that they expose several beneficial properties enabling their safe use. The second part of the article is devoted to the determination of soil density using the DPSH probe. It has been found that the applicable standards lack complex relationships that would allow for a reliable interpretation of the measurement results in a wide range of soil types. The last part presents exemplary results of measurements made with the DPSH probe at a construction site. The obtained results allowed for the formulation of several conclusions regarding the possibility of building on a ground made of hard coal waste and the use of dynamic sounding to assess the geotechnical properties of such anthropogenic soil.

2

Ettringite as a factor causing structural strengthening of fluvial sand from the Praski terrace (Warsaw, Poland)

Zawrzykraj Piotr, Rydelek Paweł, Bąkowska Anna, Cabalski Krzysztof

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 4

519--528

EN

Engineering activity may lead to uncontrolled changes in the geological environment. This paper presents an example of structural changes in fluvial sand of the Praski terrace (in Warsaw) caused by the activity of a temporary concrete batching plant. Our investigations made it possible to identify the material responsible for the structural anomalies observed in the bottom of the trench excavation. The compound responsible for the cementation phenomenon was identified as ettringite – hydrated calcium aluminosulphate: Ca6Al2[(OH)12(SO4)3]·26H2O. The source of ettringite were most probably significant volumes of contaminants coming from the temporary concrete batching plant (e.g., from the rinsing of concrete mixers and/or installations for concrete storage and transportation). While penetrating into the ground, ettringite caused extensive cementation of the soil mass, mainly in the saturation zone. As a result, the mineral (chemical) composition of the inter-grain space changed and the structure of the sand was strengthened. The estimated zone of volumetric changes in soil properties was about 6 thousand m3. However, analysis of the chemical composition of groundwater for its potential sulphate contamination, did not reveal any anomalous concentrations of sulphates.

3

Low-strength substrates and anthropogenic soils in transportation engineering

Batog A., Stilger-Szydło E.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2018

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Vol. 40, nr 4

292--299

EN

Road embankments, especially their slopes’ surfaces, must fulfil all the requirements concerning the exploitation criteria after the completion of construction works. This is very important while constructing or modernizing the embankments, based on the substrate including low-strength soils as well as in simple ground conditions (most convenient). The last dozen or so years of intensive construction of transport infrastructure have shown how big is the problem of ensuring the required volumes of qualified soil material for the construction of road embankments or the modernization of railway embankments. The depleting deposits of natural and easily accessible soils for the construction of embankments result in the need to use anthropogenic soils, for example, in the form of aggregates from the recycling of construction waste and other locally available waste materials, usually in the form of slag and ashes from the combined heat and power plants. In such cases, there’s a need to treat transportation earth structures individually in the scope of designing and quality control, because there are no applicable standard provisions in this scope. This work indicates some of these important contemporary problems of transport engineering, occurring in newly built and modernized road objects, such as the stability of road embankments based on a low-strength substrate, use of anthropogenic soils and materials originating from the recycling of concrete surfaces for the construction of road embankments.

4

Jakość środowiska przyrodniczego przy traktach komunikacyjnych w kontekście zdrowia i rekreacji

Widłak M., Brelska K., Widłak A.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2018

|

Nr 8

309--312

PL

Intensywny rozwój komunikacji wpływa negatywnie, na jakość środowiska przyrodniczego. Trasy komunikacyjne o dużym natężeniu ruchu są źródłem emisji toksycznych zanieczyszczeń. Zaliczamy do nich spaliny, pyły powstałe w wyniku tarcia opon o nawierzchnie drogi, płyny wyciekające z nieszczelnych instalacji samochodowych i śmieci wyrzucane przez kierowców w trakcie jazdy. Emitowane gazy i pyły zawierają wysokie stężenia metali ciężkich. Podwyższona ich zawartość w środowisku jest poważnym problemem ekologicznym ze względu na szkodliwy wpływ na organizmy ludzkie i zwierzęce. Konieczny staje się, zatem monitoring zarówno zagospodarowania gleb jak również ich zanieczyszczenia. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wybranych metali ciężkich (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni) wzdłuż tras komunikacyjnych, rzeki Silnicy i ul. Warszawskiej w Kielcach. Badania dotyczyły stężenia całkowitego badanych metali w różnych porach roku. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że zanieczyszczenie badanych gleb metalami Pb, Cu, Zn jest w zakresie do 50% normy przewidzianej Dz. U. 2016, natomiast stężenie Ni znacznie przekracza dopuszczalne wartości. Celem niniejszej pracy była ocena zmienności zanieczyszczenia gleb metalami ciężkimi w dwóch lokalizacjach reprezentujących tereny rekreacyjno-użytkowe w centralnej części Kielc.

EN

The intensive development of communication negatively affects the quality of the natural environment. Communication routes with high traffic are a source of toxic emissions. They include exhaust gases, dusts generated as a result of tires friction on road surface, liquids leaking from leaky automotive installations and garbage thrown away by drivers while driving. Emitted gases and dusts contain high concentrations of heavy metals. Their increased content in the environment is a serious ecological problem due to the harmful effect on human and animal organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor both soil management and pollution. The paper presents the study results of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni) along communication routes, the Silnica river and Warszawska street in Kielce. The research concerned the total concentration of tested metals in different seasons. On the basis of the conducted tests, it was found that the contamination of the studied soils with Pb, Cu, Zn metals is up to 50% of the standard provided in the Journal of Laws, while the concentration of Ni significantly exceeds the acceptable values. The aim of this study was to assess the variability of soil pollution with heavy metals in two locations representing recreational and utility areas in the central part of Kielce.

5

Geologia obszarów miejskich : przykłady z aglomeracji warszawskiej

Radzikowski M., Cabalski K., Kowalczyk S.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 10/2

883--889

EN

The article presents the attempt to systematize the problems of urban geology using the example of Warsaw agglomeration. The introduction discusses the available literature, both domestic and foreign. It was noted that many authors understand this concept in various ways, defining it differently. This is the result of diverse interests of researchers, whose common point is that their works and research were located in or associated with urban areas. It also presents, in general, the range of subjects and the set of tools related to Earth sciences, which help in solving research tasks. The article makes reference to the constraints associated with availability of the land and problems related to the applicability of methods. It presents the thesis stating that the needs of users of geoinformation in the urban environment are different from the current ones, which were mainly focused on natural resources, rather than on interaction or coexistence of natural resources and development. The recipients of geoinformation in the urban environment, in relation to the presented conceptual scheme, are mainly people or institutions that do not have an appropriate knowledge of geology. Hence, it is necessary to present geoinformation in a clear and accessible manner, as conclusions or guidelines for use. The examples presented in the article prove that geology of urban areas is now becoming a very important part of knowledge necessary for proper, sustainable development of our cities. Over the last few years a significant part of the population moved to urban areas. This trend is noticeable in Poland and around the world.

6

Ocena chemizmu gleb powstałych na bazie popiołów z węgla kamiennego po dziesięciu latach ich funkcjonowania w środowisku

Tomaszewicz T., Chudecka J.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

|

2016

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nr 163 (43)

74--85

PL

Celem pracy była ocena chemizmu 10-letnich gleb powstałych przez złożenie na popiołach z węgla kamiennego 5 wariantów nakładów zawierających substancję organiczną naturalnego i antropogenicznego pochodzenia. Gleby te charakteryzował odczyn zasadowy, niewielkie zasolenie, bardzo wysoka zasobność w przyswajalny fosfor, wysoka w przyswajalny mangan, cynk i miedź oraz średnia w przyswajalny magnez. Zawartość ogólna Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb i Ni nie przekraczała wartości dopuszczonych prawem, jednak wystąpiły przypadki podwyższonych ilości cynku, miedzi i ołowiu oraz powszechnie występujące słabe zanieczyszczenie kadmem.

EN

The aim of study was to evaluate chemical properties of 10-year-old soils made by submission on ashes from hard coal 5 variants of surface layer including organic matter of natural and anthropogenic origin. These soils were characterized by alkaline reaction, low salinity, very high abundance of available phosphorus, high abundance of available manganese, zinc, copper and average abundance of available magnesium. The total content of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni was less than admitted by law, however reported cases of elevated amounts of zinc, copper and lead and widespread existing poor contamination of cadmium.

7

Stateczność nasypów komunikacyjnych posadowionych w złożonych warunkach gruntowych

Batog A., Stilger-Szydło E.

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2015

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Nr 3

25--31

PL

Zagadnienie stateczności skarp i zboczy jest jednym z ważniejszych problemów budownictwa drogowego. Autorzy w niniejszym artykule zawarli dyskusję sposobów przeprowadzania oceny stateczności skarp nasypów drogowych oraz interpretacji uzyskanych wyników uwzględniając procedury wprowadzone przez Eurokod 7. Zasygnalizowano problemy występujące przy stosowaniu gruntów antropogenicznych do budowy nasypów komunikacyjnych.

EN

The issue of stability of scarps and slopes is one of major problems in road engineering. In this article, the authors included the discussion of possible ways of assessment of road embankment slope stability and the interpretation of the obtained results, bearing in mind the procedures introduced by Eurocode 7. The problems that occur when using anthropogenic soil for construction of embankments are discussed.

8

Anthropogenic sediments from facultative lagoons of the Konstancin - Jeziorna sewage treatment facility and their usability for soil recultivation

Kostrz-Sikora P., Bojakowska I., Wołkiewicz S., Dobek P., Lech D., Narkiewicz W.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 2

177-185

EN

The sewage treatment facility of a paper mill at Konstancin-Jeziorna was opened to process industrial and domestic wastewater. After closure of that mill, the sewage treatment facility had to be rebuilt and modernized. Therefore, it was necessary to analyse the chemical and phase composition of the sediments from facultative lagoons used for biological treatment of wastewater. Eight samples of sediments were taken to identify a general phase composition by X-ray diffraction and ten to determine concentrations of selected main and trace elements with the use of ICP-AES and AMA methods.The analyses showed that the sediments consisted of over 90% of mineral fraction, mainly kaolinite, calcite, and quartz and also neomorphic smithsonite. They contained low quantities of Hg, Cd, Co and Mo, and elevated concentrations of Zn, Ba, Mn and Sr. Comparisons of the obtained mean values with admissible concentrations of metals, as defined by Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 9 September 2002, showed that the mean concentrations of As, Sn, Co, Mo and Ni (and also of Hg and Cr in the southern lagoon) met quality standards for soils in areas under protection (group A). Mean concentrations of Pb (both lagoons), Ba, Cu, Cd (northern lagoon) as well as Cr and Hg (southern lagoon) in sediments are higher. However, they still meet standards for areas usable for agricultural and other purposes (group B). The highest concentrations were recorded for Zn, Cd, Cu and Ba in samples from the southern lagoon. These continued to be lower than all the limits acceptable for industrial areas.

9

Wpływ warunków geologiczno-inżynierskich na zachowanie zabytków architektury centralnej części Lwowa

Wołoszyn P.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

|

2011

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nr 446 (1)

157--162

PL

Na przykładzie Lwowa przedstawiono wpływ właściwości geologiczno-inżynierskich gruntów na zachowanie trwałości wybranych obiektów zabytkowych. Głównymi czynnikami obniżającymi trwałość fundamentów są: występowanie słabego podłoża, niekorzystne warunki hydrogeologiczne, deformacje filtracyjne oraz podtopienia. Pogorszenie stanu budynków jest spowodowane zastosowaniem drewnianych fundamentów, niekorzystnym wpływem obciążeń dynamicznych, wywołanych znacznym ruchem samochodowym, oraz podtopieniami obiektów w wyniku nieszczelności kanalizacji i wodociągów.

EN

The influence of engineering-geological conditions on monuments’ stability is discussed in this article. The main factors which weaken the buildings’ foundations are weak rocks, hydrogeological conditions, mechanical suffosion and flooding. The condition of buildings is getting worse because of the usage of wooden elements instead of more durable ones, by vibrations produced by considerable car traffic and by leakages from sewage systems and waterworks.

10

Problematyka gruntów antropogenicznych w kartografii geologiczno-inżynierskiej

Frankowski Z., Majer E., Majer K.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 9/2

918-925

EN

The article presents some cartographic studies of urban aras where anthropogenic soils occur. Methods of presenting the anthropogenic soils on maps were described, including the forms of their occurrence and thickness. It was indicated that an engineering geological map providing information on soil usefulness (illustrating the recommended ways of economic planning) and a risk map of investment showing a good preparation of a land development plan should be created.

11

Grunty antropogeniczne w dokumentowaniu warunków geologiczno-inżynierskich dla budowli drogowych – wybrane problemy

Cabalski K., Radzikowski M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 9/2

886-891

EN

The article presents some of the problems related to the practice of documenting anthropogenic soils, focusing primarily on linear investments such as roads. It discusses the rank of anthropogenic soils in soils classification as in PN-86/B-02480: Building soils. Definition, symbols, and description of the soils classification and it elaborates on the difficulties in distinguishing anthropogenic from indigenous soils. Using the example, inter alia, of Trasa Armii Krajowej in Warsaw, the Authors present problems associated with construction on anthropogenic soils, including those soils with great thickness, and illustrate problems with assessment of the condition of old berms, predominantly consisting of ashes. In addition, the article demonstrates that the study of anthropogenic soil construction should be comprehensive and should entail indigenous soils in the immediate vicinity of the site.

12

Charakterystyka zmian deformacyjnych gruntów antropogenicznych z osadników cukrowni

Choma-Moryl K.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 9/2

892-897

EN

Sewer sludge that fills four wet dumps of the closed Małoszyn Sugar Factory in Malczyce near Środa Śląska, Lower Silesia constitutes a very specific anthropogenic soil. It is composed of grains and mineral particles transported in suspension after sugar beets pre-processing treatment. Presently the wet dumps are to be recultivated to meet the requirements of environmental protection. According to the recultivation project the wet dumps will be backfilled with suitable waste material and covered with sand and soil to stimulate soil forming processes. Finally grass, clover and shrubs will be introduced. The recultivation layer thickness will reach 3-6 m. Anthropogenic soil that fills the wet dumps is up to 2-3 m thick. The grain-size distribution is generally consistent with silty loam, silty clay loam and silty clay. Quartz, illite and chlorite dominate the mineral composition. The wet dump's bottom is formed by clays of the Poznań Formation, practically impermeable. Silt-dominated soils deposited in a water environment are highly susceptible to deformations caused by water and overload. Deformation behaviour was studied for the soil in a semi-solid state as well as in a soft-plastic state. Varying influence of water results, among others, in shrinkage (Ls) and swelling of the soils, characterized in the present study by swelling strain (p). Load-induced deformation of the soils is described basing on the modulus of primary compressibility. Basing on the results obtained it may be stated that the investigated anthropogenic soil undergoes moderate deformations under the influence of water. The swelling strain does not exceed 0.5-1.2% for the soil in a soft-plastic state and amount to 3.1-4.3% in a semi-solid state. The soil shrinkage limit varies between 3 and 5%. On the other hand load-induced deformations will be of remarkably higher importance. The soil in a soft-plastic state shows high shrinkage that is comparable with the one for organic soils. The modulus of primary compressibility is 282.3-925.9 kPa. The compressibility is markedly lower for a semi-solid state (MO =1 190.5-2 000 kPa). Characteristically, in both soft-plastic and semi-solid states the soil shows higher compressibility for lower load values 0-50 kPa than for the higher range 0-200 kPa. These compressibility values should be taken into account during backfilling of the wet dumps with various safe waste materials at recultivation. The load-induced pressure, initially low, will increase with adding consecutive layers. Thus highest soil deformations should be expected during the initial backfilling stages and their intensity may be estimated using the modulus of primary compressibility.

13

Charakterystyka i klasyfikacja gruntów antropogenicznych

Drągowski A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

|

Vol. 58, nr 9/2

868-872

EN

Based on experience in the study of soils formed under anthropogenic influence, literature data and norms, the author defines the term anthropogenic soils, sub-divides them into three main groups depending on the conditions of their formation, chemical and physical properties, pressure on the natural environment and possibilities of further utilization. The present version of the sub-division if anthropogenic soils correlates well with the most recent norm PN-EN ISO 14688-1 and in addition, allows a more detailed classification taking into account the specific properties of soils assigned to particular groups.

14

Forest reclamation of the postmining dumps. I. Changes in the properties of miocene sediments material

Drab M., Greinert H.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2007

|

nr 135 (15)

86-97

EN

Miocene sediments, collected during brown coal excavation, have generally mechanical composition of loamy sand. The most negative feature of them is a very low pH-value, in a consequence of pyrite-oxidation. 20 years after technical reclamation and dump areas afforestation, a lew conclusions about effects of the reclamation have been drawn: 1). The soil material in layer from 1 to 2 m deep is not homogenous. The layer from 0 to 20 cm is more homogenous as the result of mechanical cultivation before the sowing; 2). After the slopes leveling intensive erosion processes have been occurred. About 25% of the total area has been damaged by water erosion. This effect should be connected with the absence of plant-cover; 3). Soil-formation is related to anthropogenic activity, especially intensive liming, mineral fertilizing and afforestation. The influence of afforestation on soil is yet not very high. Clearly visible is a thin duff-layer (Ao)- about 1 cm; 4). Nevertheless the heavy machines using during leveling, physical and water properties of the soils are quite good; 5). The high lime doses (35-50 Mg ha-1) causing rising the pH of top-soil-material (20-30 cm deep) to the value about 5-8. The soluble forms of Ca and Mg have been elevated considerably; 6). The mineral fertilizing has caused an increase in the available forms ol K and P; 7). In the effect of waste lime use (from the smelting work) a distinct increase of the heavy metal content in the soil (especially Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn and Co) has been noted.

PL

Depozyty mioceńskie hałdowane w trakcie wydobycia węgla brunatnego w okolicy Łęknicy mają na ogól skład granulometryczny piasków gliniastych. Ich najbardziej negatywną wlaściwościąj est niskie pH, w wyniku utleniania nagromadzonego pirytu. Po 20 latach rekultywacji można wysnuć kilka zasadniczych wniosków co do zastosowanej technologii: 1). Materiał jest niejednorodny do głębokości 1-2 m p.p.t. Poziom wierzchni (0-20 cm) jest bardziej jednolity w następstwie zastosowanej agrotechniki; 2). Skarpy, po ich wstępnym uformowaniu, podlegają silnym zjawiskom erozyjnym. Okolo 25% powierzchni ogólnej bylej kopalni jest obecnie erozyjnie zdewastowana. Zjawisko to łączyć należy z nienależytą pokrywą roślinną; 3). Proces glebotwórczy na hałdach jest antropogenicznie sterowany, głównie poprzez wapnowanie, nawożenie mineralne i zasiedlenie roślinnością. Oddziaływanie glebotwórcze lasu do tej pory nie jest bardzo znaczące. Wyraźny jest poziom ściółki (O) - o miąższości okolo 1 cm; 4). Pomimo użycia w fazie technicznej rekultywacji ciężkiego sprzętu budowlanego, wlaściwości fizyczne gruntów są niezłe; 5). Wysokie dawki wprowadzonego wapna (35-50 Mg.ha-1) spowodowalo wyraźne podniesienie pH w poziomach wierzchnich (do 20-30 cm) do wartości 5-8. Formy dostępne dla roślin Ca i Mg także wzrosły; 6). Minerlane nawożenie spowodowało skok zawartości przyswajalnych form K I P; 7). W rezultacie zastosowania jako wapna materiału odpadowego z huty cynku, odnotowano wzrost zawartości w gruntach Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn and Co.

15

Grunty antropogeniczne jako podłoże budowli

Sękowski J.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Inżynieria Środowiska

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2007

|

z. 54

119-128

PL

Praca dotyczy gruntów antropogenicznych i ich wykorzystania jako podłoża projektowanych budowli. Dla zilustrowania omawianej problematyki przytoczono kilka przykładów posadowienia różnych obiektów na nasypie z gruntów antropogenicznych (uformowanym lub już istniejącym).

EN

The paper concerns anthropogenic soils and their applications as subsoil of structures. For illustrating it, in this paper there are some examples of founding various types of structures on embankments built or existed with anthropogenic soils.

16

Ocena efektywności wykorzystania węgla brunatnego jako efektywnego źródła materii organicznej w gruntach przekształconych antropogenicznie

Kwiatkowska J.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2007

|

T. 10, nr 1

71-85

PL

Zabezpieczenie środowiska gruntowo-wodnego przed zanieczyszczeniem, prowadzące do likwidacji lub ograniczenia zagrożeń (tzw. zarządzanie ryzykiem), może polegać na izolowaniu ognisk zanieczyszczeń i/lub obszarów zanieczyszczonych od obszarów, które w wyniku migracji zanieczyszczeń mogą ulec skażeniu/degradacji. Gleba, stanowiąca wierzchnią warstwę litosfery, jako stały element środowiska jest pierwszym odbiorcą zanieczyszczeń antropogenicznych. Obecność w glebie substancji humusowych, podobnie jak minerałów ilastych, jest bardzo korzystna ze względu na ich wysoką pojemność sorpcyjną i związaną z tym zdolność do zatrzymywania (immobilizacji) zanieczyszczeń (np. metali ciężkich). Odtworzenie substancji humusowych w wierzchniej warstwie litosfery poprzez humifikację sztucznie wprowadzonej substancji organicznej pozwala na odtworzenie naturalnej bariery ochronnej, a tym samym może stanowić metodę ograniczenia/likwidacji ryzyka zdrowotnego i/lub środowiskowego na terenach objętych antropopresją. W pracy zaproponowano model koncepcyjny gleby jako naturalnej bariery ograniczającej ryzyko związane z pochłanianiem metali ciężkich przez rośliny oraz ich wymywaniem do wód podziemnych. Na podstawie dokonanego przeglądu literatury omówiono procesy związane z humifikacją materii organicznej z węgla brunatnego oraz główne parametry tych procesów. Poddano ocenie możliwości wykorzystania węgla brunatnego jako efektywnego źródła materii organicznej w gruntach przekształconych antropogenicznie. Przedstawiono także wyniki dotychczas przeprowadzonych badań właściwości i wpływu materii organicznej na akumulację metali ciężkich przez rośliny w glebie, zwłaszcza w aspekcie trwałości i skuteczności ich stosowania oraz pod kątem skuteczności ograniczania migracji metali ciężkich do wód podziemnych.

EN

According to the European Parliament Directive, soils are mainly non-renewable resources, because degradation processes can proceed much faster than soil formation and remediation processes. Soil degradation and/or contamination have significant influence on quality of ground and surface water. On the base of Water Framework Directive (WFD) and, the so-called daughter Directive considering groundwater, achieving main goals of water policy requires prevention of deterioration of water quality, as well as contaminants removal. Groundwater protection against contaminants leading to elimination or reductions of risk might rely on isolation of the so-called "hot-spots" and/or contaminated areas to avoid spreading of pollutants within uncontaminated aquifers due to their migration. In such cases immobilization of contaminants in soil may often be applied. Soil is the first and primary receiver of contaminants, and may or may not serve as a natural barrier to protect groundwater against contamination from the surface. In this context, humic substances (especially humic and fumic acids) and cohesive fractions (clay, silt, silt clay, etc.) present in soil are favourable components. It is because of their high sorption capacity with respect to many contaminants, including heavy metals, which may result in their immobilisation and, consequently protect groundwater against contamination. Mobility of metal ions in soil and groundwater is influenced by character of organic and mineral combinations of complexes, metal ion saturation degree in a complex, sorption of a complex on mineral matrix and biodegradation of an organic fraction of a complex. Antropogenically transformed soils often do not contain humic substances, thus their role as a natural barrier is decreased. Therefore, regeneration of humic substances through humification of organic matter from diverse sources added to soils, may be the way to rebuilt the protective character of soil barrier, and consequently to reduce environmental and/or health risks at areas under anthropopression. The goal of this study was to discuss fine brown coal and the brown coal - derived fertilizer (Rekulter) as effective sources of organic matter (and humic substances) in soils that are anthropogenically transformed. A conceptual model was developed for soil as a protective barrier against heavy metals uptake by plants and/or migration towards groundwater. An overview of literature was made on properties and influences of organic matter on accumulation of heavy metals by plants and their infiltration through the vadose zone towards aquifers, especially from the process stability and effectiveness points of view. Transformation processes of soil organic matter, and the role of humic substances in heavy metals immobilisation, were briefly discussed. Transformation processes of brown coal applied to soil were described to evaluate the use of this material as an effective source of organic matter and humic substances generation in degraded soils. Finally, some recent studies on successful application of brown coal additives for reclamation of soils transformed anthropogenically were briefly discussed.

17

Laboratory investigations of compressibility of coarse-grained coal-mining wastes

Dzierwa K., Zawisza E.

Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics

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2007

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Vol. 54, nr 1

37-54

EN

Coal-mining wastes are used for engineering purposes mainly as a building material for hydraulic and road embankments, as well as land levelling. Determination of compressibility and shear strength parameters is indispensable to determine the usefulness of coal-mining wastes for the above mentioned purposes. Due to the coarse-grained character of minestone, testing their geotechnical parameters should be conducted in situ (test loads) or in the laboratory in medium and large-size apparatus. The paper presents results of compressibility tests on unburnt coal-mining waste from Anna mine in the Upper Silesian Region. They were carried out in a prototypical medium-size oedometer (h = d = 374 mm), constructed in the Geotechnical Laboratory of the Department of Soil Mechanics and Earth Structures, Agricultural University of Kraków. The tests aimed at the determination of the influence of compaction and saturation of coal-mining wastes on the process of their consolidation, as well as on the magnitudes of settlement and compression moduli. Initial moisture content of the samples (close to the optimum one) was constant and compaction index changed (from IS = 0.88 to IS = 1.00); some samples were saturated prior to the loading. As a result of the tests, it was found that the slightly compacted wastes (IS = 0.90) are significantly susceptible to saturation, whereas more compacted wastes (IS = 0.95 and 1.00) are insignificantly susceptible to it. High compaction of coal-mining wastes has significant influence on the more even course of consolidation process and decrease of settlement. It is essential in case of using wastes for construction of embankments, especially those which are subject to the influence of water, for example embankments of ash ponds or flotation slurries. In that case the wastes should be compacted to the maximum extent at the optimum moisture content.

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Wpływ wilgotności na niektóre właściwości fizyczno-mechaniczne badanych laboratoryjnie gruntów naturalnych i antropogenicznych

Frybes A.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2005

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R. 102, z. 8-Ś

71--77

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zmian wilgotności na właściwości fizyczne i mechaniczne gruntów naturalnych i osadów hutniczych. Pozwoliło to na dokonanie analizy porównawczej. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły, że wzrost wilgotności powoduje obniżenie wartości badanych parametrów geotechnicznych zarówno w gruntach naturalnych, jak i w osadach hutniczych, jednak intensywność przebiegu zjawiska jest bardziej jednoznaczna w gruntach naturalnych niż w odpadach.

EN

In the article have been presented the findings of the studies of the impact of humidity changes on physical and mechanical characteristics of natural soil and smelter deposits. It allowed to carry out comparative analyse. Conducted studies proved that the rise in humidity causes the fall in the values of studied geotechnical parameters both in natural soil and smelter deposits, however the intensity of the course of phenomenon is more meaningful in natural soils than in smelter waste.

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Soil environment contamination in the Płock agglomeration

Kusińska A., Bauman-Kaszubska H., Dzięgielewska-Sitko A.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Vol. 12, nr 3

251-259

EN

The stale of the soil environment in Płock and adjacent terrain was evaluated on the basis of selected chemical properties of soils (pH, C-org, N-total), and the content of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb) in the surface soil layers. In the urban Płock agglomeration neutral and alkaline soils prevail. Due to the high values of the C:N ratio 34.3% of all the studied soils can be classified as degraded ones: either moderately, heavily or even extremely severely. Those ale mainly soils of the near-road lawns. The content of copper and lead in the surface soil layer is maintained within the elements' natural level, 47.8% soils ale characteristic of elevated zinc content, and as much as 81 .2% soils contain increased content of cadmium. On the average, the highest amounts of zinc, copper and lead were found in the soils near the communication routes, while in the case of cadmium - in the protection zone of PKN ORLEN S.A.

PL

Badano stan zanieczyszczenia środowiska glebowego na terenie aglomeracji Płocka. W glebach wydzielonych 4 rejonów miasta oznaczono: pH, zawartość C-organicznego i N-ogółem oraz cynku, miedzi, kadmu i ołowiu. Badane gleby w większości miały odczyn obojętny i zasadowy. Duże wartości C:N zwłaszcza w glebach trawników przyulicznych świadczą o wpływie antropopresji. Zawartość miedzi i ołowiu w powierzchniowej warstwie gleb jest na poziomie zawartości naturalnej, natomiast zawartość cynku i kadmu w przeważającej liczbie badanych gleb jest zwiększona. Średnia suma zawartości metali ciężkich układa się w glebach badanych rejonów według szeregu: Rejon szlaków komunikacyjnych i terenów w pobliżu zakładów przemysłu terenowego> Rejon strefy ochronnej PKN ORLEN S.A. > Rejon trawników przyulicznych> Rejon parków i zieleńców wewnątrz osiedli.

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Mercury, arsenic and thallium in soils of the convent gardens of Kraków

Gąsiorek M., Niemyska-Łukaszczuk J., Nicia P.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Vol. 12, nr 1-2

43-48

EN

Research was conducted to assess mercury, arsenic and thallium contamination of soils in several convent gardens of Kraków. Total contents of mercury, arsenic and thallium were assessed by X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry in soil material conected from all genetic horizons and layers of anthropogenic origin of 15 soil profiles, situated in 11 convent gardens and one garden attached to a parochial house, in the center and on the outskirts of Kraków. Only soil from the Felicjanki garden was contaminated with mercury and its concentration of this element approximated 11.1 mg . kg-1. In almost all studied soils higher than natural contents of arsenic were detected. However, these were lower than the contents limiting agricultural or horticultural use of soils. Researched convent garden soils in Kraków were unpollted with thallium.

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena zanieczyszczenia rtęcią, arsenem i talem gleb kilkunastu ogrodów klasztornych w Krakowie. Całkowitą zawartość rtęci, arsenu i talu oznaczono techniką spektrometrii fluorescencji rentgenowskiej w materiale. glebowym pobranym ze wszystkich poziomów genetycznych i warstw pochodzenia antropogenicznego 15 profili glebowych, położonych w 11 ogrodach klasztornych i w jednym ogrodzie przy budynku parafialnym, w centrum i na obrzeżach Krakowa. Tylko gleba z ogrodu Felicjanek była zanieczyszczona rtęcią, a zawartość w niej tego pierwiastka dochodziła do 11,1 mg. kg-1. W prawie wszystkich badanych glebach wystąpiły większe od naturalnej zawartości arsenu, są one jednak mniejsze od zawartości ograniczających rolnicze lub ogrodnicze wykorzystanie gleb. Badane gleby ogrodów klasztornych w Krakowie nie były zanieczyszcżone talem.