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Anthropogenic influence in a Eutrophic Marine Ecosystem Affects Condition of the Eastern Mud Snail Ilyanassa obsoleta and Its Prevalence of Parasitic Trematode Pleurogonius malaclemys

Demetriades Penny, Wnek John

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

127--140

EN

Many coastal habitats worldwide are anthropogenically developed (transformed) at such a rate that they experience negative impacts from human activities. These include nutrient inputs within and among estuaries with varying levels of anthropogenic influence depending on flushing time. These impacts may affect species interactions (including host-parasite) and health in estuarine marsh habitats. The condition of organisms, such as eastern mud snails (Ilyanassa obsoleta), can be an indicator of the quality of these ecosystems, and their degree of anthropogenic influence. Snails, sediments, and water samples were collected from two different conservation areas in a small, highly eutrophic estuarine system along the east coast of the United States (Barnegat Bay, New Jersey). Both areas are designated as protected; one is in an area just north of one of three main inlets that provide ocean access to the estuary, and the other is to the south of the inlet. Condition of the mud snails was determined by length and thickness of the snail shell, snail total weight, and presence of epibiosis (visible algae on snail shells), as well as the number of cysts of the parasitic trematode Pleurogonius malaclemys. Overall, the sediment and water qualities were better in the southern area than in the northern area. In the summer months, snails at both areas were significantly heavier, with thicker and longer shells. There was a significantly higher prevalence of P. malaclemys cysts found on the snails, and thinner and shorter snail shells in the northern area, which can be attributed to the degraded environmental conditions. This bottom-up study utilizes I. obsoleta as an indicator organism to exemplify the repercussions of human intrusion on the state of estuarine ecosystems, which is a microcosm for global estuarine health. Our results show that the location of conservation areas is key to the quality and effectiveness of these areas, especially with regard to seasonal changes.

2

The estimation of an anthropogenic depth boundary using the magnetic susceptibility method in Kogi State, North-Central Nigeria

Jatto Salomon Sunday, Musa Kizito O., Mojisola Usikalu R.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 1

49--56

EN

Magnetic susceptibility measurements remain one of the most reliable methods used to investigate the pollution of both surface and subsurface soil from metallic anthropogenic sources. Most of the geological rocks within the study area increase the susceptibility of the soil; however, knowing the natural background susceptibility of the parent rocks will give an idea of the anthropogenic influence on the susceptibility of the soil. This study was carried out in Kogi State, North Central Nigeria, with the aim of determining the depth of the boundary between the anthropogenic influences on soil magnetic susceptibility from those of a lithogenic origin. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out on 1,760 soil samples, collected from 220 soil profiles at a depth of 80.0 cm and at intervals of 10.0 cm. From the spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility maps at different depths, the boundary between the basement complex and the sedimentary basin was clearly demarcated. The result further shows the highest magnetic susceptibility values of 350–650 × 10−5 SI, which dominates the surface soil to a depth of 40.0 cm. At the depth of 40–50 cm, the result indicates the combination of a natural anthropogenic influence on soil magnetic susceptibility with an average of 250 × 10−5 SI. Furthermore, no evidence of layering along the depth sections was observed, suggesting that the soil profiles indicate areas mainly covered by anthropogenically influenced susceptibility, which were localized and restricted to commercial places within the state. This study reveals that the average depth of soil affected by anthropogenic pollutants is between 40–50 cm in commercial places and 20–30 cm in other places with less commercial activities.

3

Natural and artificial shapes, and their interpretation

Filipowski S.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2015

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Y. 112, iss. 3-A

49--61

EN

The aim of the following article is to find the relation between natural and man-made shape (especially in architecture and its surroundings), which, in a more distant perspective, allows to draw up and develop measuring methods for interpretation of real forms by man and move the process onto a computer. A computer programme requires precise tasks and particular data, hence the attempt to systematize the rules, which govern shapes and their reception. The search involves both source rules, such as geometry and mathematics, but also the psychological side of reading shapes by humans. The author, referring to authorities in the field of psychology in architecture, explains the rules of perception, which, even though they concern humans, are being translated to rules that would facilitate the creation of an algorithm, which could read shapes in real space. The article is the beginning of further research of adapting the rules of human perception of outlines, edges and the course of a surface into the possibility of automatized reading of shapes by a computer.

PL

Niniejsza praca ma na celu odszukanie relacji pomiędzy kształtem naturalnym a tym utworzonym przez człowieka (szczególnie w architekturze i jej otoczeniu), co w dalszej perspektywie pozwala opracowywać i rozwijać metody pomiarowe służące do interpretacji rzeczywistych form przez człowieka i przeniesienia tego procesu na komputer. Program komputerowy wymaga ściśle sprecyzowanych zadań oraz określonych danych, stąd próba usystematyzowania zasad rządzących kształtami i ich odbiorem. Poszukiwania obejmują swoim zakresem zarówno zasady źródłowe, takie jak geometria i matematyka, jak i stronę psychologiczną odczytywania kształtów przez człowieka. Autor, powołując się na autorytety z dziedziny badania architektury, psychologii w architekturze, wyjaśnia zasady percepcji, które mimo że z założenia dotyczą człowieka, stara się przełożyć na zasady służące opracowaniu algorytmu odczytującego kształty w przestrzeni rzeczywistej. Artykuł zapoczątkowuje dalsze prace nad zaadaptowaniem zasad postrzegania przez człowieka konturów, krawędzi i przebiegu powierzchni do możliwości zautomatyzowanego odczytywania kształtów przez komputer.

4

Natural, anthropogenic and cultural landscape. An attempt to define mutual relations and the scope of notions

Myga-Piątek U.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2014

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nr 23

39--56

EN

The article aims to order and systemize basic notions related to landscape science. It discusses main research directions as well as mutual relations and notions of natural, anthropogenic and cultural landscape. The article sets forth suggested division and differentiation within these notions, and presents a critical approach to the suggested „narrowing” of research of cultural landscape in particular directions. The paper presents landscapes in an evolutionary approach. It also presents conclusions concerning features of cultural landscapes and the most desirable type of landscapes nowadays. The article has a review and polemic character.

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest uporządkowaniu i usystematyzowaniu podstawowych pojęć z zakresu nauki o krajobrazie. Omawia dominujące nurty badawcze oraz wzajemne relacje i znaczenia krajobrazu przyrodniczego, kulturowego i antropogenicznego. W artykule przedstawiono propozycję podziałów i rozróżnień w obszarze tych kategorii pojęciowych i krytycznie odniesiono się do propozycji wąskiego „zamykania” badań nad krajobrazem kulturowym w określonych kierunkach. Artykuł prezentuje podejście ewolucyjne. Opisuje główne cechy i typy współczesnych krajobrazów. Tekst ma charakter przeglądowy i polemiczny.

5

Determination of heavy metals of road deposited sediment in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria using XRF Technique

Ogunmodede O. T., Ajayi O. O.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 2

36-40

EN

In this work x-ray fluorescence(XRF) technology was used to evaluate the soil pollution with heavy metals (K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zr) in rain run-off deposited metal sediment of road side soil in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The investigated sediment of road side was collected in open places along the road at different districts in Ado Ekiti. XRF was carried out at the laboratory of Obafemi Awolowo University centre for energy research using handheld thermo scientific energy-dispersive XRF analyzer. The experimental result indicate that the concentration of heavy elements in Adebayo road is the highest level detected while the road at new Iyin road is lowest and they are greater than the level detected in a control soil collected from a zone situated far from the road. For the majority of metals, pronounced maximum, concentrations were detected in the site. Anthropogenic releases give rise to highest concentrations of the metals relative to the normal background values and in some locations their levels exceed the alert level admitted by the Nigeria guideline.

6

Mineralogical and oxygen isotope composition of inorganic dust-fall in Wrocław (SW Poland) urban area – test of a new monitoring tool

Górka M., Jędrysek M.-O., Lewicka-Szczebak D., Krajniak J.

Geological Quarterly

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2011

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Vol. 55, No. 1

71-80

EN

We have analysed the mineralogical and oxygen isotope composition of solid inorganic atmospheric particles (SIAP) in Wrocław (SW Poland) to determine potential natural and anthropogenic sources of deposited dust. The mineralogical compositions of SIAP and local soils are very similar and quite typical. Dust sources were attributed to high emission sources (two large coal-fired power generation plants, i.e., "Wrocław and "Czechnica") and low emission sources (mostly small furnaces for home heating). A mullite phase was confirmed in the non-magnetic fraction of high emission dust. The δ18181818

7

Radiocarbon data and anthropochemistry of ancient Moscow

Alexandrovskaya E., Alexandrov A.

Geochronometria

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2005

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Vol. 24

87-95

EN

New data on the age of ancient hillforts in the territory of Moscow have been obtained with the use of radiocarbon dating. Hillforts of the Iron Age (D.yakovskaya culture) existed in Moscow area from the 8th century BC to the 7th century AD; settlements of the medieval age appeared in the 11th.12th centuries AD. Urban soils in the central part of Moscow consist of a thick (3.5 m) layer of habitation deposits (the cultural layer). These deposits were accumulated from the 12th to the 20th century. They are rich in organic matter, carbonates, phosphorus, and various microelements. Strong alkalinity and high stoniness are characteristic of the habitation deposits. We studied the accumulation of elements and their compounds within the habitation deposits of Moscow. These data, together with information on the microelemental composition of the bones of ancient residents of Moscow, allowed us to assess the living conditions of people.