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1

Characterisation of a graphene/NPB structure with Re2O7 as an interfacial layer for OLED application

Krukowski Paweł, Piskorski Michał, Rogala Maciej, Dąbrowski Paweł, Lutsyk Iaroslav, Kozłowski Witold, Kowalczyk Dorota Anna, Krempiński Patryk, Ster Maxime Le, Nadolska Aleksandra, Toczek Klaudia, Przybysz Przemysław, Dunal Rafał, Ryś Wojciech, Sarkar Shankhanil, Łuszczyńska Beata, Kowalczyk Paweł J.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2024

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Vol. 32, No. 1

art. no. e148441

EN

A graphene/NPB structure with Re₂O₇ as an interfacial layer in the context of its potential use in the design of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is investigated. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study shows the formation of the Re₂O₇ phase on a monolayer graphene on quartz during thermal deposition in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) study shows an enhancement of the work function of the graphene heterostructure after deposition of the Re₂O₇ layer up to 5.4 eV. The hole injection barrier between the Re₂O₇/graphene heterostructure and the N-bis-(1- naphthyl)-N,N-diphenyl-(1,1-biphenyl)-4,4-diamine (NPB) layer was estimated to be 0.35 eV, which is very promising for a good OLED performance.

2

Graphene on quartz modified with rhenium oxide as a semitransparent electrode for organic electronics

Krukowski Paweł, Piskorski Michał, Udovytska Ruslana, Kowalczyk Dorota A., Lutsyk Iaroslav, Rogala Maciej, Dąbrowski Paweł, Kozłowski Witold, Łuszczyńska Beata, Jung Jarosław, Ulański Jacek, Matuszek Krzysztof, Nadolska Aleksandra, Przybysz Przemysław, Ryś Wojciech, Toczek Klaudia, Dunal Rafał, Krempiński Patryk, Czerwińska Justyna, Ster Maxime Le, Skulimowski Marcin, Kowalczyk Paweł J.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2022

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Vol. 30, No. 4

art. no. e141953

EN

The presented research shows that commercially available graphene on quartz modified with rhenium oxide meets the requirements for its use as a conductive and transparent anode in optoelectronic devices. The cluster growth of rhenium oxide enables an increase in the work function of graphene by 1.3 eV up to 5.2 eV, which guarantees an appropriate adjustment to the energy levels of organic semiconductors used in organic light-emitting diode devices.

3

Use of Synthesis Gas as Fuel for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Alvarez-Cedillo Jesus A., Alvarez-Sanchez Teodoro, Sandoval-Gomez Raul J., Gonzalez-Vasquez Alexis, Sarabia-Alonso Teresa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 10

35--41

EN

There is a real need to use various efficient energy supply systems that are not aggressive towards the global environment. Hydrogen has been seen in different research papers presented in the literature as an essential fuel to generate energy in various energy storage systems. As it is well-known, it is possible to generate renewable electricity using electrolysis. The hydrogen produced can be sold as fuel for various systems, most notably its use in solid oxide fuel cells and a host of modern applications today. Current low-temperature fuel cells are ideal for hydrogen operation, but are not suitable for hydrogen mixtures. In this article, a mathematical analysis was carried out to generate electrical energy in a fuel cell, fed with synthesis gas from the residual biomass gasification process; the primary interest was the generation of electrical energy, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), which operate at the temperature of the gas at the outlet of the gasifier were analyzed. The practical efficiency obtained and the theoretical results of the SOFC operation were shown.

4

Li-S battery recycling

Siczek Krzysztof

Research in Logistics & Production

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2019

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Vol. 9, No. 2

125--135

EN

Lithium-ion batteries are not situable for electric vehicles with high millage, military power supplies and fixed power networks. Therefore, the Li-S batteries have been intensively investigated, due to the high capacity, low cost, widespread source, and nontoxicity. The development of Li-S batteries causes increasing need to find the methods for their recycling. Some of them are discussed in the paper. The recycling of Li-S cell relates to its anode, cathode, electrolyte, binder and separator. The Li-S battery should be fully charged before recycling. There are potential methods for recycling of lithium from anodes, especially by re-melting. It is also possible to recycle some materials from the cathodes, especially sulfur by re-melting and graphite by dry crushing, Eco-bat Technologies method or the method investigated by Xiang et al. There is no effective recycling methods for electrolytes, binders and separators. It is necessary to carry out further studies on them.

5

Badania stabilności chemicznej kompozytowego elektrolitu 3-YSZ-Al2O3 w stosunku do materiałów elektrodowych do zastosowania w średniotemperaturowych ogniwach paliwowych

Molin S., Bobruk M., Wyrwa J., Pleśniak J., Brylewski T.

Materiały Ceramiczne

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2018

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T. 70, nr 1

50--64

PL

Jednym z podstawowych wymogów stawianych materiałom na elektrolity do średniotemperaturowych ogniw paliwowych IT-SOFC (ang. intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells) jest ich kompatybilność chemiczna z elektrodami w temperaturach zarówno eksploatacji, jak i wytwarzania ogniw. W celu sprawdzenia, czy badany w pracy kompozytowy elektrolit o osnowie z częściowo stabilizowanego ditlenku cyrkonu i z wtrąceniami tlenku glinu w ilości 1% mol. (3-YSZ-Al2O3) może zostać zastosowany w celu zapewnienia odpowiedniej sprawności ogniw IT-SOFC przez długi okres eksploatacji, przeprowadzono analizę jego stabilności chemicznej w stosunku do materiału katody La0,6Sr0,4Co0,2Fe0,8O3 (LSCF48) oraz w stosunku do NiO, stanowiącego główny składnik materiału anody. Po wygrzewaniu mieszaniny elektrolitu i katody w proporcji wagowej 1:1 w 1273 K przez 5 i 100 godz., stwierdzono obecność nowych faz, które mogą wpływać na pogorszenie właściwości elektrochemicznych złącza elektrolit/katoda. W warunkach przewidywanej pracy ogniwa, tj. w temperaturze 1073 K elektrolit wykazuje zdecydowanie wyższą stabilność chemiczną w kontakcie z anodą aniżeli w kontakcie z katodą, która wynika z ograniczonej wzajemnej dyfuzji kationów w układzie 3-YSZ-Al2O3/NiO.

EN

One of the main features required of materials to be applied as electrolytes in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) is their chemical compatibility with electrodes at both operating temperatures and the temperatures at which the cells are manufactured. To verify whether the investigated composite electrolyte with a matrix consisting of partially stabilized zirconia and alumina inclusions of 1 mol% (3-YSZ-Al2O3) can be applied to ensure a sufficiently high long-term operating efficiency of IT-SOFCs, its chemical stability was analyzed via exposure to the La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 (LSCF48) cathode material and NiO, which constitutes the main component of the anode material. After annealing the mixture consisting of the electrolyte and the cathode material at a mass ratio of 1:1 for 5 and 100 hours at 1273 K, the presence of new phases that might affect the electrochemical properties of the electrolyte/cathode junction was observed. Under the anticipated operating conditions of the cell, i.e. at 1073 K, the electrolyte exhibits significantly higher chemical stability in contact with the anode material than when exposed to the cathode one, which can be attributed to the reduced interdiffusion of cations in the 3-YSZ-Al2O3/NiO system.

6

Effect of anode porosity on the performance of molten carbonate fuel cell

Ćwieka K., Ibrahim S. H., Milewski J., Wejrzanowski T.

Journal of Power Technologies

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2018

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Vol. 98, nr 2

228--237

EN

Nickel anodes, for molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), of various porosities were fabricated using tape casting and firing processes. The same slurry composition but different sintering temperatures, 700 and 900°C, were used to obtain different anode porosities. Combined experimental and computational techniques were used to study the influence of anode porosity on the performance of molten carbonate fuels cell. The power generated by the 20.25 cm2 class MCFC single cell was experimentally measured at 650°C in humidified hydrogen with respect to the porosity of the anodes. The computational aspect involved the modeling of the microstructure of the sintered porous anodes which included measured size distribution of Ni powder used and porosities of the manufactured materials. For the best performing single cell, the optimal porosity for the nickel MCFC anode was experimentally determined to be 55%. Computations revealed that the specific surface area, which is a determining factor in electrochemical reactions, reaches a maximum at a porosity of 52%.

7

Development of characterization methods for adherent anode slimes in copper electrorefining

Kiviluoma M., Aaltonen M., Aromaa J., Lundstrom M., Forsen O.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2016

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Vol. 52, iss. 1

295--302

EN

Adherent anode slimes can cause anode passivation in copper electrorefining and lower the efficiency of copper electrorefining. Declining concentrate grades cause larger impurity levels in anodes, thus creating larger quantities of slimes in the refining process. In order to investigate the characterization methods for adherent anode slimes in copper electrorefining, experiments were conducted for the Boliden Harjavalta Pori refinery material. Methods such as particle size determination, chemical (ICP) analysis, settling rate determination, XRD, SEM-SE, SEM-BSE and SEM-EDS were applied. In addition, adherent anode slime samples were compared to optical micrograph and SEM-BSE images of respective anode copper samples. It was shown that SEM-EDS and SEM-BSE provided precise information about phases formed during electrorefining. The settling rate and particle size had a correlation only with a copper content of anode slime. The main phases in the anode slime were copper and lead sulphates as well as copper-silver selenides. NiO was shown to be the major Ni-bearing phase in the adherent slime. Nickel, tellurium and lead had the strongest, whereas arsenic, selenium and antimony had the weakest tendency to report to the anode slime.

8

Electrospinning synthesis of 3D porous NiO nanorods as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Kong X. W., Zhang R. L., Zhong S. K., Wu L.

Materials Science Poland

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2016

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Vol. 34, No. 2

227--232

EN

Three-dimensional NiO nanorods were synthesized as anode material by electrospinning method. X-ray diffraction results revealed that the product sintered at 400 °C had impure metallic nickel phase which, however, became pure NiO phase as the sintering temperature rose. Nevertheless, the nanorods sintered at 400, 500 and 600 °C had similar diameters (∼200 nm).The NiO nanorod material sintered at 500 °C was chip-shaped with a diameter of 200 nm and it exhibited a porous 3D structure. The nanorod sintered at 500 °C had the optimal electrochemical performance. Its discharge specific capacity was 1127 mAh·g−1 initially and remained as high as 400 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 55 mA·g−1 after 50 cycles.

9

Structural and Transportation Properties of Strontium Titanate Composites with Ion Conductive Oxides

Bochentyn B

Acta Energetica

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2016

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nr 2

20--27

EN

This paper has been written based on the author’s doctoral dissertation “Structural and transportation properties of strontium and titanate composites with ion conductive oxides”, prepared under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Hab. Eng. Bogusław Kusz at the Department of Solid State Physics of Gdańsk University of Technology. It reports the idea of the thesis and conclusions from the study. Niobium doped strontium titanate (Sr(Ti,Nb)O3) composites with selected ion conductive oxides (yttrium oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide YSZ and cerium oxide CeO2) were developed for the dissertation and their properties examined.. It was shown that Sr(Ti,Nb)O3-YSZ composite as the anode in an oxide fuel cell leads to its improved performance compared to a cell with a singlephase Sr(Ti,Nb)O3 anode. Microscopic observation confirmed that Sr(Ti,Nb)O3-YSZ composite as the functional layer between a Sr(Ti,Nb)O3 anode and YSZ electrolyte mitigates the problem of the composite anode’s delamination from the electrolyte surface. It was also shown that an appropriate modification of the Sr(Ti,Nb)O3-YSZ composite anode surface structure by infusing the process of hydrogen’s electrochemical oxidation with a catalyst (e.g. with nickel) can lead to further improvement of the fuel cell performance.

PL

Artykuł napisano na podstawie rozprawy doktorskiej autorki pt. „Właściwości strukturalne i transportowe kompozytów tytanianu strontu z tlenkami przewodzącymi jonowo”, przygotowaną pod nadzorem prof. dr. hab. inż. Bogusława Kusza w Katedrze Fizyki Ciała Stałego Politechniki Gdańskiej. Prezentuje on ideę pracy doktorskiej oraz wnioski wynikające z przeprowadzonych badań. W pracy doktorskiej wytworzono i zbadano właściwości kompozytów tytanianu strontu domieszkowanego niobem (Sr(Ti,Nb)O3) z wybranymi tlenkami przewodzącymi jonowo (tlenek cyrkonu stabilizowany tlenkiem itru – YSZ, tlenek ceru – CeO2). Wykazano, że zastosowanie kompozytu Sr(Ti,Nb)O3-YSZ jako anody prowadzi do poprawy parametrów pracy tlenkowego ogniwa paliwowego w stosunku do ogniwa z anodą 1-fazową Sr(Ti,Nb)O3. Obserwacje mikroskopowe potwierdziły, że zastosowanie kompozytu Sr(Ti,Nb)O3-YSZ jako warstwy funkcjonalnej między anodą Sr(Ti,Nb)O3 i elektrolitem YSZ ogranicza problem delaminacji anody kompozytowej z powierzchni elektrolitu. Wykazano również, że odpowiednia modyfikacja struktury powierzchniowej anody kompozytowej Sr(Ti,Nb)O3-YSZ poprzez nasączanie katalizatorami procesu elektrochemicznego utleniania wodoru (np. niklem) może prowadzić do dalszej poprawy parametrów pracy ogniwa paliwowego.

10

Charakterystyka materiałów anodowych stosowanych w procesach elektrochemicznego wprowadzania inhibitorów korozji stali do betonu

Królikowski A., Żuchowski P.

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2012

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nr 11

516-517

PL

W procesach elektrochemicznego wprowadzania inhibitorów korozji stali do betonu są stosowane takie materiały anodowe, jak grafit, stal austenityczna, aktywowany tytan i platyna. Zarejestrowano anodowe krzywe polaryzacji wymienionych materiałów w roztworach symulującym skład anolitu w tych procesach. Analiza przebiegu tych krzywych pozwoliła określić charakter zachodzących reakcji anodowych. Na tej podstawie oceniono przydatność badanych materiałów anodowych do elektrochemicznego wprowadzania anionowego inhibitora korozji stali: jonów azotanowych(III) do betonu.

EN

Different anodic materials, namely graphite, stainless steel, activated titanium and platinum, have been used in trials of the electrochemical injection of corrosion inhibitors into concrete. Anodic polarization curves of these materials were taken in solutions simulating anolite, typical for these processes. Occurring anodic reactions were revealed upon the analysis of acquired polarization data. In conclusion, the usability of tested anodic materials for the electrochemical injection of the anionic corrosion inhibitor (nitrite ions) into concrete was assessed.

11

Wpływ materiału anody i katody na charakter wyładowania jarzeniowego

Fjałkowski Z., Wiśniewski G., Habrych M., Kralewska K.

Mechanizacja i Automatyzacja Górnictwa

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2011

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R. 49, nr 7

105-111

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu rodzaju materiału stykowego anody i katody na efekt przejścia stałoprądowego łuku elektrycznego małej mocy w wyładowanie jarzeniowe. Ponadto przedstawiono wyniki analizy spektralnej powierzchni stykowych materiałów użytych do badań.

EN

The article features the test results of the impact of the anode and cathode contact material on the DC transition effect of low-power electric arc into glow discharge. Additionally, the results of the spectrum analysis of contact materials used for testing was carried out.

12

Anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells

Haberko K., Drożdż-Cieśla E., Jasiński M., Radecka M., Rękas M.

Materiały Ceramiczne

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2011

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T. 63, nr 1

147-150

EN

The ceramic-metal composites (cermets) containing yttria-stabilized zirconia, YSZ, and Ni particles are commonly used as anode materials in solid oxide fuel cells. The long-term performance of fuel cells is strictly related to both the structural and electrical properties of anode materials. The chemical composition and preparation method are key to achieving high mixed electrical conductivity and high activity of electrochemical reactions and hydrocarbon fuel reforming. The materials containing 8 mol.% yttria-stabilized zirconia and Ni were prepared by co-precipitation method. The structure of the materials was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity studies. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was determined via a dilatometric method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to determine electrical conductivity.

PL

Kompozyty ceramiczno-metaliczne (cermety), zawierające dwutlenek cyrkonu stabilizowany Y2O3 (YSZ) i cząstki Ni są powszechnie wykorzystywane jako materiał anodowy w stałotlenkowych ogniwach paliwowych. Długoterminowe osiągi ogniw paliwowych są ściśle związane zarówno ze strukturą, jak i z elektrycznymi właściwościami materiałów anodowych. Skład chemiczny i metoda wytwarzania stanowią klucz do osiągnięcia wysokiej, mieszanej przewodności elektrycznej i wysokiej aktywności reakcji elektrochemicznych oraz reformingu paliwa węglowodorowego. Materiały zawierające Ni i dwutlenek cyrkonu stabilizowany 8 % mol. Y2O3 wytworzono metodą współstrącania. Budowę materiałów scharakteryzowano za pomocą dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej (XRD), elektronowej mikroskopii skaningowej (SEM) i badań porowatości. Współczynnik rozszerzalności cieplnej (CTE) określono metodą dylatometryczną. Elektrochemiczną spektroskopię impedancyjną (EIS) wykorzystano do określenia przewodności elektrycznej.

13

The heating time-constants of an anode area bombarded with an electron beam

Opydo W., Tomczewski A., Opydo D.

Poznan University of Technology Academic Journals. Electrical Engineering

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2007

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No 56

165-170

EN

The paper presents a computer program aiding analysis of properties of vacuum insulation systems. The program enables determining the following relationships: range of the bombarding electron beam beyond the metallic surface of the anode and the heating time-constant of the anode area bombarded with the electron beam versus the acceleration voltage.

14

Topienie anody w łuku wielkoprądowym w próżni

Janiszewski J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Elektryka

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1998

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Nr 45

37-48

PL

Artykuł zawiera analizę warunków powstawania plamki anodowej w wielkoprądowym łuku w próżni. Przedstawiono procesy nagrzewania anody w przypadkach stałej i zmiennej gęstości strumienia ciepła dopływającego do jej powierzchni. W sposób szczególny wyróżniono wpływ fazy rozwoju wyładowania w przestrzeni międzyelektrodowej na zmianę gęstości mocy doprowadzanej do anody. W sposób analityczny potwierdzono istnienie warunków do tworzenia się niskoerozyjnych plamek anodowych już w fazie zapoczątkowania przepływu prądu. Przedstawione rezultaty pozwalają na sformułowanie dodatkowych wymagań do badań łączników próżniowych.

EN

The conditions of the anode spot formation in the high current vacuum arc were analysed. The heating processes were examined in case of constant and variable heat flux transmitted to anode. The formation of the anode spot in time of current initiation has been confirmed analytically.

15

Testing of inert anodes in laboratory aluminium cell.

Pietrzyk S., Obłąkowski R.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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1998

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R. XIX, nr 3

625-628

EN

Two types of anodes NiO-Fe2O3-Cu and NiO-Fe2O3-SnO2 were presented as candidates for inert anodes used in aluminium reduction cell. Anodic behaviour of anodes were studied during the electrolysis of alumina in the floride melt. Oxide anodes are subjects of a simple mass transport controlled chemical dissolution into the electrolyte with subsequent transfer to the metal surface where they are being reduced and dissolved into aluminium. Rates of dissolution were lower than 1 [cm/year].