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Effect of Organic Manure and Plant Growth Promoting Microbes on Yield, Quality and Essential Oil Constituents of Fennel Bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

Nada Ramy S., Ashmawi Ashmawi E., Mady Emad, Randhir Timothy O., Elateeq Ahmed A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

149--164

EN

Bulb fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) has gained importance for its high-value bulb production. A field experiment was conducted in a farm in El-Santa, Gharbia, Egypt, to enhance productivity and quality attributes of F. vulgare bulbs using different fertilizers: biofertilizer, organic fertilizer (rabbit manure), and mineral fertilizer [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)]. The biofertilizers included nitrogen fixer bacteria (Azos), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Bm), and potassium solubilizing bacteria (Bc) with/without vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Application of NPK at 150% of the RD and rabbit manure at 60 m3/fed resulted in the highest values of branch number, bulb weight, bulb yield, percentages of total carbohydrates, N, P, and K, as well as features of marketable bulbs including firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, and bulb essential oil. Moreover, the GC/MS analyses of bulb essential oil of the organically and chemically fertilized plants showed the increase of trans-anethole, the predominant constituent responsible for bulb’s flavor. However, the highest proportion of estragole (9.65%), an undesirable compound, was recorded with 150% of recommended NPK. In comparison, the lowest estragole content (4.09% and 5.64%) was obtained by organic fertilizer (rabbit manure at 60 m3/fed) and biofertilizer (Azos+Bm+Bc+VAM), respectively. The increase in bulb yield (11.76–11.99 ton/fed) and essential oil content (0.076–0.080%) of bulbs obtained with organic manure (rabbit manure at 60 m3/fed) was accompanied by a marked decrease in estragole and an increase in the most important constituents, α-pinene, ß-pinene, limonene, trans-anethole, and anisaldehyde. Hence, the organic fennel bulb can be produced with an abundant and highquality crop which consolidates the concept of ecological and organic farming for this important crop.

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Optimization of anethole determination using differential pulse voltammetry on glassy carbon electrode, boron doped diamond electrode and carbon paste electrode

Wójcik S., Jakubowska M.

Science, Technology and Innovation

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2018

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Vol. 3, no. 2

21--26

EN

Voltammetry is the general term for all techniques in which the current is measured as a function of electrode potential. The voltammetric techniques can be applied for the quantitative analysis of inorganic and organic species and are best suited for substances which can be either oxidized or reduced on electrodes. These techniques are characterized by high sensitivity which results in the possibility of performing determinations at a low concentration level. In voltammetry, many different types of working electrodes are applied. One of the important groups are solid electrodes, among which carbon electrodes play an important role. They represent a good alternative to mercury electrodes, however, surface preparation before the usage is required. In this work anethole determination will be presented using three types of carbon electrodes: glassy carbon electrode, boron doped diamond electrode and carbon paste electrode. Optimization process will be also described.

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Grafitowa elektroda pastowa modyfikowana nanocząsteczkami tlenku itru i jej użycie w analizie woltamperometrycznej

Gadowska K., Wójcik S., Wyrwa J.

Analit

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2018

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Nr 6

29--35

PL

Celem pracy było wytworzenie grafitowej elektrody pastowej modyfikowanej nanocząsteczkami tlenku itru i jej zbadanie przy użyciu anodowej woltamperometrii stripingowej, przy użyciu techniki impulsowej różnicowej. Badania wykonywano przy użyciu dwóch wzorców substancji organicznych – kwasu syryngowego o stężeniu 0.01 mol/dm3 i anetolu o stężeniu 0.7 mol/dm3. W wyniku analizy ilościowej metodą krzywej kalibracji uzyskano liniowe wyniki o wysokiej czułości. Dla kwasu syryngowego czułość wynosiła 0.923 ± 0.033, przy zachowaniu współczynnika korelacji na poziomie 0.9997, natomiast dla anetolu czułość wynosiła 1.34 ± 0.10, przy zachowaniu współczynnika korelacji na poziomie 0.9991. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że badana elektroda może być wykorzystana do oznaczeń woltamperometrycznych powyższych analitów organicznych.

EN

The purpose of this work was to produce graphite paste electrode modified with yttrium oxide nanoparticles. It was tested with anodic striping voltammetry, using differential impulse technique. The tests were carried out using two standards of organic substances -0.01 mol/dm3 syryngic acid and 0.7 mol/dm3 anethol. Quantitative results with a high sensitivity were obtained by calibration curve analysis. For syringic acid the sensitivity was 0.923 ± 0.033, while maintaining the correlation coefficient at 0.9997, while for anethole the sensitivity was 1.34 ± 0.10, while maintaining the correlation coefficient at 0.9991. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the tested electrode can be used for voltammetric determinations of the above organic analytes.