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Gdy bogiem było Słońce - cz. III. Miary biblijne

Wollek A.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2010

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R. 56, nr 10

1248-1251

PL

Niniejszy artykuł jest kontynuacją cyklu o starożytnych miarach zapoczątkowanego w ubiegłym roku. Autor przedstawia hebrajski, starożytny system miar. Tak jak inne, również miary hebrajskie dzieliło się na: długości i odległości, masy, oraz objętości przedmiotów sypkich i płynów. Najwięcej informacji na ich temat można znaleźć w Starym Testamencie. Innym źródłem jest Talmud, czyli komentarze do Tory. System talmudyczny różni się często od systemu biblijnego.

EN

This is a continuation of papers about the ancient measure units and systems. This part contains information about the Hebrew measure system, including biblical and Talmudic units. The basic source of information was a Bible, especially the Old Testament. However not full information about the measure system was including in Bible. The Talmud was the alternative source that the Author has used for this reason. The Hebrew system of measure could be divided to: length, weight and volume units. However the biblical and the Talmudic systems were different. The oldest system of measures was taken by Jews from Babylonia. Afterwards some foreign influences (especially: Egyptians, Greek, Roman) were indicated. The basic units of the length was the ell (hebr. ammah). The basic units of the weight was the shekel. There were two kinds: the shekel of sanctuary and the common shekel. There were different units for dry and liquid measures. The basic units were: the bath - for the liquid and the ephah for dry.

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Gdy bogiem było Słońce - starożytne jednostki miar cz. II

Wollek A.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2009

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R. 55, nr 12

1037-1040

PL

W artykule autor zabiera czytelnika w wędrówkę po świecie antyku przedstawiając wybrane jednostki miar używane przez największe cywilizacje świata starożytnego: Sumer, Egipt, Grecję i Rzym. W pierwszej części artykułu [1] opisano prawdopodobnie pierwszy przykład wykorzystania do pomiarów skali naturalnej, którym były tokeny. W drugiej części artykułu autor przedstawił jednostki miar masy, objętości oraz związane z nimi aspekty prawne i religijne.

EN

This part of the paper describes weight and volume units of measure. The Sumerian weight system was the most important for our civilization. It was taken by other civilizations like: Acadians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Greeks. Sumerian weight units were called (from the smallest to the biggest): še (grain), gin, mana, gun. This system was adopted by Greeks with small changes. Greeks units of weight were called: obolus, drachme, mina, talanton. The relationship between these units was constant. The value of units was changed through the time. Most important and popular were two systems: Aegean and Attica. Egyptians had his own independent units of weight: kite and deben. Deben was the basic Egyptian units of weight from the New Kingdom times (the Ramesses dynasty). Romans basic units of weight were called: libra or pondus (for that reason British pound short is lb). Sumerian volume units were: ka (or sila) and were the kinds of measured wares independent. In Egypt, Greece and Rome another units were for dry and another for liquid measure. The Egyptian units of volume were: hekat (the barrel) and henu (the jug), des (for beer), hebenet (for wine), meni (for oil). Greek basic unit for dry measure was medimnos. The biggest unit for liquid measure was metretes. Romans were taking volume units from Greeks. The basic volume unit measure in Rome was sextarius. There were many attempts of the measure unit standardization in the past. The Urnammu legal code was probably the first known us. In the Bible we have also some example of that.

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Gdy bogiem było Słońce - starożytne jednostki miar (cz. I)

Wollek A.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2009

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R. 55, nr 9

787-789

PL

W artykule autor zabiera czytelnika w wędrówkę po świecie antyku przedstawiając wybrane jednostki miar używanych przez największe cywilizacje świata starożytnego: Sumer, Egipt, Grecję i Rzym. Artykuł podzielono na dwie części. W pierwszej opisano prawdopodobnie pierwszy przykład wykorzystania do pomiarów skali naturalnej, którym były tokeny. Kolejne rozdziały zawierają opisy jednostek miar długości, odległości i pola powierzchni. W drugiej części artykułu autor przedstawił jednostki miar masy, objętości oraz związane z nimi aspekty prawne i religijne.

EN

In his paper the Author is taking readers to the journey through the ancient world. He describes old units of measure used by the most famous ancient civilizations of the world such as: Sumer, Egypt, Greece and Rome. The paper is divided into two parts. The first one contains 7 chapters (including references), the second one 6. The first part includes information about tokens, the length, the distance and the area measure units. Tokens are small forms made from the clay. They were used for counting from about 8,000 B.C. to 1500 B.C in Mesopotamia. This is the first known usage of the natural scale to the measure. The length units were the first defined units of the measure (approximately 3,000 B.C.). In Sumer and Egypt the basic unit of the length was a cubit, in Greece and Rome it was a foot. The Sumerian cubit was divided into the 30 fingers, the Egyptian into the 28 (the royal cubit) or into the 24 (the small cubit). The foot was divided to the 16 fingers. The area measure were an agricultural or a life frequently dependent. The information about weight and volume units are in the second part of the paper including. The Sumerian weight measure units were taken by another civilizations like: Acadians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Greeks. The most kinds have the volume units. Another one was for liquids and another one for dry measure. The one of the lasts chapters describes the law conditions refer to the measure units. Some samples, including Urnammu legal code and the Bible, are available.