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1

Morphological comparison for the dorsal fin of Chrysichthys auratus, Synodontis schall, and Synodontis serratus (Teleosti: Siluriformes) collected from the Lake Nasser and the River Nile, Egypt

Farrag Mahmoud M. S., Jawad Laith A., Park Joo M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 4

420--429

EN

The anatomy, growth, and differentiation of the dorsal fin spines of three catfish species collected from the Nile River and Lake Nasser. Egyptian waters are described, and terminology is suggested for their parts. Features of the dorsal fin spine that change with growth are also described. The results showed that in all species studied, the dorsal spine is an elongate, compressed, tapered, slightly arched, osseous structure, bearing a series of retrorse dentations along the anterior and posterior surfaces and has a sharp sagittate tip. The retrorse, anterior dentations are most pronounced in the upper third of the spine and gradually alter in form until they appear as a series of distinct notches on the basal third of the spine. The anterolateral surfaces of the dorsal spine are marked by numerous short, irregular, shallow, anastomosing, longitudinal furrows. In three species (C. auratus, S. schall, S. serratus), the posterior process is poorly developed and directed laterally in young individuals and well produced and directed posteriorly in older specimens. In S. schall and S. serratus, the posterior blocking process of the large specimens has a wavy edge, while in S. serratus, it is curved in young individuals and straight in larger specimens.

2

Comparison of the Effect of Flurochloridone and Fluoranthene on the Root and Shoot Anatomy and Morphology of Pea Plants (Pisum sativum)

Lónová Kamila, Kalousek Petr, Klemš Marek

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

8--18

EN

Despite current efforts to minimize the impact of industry on ecosystems, the environment is polluted by a range of foreign substances, that can have a negative impact on the living organisms. Examples of widely studied substances are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and recently, substances commonly used in conventional agriculture. In our study we focused on the morphology and anatomy of the vegetative organs of pea plants treated with the active substance of herbicides, flurochloridone (FLC), in concentration representing the residual amount in the soil (5 μM), and PAH fluoranthene (FLT) in concentration representing the middle to high environmental load (5 μM). During the long-term cultivation in nutrient solutions modified by the mentioned pollutants, the growth parameters of roots and shoots were observed in the three growth phases (4 and 8 fully developed leaves and the flowering phase). The growth parameters and observation of the morphology were supplemented with root and stem anatomical analysis using the transverse cross-sections. Both xenobiotics caused the decrease in the biomass production, while the more significant inhibition of growth, compared with control plants, was detected in FLC-treated plants, where the root system was reduced up to 75% and growth parameters of the shoots were reduced about more than 50%. The decrease in root biomass production was accompanied by changes in root branching. FLT treatment caused milder growth inhibition, it was observed about 50% reduction of the root system induced by the shortening of the main and lateral roots. Less pronounced, was also the decrease in stem length caused by FLT. Similar information was obtained about the different degrees of effect of FLC and FLT using anatomical analysis. Both studied substances increased the main root diameter accompanied with increase of the average number of the primary cortex layers. Their influence also caused the more intensive formation of exodermis. Changes in anatomical architecture were also observed in stem, where the FLC treatment changed the arrangement of the vascular bundles and decreased their average number. Our elementary morpho-anatomical study suggests that FLC despite its trace concentration could be more detrimental to plants than FLT, known for its harmful effect on living organisms, in relatively higher concentration.

3

Comparative Anatomical and Morphological Study of Three Populations of Salvia aethiopis L. Growing in the Southern Balkhash Region

Nurmahanova Akmaral, Ibisheva Nazerke, Kurbatova Natalia, Atabayeva Saule, Seilkhan Ainur, Tynybekov Bekzat, Abidkulova Karimi, Childibaeva Assel, Akhmetova Aigul, Sadyrova Gulbanu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

27--38

EN

The manuscript presents the results of morpho-anatomical structure of vegetative organs of Salvia aethiopis L. S. aethiopis L. is a promising medicinal plant of flora of Kazakhstan, which is able to grow under certain soil and climatic conditions. According to its anatomical and morphological features, S. aethiopis L. is a drought-resistant plant that does not tolerate excess moisture. The aim of the study was to investigate the morpho-anatomical structure of S.aethiopis L. plants growing in three different populations of the South Balkhash region of the country. As a result of the study of the morpho-anatomical structure of vegetative organs of the studied plants, the following features of xeromorphic structure of S.aethiopis L. were noted: strong pubescence of all above-ground parts of plants by simple, globular and glandular hairs, well expressed cuticle with small spinules, presence of cuticular thickening of guard cells, large number of stomatal apparatus on lower epidermis. A comparative analysis of the structure of plants of three different populations showed that in the stem of plants of population № 1 the primary cortex and the diameter of the central cylinder are more pronounced in comparison with plants growing in populations № 2 and № 3, which is due to the growing conditions of these populations. In plants of population № 1, an increase in the thickness of the leaf blade as well as inclusions of essential oils, which are localized in single or paired essential oil passages, were noted. In plants of populations № 1 and № 2, the more essential oil passages were observed. The studied plants of population № 1 have the most pronounced thickness of the primary bark than plants of populations № 2 and № 3. The revealed changes in the morpho-anatomical structure of plants are associated with the influence of various environmental and anthropogenic factors depending on the location of the studied plants.

4

Biomechanics of the human hand

Jaworski Ł., Karpiński R.

Journal of Technology and Exploitation in Mechanical Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 3, nr 1

28--33

EN

The paper provides basic information on human hand's anatomical structure with the location of joints and consequent types of achievable movements. The biomechanics of the human hand is described using two different kinematic models of the hand. The differences between the models are described. The Schlesinger's classification of movements of the human hand is introduced.

PL

Praca zawiera podstawowe informacje o budowie anatomicznej dłoni ludzkiej, włącznie z lokalizacją stawów i wynikających z nich rodzajów osiąganych ruchów. Opisano biomechanikę dłoni ludzkiej używając jej dwóch różnych modeli kinematycznych. Przedstawiono różnice między modelami. Zaprezentowano klasyfikację typów chwytów dłoni według Schlesingera.

5

Biomechanics of the upper limb

Jaworski Ł., Karpiński R., Dobrowolska A.

Journal of Technology and Exploitation in Mechanical Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 2, nr 1

53--59

EN

The article presents basics of the human upper limb’s anatomy, including skeletal system, joints and basic division of muscles in the limb. The biomechanics of the upper limb is introduced. The range of performed motions is depicted. The possible applications of anatomy and biomechanics of the upper limb are shown.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje podstawy anatomii kończyny górnej człowieka, z uwzględnieniem układu kostnego, stawów oraz wstępnego podziału mięśni działających na kończynę. Przedstawiono biomechanikę kończyny górnej. Opisano zakres ruchów realizowanych przez kończynę. Pokazano możliwe zastosowania wiedzy z dziedziny anatomii i biomechaniki.

6

Use of optical microscopy for evaluation of tooth structure

Banaszek K., Sawicki J., Wołowiec-Korecka E., Gorzędowski J., Danowska-Klonowska D., Sokołowski J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 79, nr 1

31--40

EN

Purpose: There are many methods of examining tooth anatomy: some of them are applicable to the hard tissues, while others to the pulp and the root canal system. Every method has some advantages and disadvantages in terms of revealing specific anatomical or histological details of the tooth. The objective of the present work was to assess the use of macroscopic microscopy for evaluation of tooth anatomy and to compare the obtained images with those produced by the radiovisiographic method. Design/methodology/approach: The study involved 4 upper canines extracted for periodontal reasons from patients of different age and sex. Initially, radiological images were taken in the vestibular-lingual and lateral projections by the radiovisiographic method using a KODAK 2000 system with a KODAK 6100 sensor. Subsequently, the specimens were ground with sandpaper and consecutive dental cross-sections were captured at approximately 0.05 mm increments using a NIKON AZ100 multizoom microscope. Findings: The presented method, using side illumination and a digital capture device transferring the images to a computer, enables evaluation of tooth anatomy in terms of both shape and internal structure, and offers the dimensioning functionality. Practical implications: Optical microscopy is a cheap method of examining the hard tissues of the tooth, including restorative materials, and for evaluating the development of primary and secondary dentin, as well as dentin affected by bacterial infection. A microscope used in conjunction with good software provides many opportunities for easy examination and dimensioning of particular anatomical features of the tooth on consecutive planes. Originality/value: This is an honest methods review and analysis which are applied in modern prosthetics.

7

Image analysis in wood testing - selected examples

Wąsik R., Michalec K.

Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 20, No. 3

183--195

EN

This paper is a review article which presents examples of application of the image analysis in wood testing. The objective of the paper was to present selected research methods with the use of image analysis used in the research on anatomy and macro-structure of wood carried out in the Department of Forest and Wood Utilization of the Institute of Forest Utilization and Forest Technology of the University of Agriculture in Krakow. In the part concerning research on wood anatomy the following areas of application of the image analysis were indicated: identification of wood species and variability of the selected parameters of the anatomic structure with special attention to coniferous trees. In the part concerning the research on macro-structure of wood, methodology of collection and preparation of wood samples and measurement of the most important properties of the macrostructure was described with the use of the image analysis program. Moreover, the selected areas of practical application of the results of such analysis were indicated.

PL

Niniejsza praca jest artykułem przeglądowym, prezentującym przykłady zastosowania analizy obrazu w badaniach drewna. Celem pracy było przedstawienie wybranych metod badawczych z zastosowaniem analizy obrazu, wykorzystywanych w badaniach anatomii i makrostruktury drewna, prowadzonych w Zakładzie Użytkowania Lasu i Drewna, Instytutu Użytkowania Lasu i Techniki Leśnej Uniwersytetu Rolniczego im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie. W części dotyczącej badań anatomii drewna wskazano na takie obszary zastosowania analizy obrazu jak: identyfikacja gatunku drewna oraz zmienność wybranych parametrów jego budowy anatomicznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem gatunków iglastych. W części dotyczącej badań cech makrostruktury drewna opisano metodykę pobrania i przygotowania próbek drewna oraz pomiaru najważniejszych cech makrostruktury przy pomocy programu do analizy obrazu. Wskazano także wybrane obszary praktycznego zastosowania wyników takiej analizy.

8

The description of the human knee as four-bar linkage

Dathe H., Gezzi R., Fiedler Ch., Kubein-Meesenburg D., Nägerl H.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2016

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Vol. 18, no. 4

107--115

EN

Purpose: We investigate the dependence of the kinematics of the human knee on its anatomy. The idea of describing the kinematics of the knee in the sagittal plane using four-bar linkage is almost as old as kinematics as an independent discipline. We start with a comparison of known four-bar linkage constructions. We then focus on the model by H. Nägerl which is applicable under form closure. Methods: We use geometry and analysis as the mathematical methods. The relevant geometrical parameters of the knee will be determined on the basis of the dimensions of the four-bar linkage. This leads to a system of nonlinear equations. Results: The four-bar linkage will be calculated from the limits of the constructively accessible parameters by means of a quadratic approximation. Conclusions: By adapting these requirements to the dimensions of the human knee, it will be possible to obtain valuable indications for the design of an endoprosthesis which imitates the kinematics of the natural knee.

9

Fundamental approaches for the application of pineapple leaf fiber in high performance reinforced composites

Alwani M. S., Khalil A., Islam M. N., Wan Nadirah W. O., Dungani R.

Polimery

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2014

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T. 59, nr 11-12

798--804

EN

The fundamental understanding of fibers, because of their polymeric nature, helps to improve the properties of the final product. This study presents an approach to examine the morphology, anatomy, cell wall architecture and distribution of lignin from pineapple leaf fiber by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the vascular bundle was randomly distributed across the transverse section of the pineapple leaf consisting of sclerenchyma, vessel, phloem and parenchyma cells. The fiber surface was covered with a rough hydrophobic layer composed of cutin, lignin, silica, waxes and a mixture of other cell wall materials. TEM investigations revealed the nanocomposite structure of the cell wall that were composed of typical primary and secondary cell wall layers. The topochemical distribution of lignin confirmed that the concentration of lignin at the cell corners was higher compared to compound middle lamella and secondary walls. This study helps to understand the fundamentals of the pineapple leaf fiber and can also help in the design of improved bio-based materials.

PL

Omówiono podstawowe badania włókien liści ananasa przeprowadzone metodami: mikroskopii świetlnej, skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej z rozpraszaniem energii promieniowania rentgenowskiego, transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej oraz spektroskopii Ramana. Badania obejmowały morfologię, architekturę komórki, oraz zawartość i rozkład ligniny w liściu. Mikroskopia świetlna i skaningowa mikroskopia elektronowa wykazały, że wiązki naczyniowe są losowo rozłożone w przekroju poprzecznym liścia ananasa i składają się z komórek sklerenchymii, naczyń łyka i komórek miąższu. Powierzchnię włókien pokrywa rogowa warstwa hydrofobowa, złożona z ligniny, krzemionki, wosków i mieszaniny innych materiałów ścianek komórkowych. Badania potwierdziły nanokompozytową strukturę ściany komórkowej, którą stanowią typowe warstwy ścian komórkowych pierwotnych i wtórnych. Stężenie ligniny w narożach komórek było większe niż w środku lameli i ścianie wtórnej. Przeprowadzone badania umożliwiają zrozumienie budowy i wynikających z niej właściwości włókien liści ananasa i ułatwiają projektowanie polimerowych biokompozytów z udziałem takich włókien.

10

Parametrical modeling of human hip joint bone system

Domański J., Dąbrowska-Tkaczyk A., Skalski K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Katedry Mechaniki Stosowanej / Politechnika Śląska

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2006

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z. 26

81-86

EN

Parametric (geometrical and numerical) models creation for the bone systems require recognition precisely of their anatomical features (bones and joints), especially those which have influence on accuracy of reconstruction geometry of bone and properties of endoprosthesis. Those features must be unique and easy to defined basing on CT or MRI data. Parametrical models take into consideration adequate scope of variation of shape and dimensions of bones and endoprostheses, assuming relatively small number of parameters. The shape and dimensions of models are dependent on defined parameters, hence changes of that parameters cause model adaptation procedure and creation corresponding type of model. The parametrical model of human hip joint bones is presented in this paper. Parametrical model of pelvic bone was generated on the basis of selected characteristic anatomical points and dimensions between them, but for femur parametrical model creation were applied characteristics dimensions and angles.

11

Geometrical modeling of knee joint including anatomic properties

Borkowski P., Sowiński T., Kwiatkowski K., Skalski K., Żabicka M., Polczyński M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Katedry Mechaniki Stosowanej / Politechnika Śląska

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2006

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z. 26

40-46

EN

Presently, CT is one of the most common and accessible methods of human internal structure research. Current programmes for tomographic data processing of data logged from tomography projection allow generation of three-dimensional images of organs. These reconstructions show that they are usually suitable for a precise preparation of surgical procedure operation planning, particularly in the case of joints. In the paper, basic methodology of that kind is shown on the example of a knee joint. The methodology leads to obtaining individual three dimensional models of large human joints. Analysis of tomographic data and creation of the three-dimensional model of the joint was conducted with use of MIMICS.

12

Chromo-stereoscopy as a tool in micropalaeontological investigations : echinoderms as a case study

Boczarowski A.

Studia Geologica Polonica

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2005

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Vol. 124

21-35

EN

An anaglyph technique, as a variety of chromo-stereoscopy, is presented and adapted for the investigation purpose. This method allows perfect documentation of 3-dimensional objects, including all types of 3D micro/fossils. Anaglyphs are especially recommended for describing type collections and make them available worldwide. The methods of stereogram preparation by means of a scanning electron microscope and adaptation of the technique to micropalaeontology are described. This useful technique is tested on SEM images of complex echinoid structures (organs) called pedicellariae. The obtained stereograms document their anatomy and help identification of the fossil material as well as their comparison to Recent specimens. Numerous echinoid pedicellariae from Bajocian and Bathonian deposits of the ore-bearing clays of the Częstochowa formation have been analysed. Two separate methods of anaglyph image preparation are described (for RGB and grayscale image mode). The samples come from several brickyards located in the area of the Kraków-Często- chowa Upland, Central Poland. Pedicellariae are represented by globiferous and ophicephalous types. It has been proved that Jurassic echinoids already had very well developed defence strategies, which applied pedicellariae, quite often equipped with a venom-bearing system similar to the one in Recent specimens. Large morphological similarity of the investigated Jurassic specimens to the Recent representatives of the Parechinidae family, especially to the genus Paracentrotus Mortensen has been proved. However, no representatives of this type of echinoid have been found in Jurassic sediments so far.

13

Reaction of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. nanus organs to lead stress

Chwil M., Mikuła A.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Vol. 12, nr 4

352-360

EN

Seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. nanus (Martens) cv. Polka were tested in water cultures at increasing concentrations of PbCl2: 0, 10,20 and 40 mg . dm[to -3]. Plants were grown for 14 days on modified Knop medium (pH = 5.5). Morphological changes of organs in studied plants were observed. Root tolerance index (IT) was calculated. The beginning of side-root zone at 5th, 7th and 14th day of growth was evaluated. Comparative anatomical studies of tissues in hypocotyl and leaves were performed. In the environment polluted with lead, roots excreted large amount of mucilage, they characterized diameter increase and shortening of zones. Increasing Pb concentration in a medium inhibited the formation of mechanical and vascular tissue. On a base of biomass gain, bean's organ sensitivity towards lead may be lined up as follows: roots > leaves > > stem.

PL

Siewki fasoli Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. nanus (Martens) odm. Polka badano w kulturach wodnych przy wzrastających stężeniach PbCl2: 0,10,20 i 40 mg. Dm[do -3]. Rośliny rosły przez 14 dni w zmodyfikowanej pożywce Knopa o pH 5,5. W okresie wegetacji obserwowano zmiany morfologiczne organów badanych roślin. Obliczono indeks tolerancji (IT) korzenia. Określono początek strefy korzeni bocznych w 5, 7 i 14 dniu wzrostu. Przeprowadzono porównawcze badania anatomiczne tkanek w hypokotylach i liściach. Korzenie w środowisku skażonym ołowiem wydzielały znaczne ilości śluzu, charakteryzowały się zwiększeniem średnicy i skróceniem stref. Wzrastające stężenie Pb w pożywce hamuje wykształcanie tkanki wzmacniającej i przewodzącej. Wrażliwość organów fasoli na ołów na podstawie przyrostu biomasy można następująco uszeregować: korzenie> liście> łodyga.

14

Pedicellarie ze środkowojurajskich iłów rudonośnych i ich znaczenie w strategii życiowej jeżowców

Boczarowski A.

Volumina Jurassica

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2004

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Vol. 2, no. 1

141-150

EN

Numerous, well-preserved globiferous and ophiocephalous pedicellariae of echinoids have been found in samples from several brickyards of Central Poland: Gnaszyn and Kawodrza (Częstochowa), Blanowice (Zawiercie), Wrzosowa. This is the first study of the uppermost Bajocian and Bathonian pedicellariae from the Ore Bearing Częstochowa Clay Formation. Four new morphotypes are described. Effectiveness of the defensive echinoid strategy is discussed; the structures observed indicate the presence of poison in some but not all spines and pedicellariae of both living and fossil species. All main morphological types of pedicellariae are compared. Morphotype I of globiferous pedicellariae and morphotype III of ophiocephalous pedicellariae are similar to those from the recent family Parechinidae. Jurassic echinoid Pelanechinus has ophiocephalous pedicellariae reminding morphotype II, as described from the Polish Bathonian.

15

Equine masticatory organ. P. 2 Parodontium

Łyczewska-Mazurkiewicz S., Kuryszko J., Przetocka-Wydro A., Kuropka P.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2003

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Vol. 5, nr 2

37-44

EN

This paper is the second part of the study devoted to the equine masticatory organ. The masticatory organ is a morphological-functional unit associated primarily with the digestive system. It includes the teeth (described in part 1); parodontium (described in the present paper); oral mucosa, maxilla and mandible as well as some of the viscerocranial bones (the temporal and zygomatic bones). temporo-mandibular joints, muscles and oral glands. The parodontium as a part of the masticatory organ can be divided into the marginal parodontium and the apical parodontium. The marginal parodontium (parodontium marginale) involves the adjoining tissues in the region of the body of a tooth: the gingivae, periodontium, periosteum and the alveolar bones. The apical parodontium (parodontium apicale) also includes the radical cementum, despite the fact that it builds a tooth.

16

Equine masticatory organ. P. 1

Kuryszko J. R., Łyczewska-Mazurkiewicz S.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2002

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Vol. 4, nr 2

61-72

EN

The masticatory organ is discussed in three parts. The first one is devoted to the macro- and microscopic structure of equine teeth, the second presents the structure of the parodontium formed by the cement, periodontinum, periosteum and gingivae. The last part describes physiological relations between individual masticatory joints. The masticatory organ is a morphological-functional system associated with the digestive tract. It consists of the teeth, parodontium. the bones of the maxilla and the mandible, tem-poro-mandibular and alveodental joints, dento-dental junctions as well as the nervous and muscular complex.

17

Wpływ anatomii i tribologii na mechanizm powstawania zmian zwyrodnieniowych w stawie biodrowym

Ryniewicz A.M.

Zagadnienia Eksploatacji Maszyn

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2000

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Vol. 35, nr 3

133-143

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono badania anatomicznego kształtu powierzchni roboczych stawu biodrowego. Rzeczywisty kształt powierzchni stawowych głowy i panewki oraz ich wzajemna kongruencja lub jej brak, może decydować o mechaniźmie smarowania stawu. Zapewnienie w biołożysku istnienia szczelin wypełnionych cieczą synowialną w warunkach znacznych nacisków kontaktowych, przy stosunkowo małych prędkościach warstw cieczy synowialnej, może warunkować powstanie dodatnich ciśnień bioelastohydrodynamicznych. Ciśnienia te równoważą naciski kontaktowe i tym samym przeciwdziałają zużywaniu się tkanki chrzęstnej. Specyficzny kształt powierzchni stawowych głowy i powierzchni księżycowatej panewki, nie wykazujących kongruencji stwarza warunki tarcia płynnego i tym samym może stanowić istotny czynnik w diagnozowaniu choroby zwyrodnieniowej stawów.

EN

When considering hip joint mechanics, friction, wear, dynamic effects, activities, histologic structure and continuity of life processes one can notice a marvellous adaptation to performed functions. A structure of a joint, proceeding physical-chemistry reactions and a system of mutual interactions ensure reliable mechanism of lubrication. Explanation of lubrication mechanism is of a great significance for general konwledge. Understanding the mechanism of lubricating could facilitate hip joint arthritic changes prevention, optimise material selection and artificial hip joint construction. Taking up these issues is extremely important due to relative prolongation of human life, which requires longer maintaining of hip joint functionality of elderly people. Mechanism of bio-bearing lubricating may be considered as perfect because it underwent verification through evolution. It should be emphasised that only biological constructions have a possibility of taking advantage of such an enormous amount of experience. New forms are created and at the same time natural selection of faulty solutions and modifications according to life conditions take place. The paper presents research into hip joint surface forms of matured organism. The research was focused on bio-lubricating reliability.