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1

A tyrannosaurid pedal ungual from the Williams Fork Formation (Campanian) of Colorado and its implications for the biogeography of Laramidian dinosaurs

Yun Chan-Gyu

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2023

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Vol. 73, no. 1

63--72

EN

A right theropod pedal ungual phalanx II-3 from the Campanian Williams Fork Formation of northwestern Colorado is described, and a combination of features, including the large size, tapering distal tip, robust and stout overall form, triangular cross-section, and a relatively flat ventral surface allows a confident referral to Tyrannosauridae Osborn, 1906. Although this specimen was found in a relatively southern state, the proximal articular surface of this ungual is similar to that of Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe, 1914, a taxon found in the northern state, Alberta. Although based on limited evidence, this may suggest that the range of tyrannosaurids considered endemic to the north of Laramidia extended farther south than previously thought.

2

Badania obrazowe w okulistyce „okiem elektroradiologa”

Wojtusik Dorota, Kowalik Anna

Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny

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2019

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Vol. 8, nr 2

147--152

PL

W ciągu ostatnich trzydziestu lat dokonał się znaczący postęp w diagnostyce obrazowej narządu wzroku. Dzięki innowacyjnym technologicznie aparatom oraz rozwojowi zaawansowanych programów informatycznych, obrazy zwizualizowanych tkanek mają dziś bardzo dobrą jakość. Możliwe jest wizualizowanie struktur wewnętrznych oka z bardzo dużą precyzją, co umożliwia precyzyjną diagnostykę we wczesnym stadium choroby, a także monitorowanie wielu procesów chorobowych [1]. Nowoczesne technologie umożliwiają osiągnięcie rozdzielczości na poziomie fotoreceptora, co pomaga w lepszym zrozumieniu podstaw choroby i pozwala na tworzenie nowych metod leczniczych. Oko jest unikalnym narządem, który dzięki swej budowie pozwala na nieinwazyjne wykonanie badań nie tylko przedniej części oka, ale i tylnego jej bieguna, czyli siatkówki i nerwu wzrokowego [2].

3

Biomechanics of the human hand

Jaworski Ł., Karpiński R.

Journal of Technology and Exploitation in Mechanical Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 3, nr 1

28--33

EN

The paper provides basic information on human hand's anatomical structure with the location of joints and consequent types of achievable movements. The biomechanics of the human hand is described using two different kinematic models of the hand. The differences between the models are described. The Schlesinger's classification of movements of the human hand is introduced.

PL

Praca zawiera podstawowe informacje o budowie anatomicznej dłoni ludzkiej, włącznie z lokalizacją stawów i wynikających z nich rodzajów osiąganych ruchów. Opisano biomechanikę dłoni ludzkiej używając jej dwóch różnych modeli kinematycznych. Przedstawiono różnice między modelami. Zaprezentowano klasyfikację typów chwytów dłoni według Schlesingera.

4

Biomechanics of the upper limb

Jaworski Ł., Karpiński R., Dobrowolska A.

Journal of Technology and Exploitation in Mechanical Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 2, nr 1

53--59

EN

The article presents basics of the human upper limb’s anatomy, including skeletal system, joints and basic division of muscles in the limb. The biomechanics of the upper limb is introduced. The range of performed motions is depicted. The possible applications of anatomy and biomechanics of the upper limb are shown.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje podstawy anatomii kończyny górnej człowieka, z uwzględnieniem układu kostnego, stawów oraz wstępnego podziału mięśni działających na kończynę. Przedstawiono biomechanikę kończyny górnej. Opisano zakres ruchów realizowanych przez kończynę. Pokazano możliwe zastosowania wiedzy z dziedziny anatomii i biomechaniki.

5

Use of optical microscopy for evaluation of tooth structure

Banaszek K., Sawicki J., Wołowiec-Korecka E., Gorzędowski J., Danowska-Klonowska D., Sokołowski J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 79, nr 1

31--40

EN

Purpose: There are many methods of examining tooth anatomy: some of them are applicable to the hard tissues, while others to the pulp and the root canal system. Every method has some advantages and disadvantages in terms of revealing specific anatomical or histological details of the tooth. The objective of the present work was to assess the use of macroscopic microscopy for evaluation of tooth anatomy and to compare the obtained images with those produced by the radiovisiographic method. Design/methodology/approach: The study involved 4 upper canines extracted for periodontal reasons from patients of different age and sex. Initially, radiological images were taken in the vestibular-lingual and lateral projections by the radiovisiographic method using a KODAK 2000 system with a KODAK 6100 sensor. Subsequently, the specimens were ground with sandpaper and consecutive dental cross-sections were captured at approximately 0.05 mm increments using a NIKON AZ100 multizoom microscope. Findings: The presented method, using side illumination and a digital capture device transferring the images to a computer, enables evaluation of tooth anatomy in terms of both shape and internal structure, and offers the dimensioning functionality. Practical implications: Optical microscopy is a cheap method of examining the hard tissues of the tooth, including restorative materials, and for evaluating the development of primary and secondary dentin, as well as dentin affected by bacterial infection. A microscope used in conjunction with good software provides many opportunities for easy examination and dimensioning of particular anatomical features of the tooth on consecutive planes. Originality/value: This is an honest methods review and analysis which are applied in modern prosthetics.

6

Image analysis in wood testing - selected examples

Wąsik R., Michalec K.

Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 20, No. 3

183--195

EN

This paper is a review article which presents examples of application of the image analysis in wood testing. The objective of the paper was to present selected research methods with the use of image analysis used in the research on anatomy and macro-structure of wood carried out in the Department of Forest and Wood Utilization of the Institute of Forest Utilization and Forest Technology of the University of Agriculture in Krakow. In the part concerning research on wood anatomy the following areas of application of the image analysis were indicated: identification of wood species and variability of the selected parameters of the anatomic structure with special attention to coniferous trees. In the part concerning the research on macro-structure of wood, methodology of collection and preparation of wood samples and measurement of the most important properties of the macrostructure was described with the use of the image analysis program. Moreover, the selected areas of practical application of the results of such analysis were indicated.

PL

Niniejsza praca jest artykułem przeglądowym, prezentującym przykłady zastosowania analizy obrazu w badaniach drewna. Celem pracy było przedstawienie wybranych metod badawczych z zastosowaniem analizy obrazu, wykorzystywanych w badaniach anatomii i makrostruktury drewna, prowadzonych w Zakładzie Użytkowania Lasu i Drewna, Instytutu Użytkowania Lasu i Techniki Leśnej Uniwersytetu Rolniczego im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie. W części dotyczącej badań anatomii drewna wskazano na takie obszary zastosowania analizy obrazu jak: identyfikacja gatunku drewna oraz zmienność wybranych parametrów jego budowy anatomicznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem gatunków iglastych. W części dotyczącej badań cech makrostruktury drewna opisano metodykę pobrania i przygotowania próbek drewna oraz pomiaru najważniejszych cech makrostruktury przy pomocy programu do analizy obrazu. Wskazano także wybrane obszary praktycznego zastosowania wyników takiej analizy.

7

The description of the human knee as four-bar linkage

Dathe H., Gezzi R., Fiedler Ch., Kubein-Meesenburg D., Nägerl H.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2016

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Vol. 18, no. 4

107--115

EN

Purpose: We investigate the dependence of the kinematics of the human knee on its anatomy. The idea of describing the kinematics of the knee in the sagittal plane using four-bar linkage is almost as old as kinematics as an independent discipline. We start with a comparison of known four-bar linkage constructions. We then focus on the model by H. Nägerl which is applicable under form closure. Methods: We use geometry and analysis as the mathematical methods. The relevant geometrical parameters of the knee will be determined on the basis of the dimensions of the four-bar linkage. This leads to a system of nonlinear equations. Results: The four-bar linkage will be calculated from the limits of the constructively accessible parameters by means of a quadratic approximation. Conclusions: By adapting these requirements to the dimensions of the human knee, it will be possible to obtain valuable indications for the design of an endoprosthesis which imitates the kinematics of the natural knee.

8

Parametrical modeling of human hip joint bone system

Domański J., Dąbrowska-Tkaczyk A., Skalski K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Katedry Mechaniki Stosowanej / Politechnika Śląska

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2006

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z. 26

81-86

EN

Parametric (geometrical and numerical) models creation for the bone systems require recognition precisely of their anatomical features (bones and joints), especially those which have influence on accuracy of reconstruction geometry of bone and properties of endoprosthesis. Those features must be unique and easy to defined basing on CT or MRI data. Parametrical models take into consideration adequate scope of variation of shape and dimensions of bones and endoprostheses, assuming relatively small number of parameters. The shape and dimensions of models are dependent on defined parameters, hence changes of that parameters cause model adaptation procedure and creation corresponding type of model. The parametrical model of human hip joint bones is presented in this paper. Parametrical model of pelvic bone was generated on the basis of selected characteristic anatomical points and dimensions between them, but for femur parametrical model creation were applied characteristics dimensions and angles.

9

Geometrical modeling of knee joint including anatomic properties

Borkowski P., Sowiński T., Kwiatkowski K., Skalski K., Żabicka M., Polczyński M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Katedry Mechaniki Stosowanej / Politechnika Śląska

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2006

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z. 26

40-46

EN

Presently, CT is one of the most common and accessible methods of human internal structure research. Current programmes for tomographic data processing of data logged from tomography projection allow generation of three-dimensional images of organs. These reconstructions show that they are usually suitable for a precise preparation of surgical procedure operation planning, particularly in the case of joints. In the paper, basic methodology of that kind is shown on the example of a knee joint. The methodology leads to obtaining individual three dimensional models of large human joints. Analysis of tomographic data and creation of the three-dimensional model of the joint was conducted with use of MIMICS.

10

Reaction of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. nanus organs to lead stress

Chwil M., Mikuła A.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2005

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Vol. 12, nr 4

352-360

EN

Seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. nanus (Martens) cv. Polka were tested in water cultures at increasing concentrations of PbCl2: 0, 10,20 and 40 mg . dm[to -3]. Plants were grown for 14 days on modified Knop medium (pH = 5.5). Morphological changes of organs in studied plants were observed. Root tolerance index (IT) was calculated. The beginning of side-root zone at 5th, 7th and 14th day of growth was evaluated. Comparative anatomical studies of tissues in hypocotyl and leaves were performed. In the environment polluted with lead, roots excreted large amount of mucilage, they characterized diameter increase and shortening of zones. Increasing Pb concentration in a medium inhibited the formation of mechanical and vascular tissue. On a base of biomass gain, bean's organ sensitivity towards lead may be lined up as follows: roots > leaves > > stem.

PL

Siewki fasoli Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. nanus (Martens) odm. Polka badano w kulturach wodnych przy wzrastających stężeniach PbCl2: 0,10,20 i 40 mg. Dm[do -3]. Rośliny rosły przez 14 dni w zmodyfikowanej pożywce Knopa o pH 5,5. W okresie wegetacji obserwowano zmiany morfologiczne organów badanych roślin. Obliczono indeks tolerancji (IT) korzenia. Określono początek strefy korzeni bocznych w 5, 7 i 14 dniu wzrostu. Przeprowadzono porównawcze badania anatomiczne tkanek w hypokotylach i liściach. Korzenie w środowisku skażonym ołowiem wydzielały znaczne ilości śluzu, charakteryzowały się zwiększeniem średnicy i skróceniem stref. Wzrastające stężenie Pb w pożywce hamuje wykształcanie tkanki wzmacniającej i przewodzącej. Wrażliwość organów fasoli na ołów na podstawie przyrostu biomasy można następująco uszeregować: korzenie> liście> łodyga.

11

Pedicellarie ze środkowojurajskich iłów rudonośnych i ich znaczenie w strategii życiowej jeżowców

Boczarowski A.

Volumina Jurassica

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2004

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Vol. 2, no. 1

141-150

EN

Numerous, well-preserved globiferous and ophiocephalous pedicellariae of echinoids have been found in samples from several brickyards of Central Poland: Gnaszyn and Kawodrza (Częstochowa), Blanowice (Zawiercie), Wrzosowa. This is the first study of the uppermost Bajocian and Bathonian pedicellariae from the Ore Bearing Częstochowa Clay Formation. Four new morphotypes are described. Effectiveness of the defensive echinoid strategy is discussed; the structures observed indicate the presence of poison in some but not all spines and pedicellariae of both living and fossil species. All main morphological types of pedicellariae are compared. Morphotype I of globiferous pedicellariae and morphotype III of ophiocephalous pedicellariae are similar to those from the recent family Parechinidae. Jurassic echinoid Pelanechinus has ophiocephalous pedicellariae reminding morphotype II, as described from the Polish Bathonian.

12

Equine masticatory organ. P. 2 Parodontium

Łyczewska-Mazurkiewicz S., Kuryszko J., Przetocka-Wydro A., Kuropka P.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2003

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Vol. 5, nr 2

37-44

EN

This paper is the second part of the study devoted to the equine masticatory organ. The masticatory organ is a morphological-functional unit associated primarily with the digestive system. It includes the teeth (described in part 1); parodontium (described in the present paper); oral mucosa, maxilla and mandible as well as some of the viscerocranial bones (the temporal and zygomatic bones). temporo-mandibular joints, muscles and oral glands. The parodontium as a part of the masticatory organ can be divided into the marginal parodontium and the apical parodontium. The marginal parodontium (parodontium marginale) involves the adjoining tissues in the region of the body of a tooth: the gingivae, periodontium, periosteum and the alveolar bones. The apical parodontium (parodontium apicale) also includes the radical cementum, despite the fact that it builds a tooth.

13

Equine masticatory organ. P. 1

Kuryszko J. R., Łyczewska-Mazurkiewicz S.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2002

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Vol. 4, nr 2

61-72

EN

The masticatory organ is discussed in three parts. The first one is devoted to the macro- and microscopic structure of equine teeth, the second presents the structure of the parodontium formed by the cement, periodontinum, periosteum and gingivae. The last part describes physiological relations between individual masticatory joints. The masticatory organ is a morphological-functional system associated with the digestive tract. It consists of the teeth, parodontium. the bones of the maxilla and the mandible, tem-poro-mandibular and alveodental joints, dento-dental junctions as well as the nervous and muscular complex.

14

Wpływ anatomii i tribologii na mechanizm powstawania zmian zwyrodnieniowych w stawie biodrowym

Ryniewicz A.M.

Zagadnienia Eksploatacji Maszyn

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2000

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Vol. 35, nr 3

133-143

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono badania anatomicznego kształtu powierzchni roboczych stawu biodrowego. Rzeczywisty kształt powierzchni stawowych głowy i panewki oraz ich wzajemna kongruencja lub jej brak, może decydować o mechaniźmie smarowania stawu. Zapewnienie w biołożysku istnienia szczelin wypełnionych cieczą synowialną w warunkach znacznych nacisków kontaktowych, przy stosunkowo małych prędkościach warstw cieczy synowialnej, może warunkować powstanie dodatnich ciśnień bioelastohydrodynamicznych. Ciśnienia te równoważą naciski kontaktowe i tym samym przeciwdziałają zużywaniu się tkanki chrzęstnej. Specyficzny kształt powierzchni stawowych głowy i powierzchni księżycowatej panewki, nie wykazujących kongruencji stwarza warunki tarcia płynnego i tym samym może stanowić istotny czynnik w diagnozowaniu choroby zwyrodnieniowej stawów.

EN

When considering hip joint mechanics, friction, wear, dynamic effects, activities, histologic structure and continuity of life processes one can notice a marvellous adaptation to performed functions. A structure of a joint, proceeding physical-chemistry reactions and a system of mutual interactions ensure reliable mechanism of lubrication. Explanation of lubrication mechanism is of a great significance for general konwledge. Understanding the mechanism of lubricating could facilitate hip joint arthritic changes prevention, optimise material selection and artificial hip joint construction. Taking up these issues is extremely important due to relative prolongation of human life, which requires longer maintaining of hip joint functionality of elderly people. Mechanism of bio-bearing lubricating may be considered as perfect because it underwent verification through evolution. It should be emphasised that only biological constructions have a possibility of taking advantage of such an enormous amount of experience. New forms are created and at the same time natural selection of faulty solutions and modifications according to life conditions take place. The paper presents research into hip joint surface forms of matured organism. The research was focused on bio-lubricating reliability.

15

Staw skokowo-goleniowy w aspekcie leczenia usztywnieniem lub alloplastyką

Kubacki J.

Inżynieria Biomateriałów

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2000

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R. 3, nr 11

11--17

PL

Omówiono przyczyny występowania zaawansowanych zmian chorobowych stawu skokowo-goleniowego. Podano wskazania i przeciwwskazania do usztywnienia stawu i alloplastyki. Na podstawie analizy wyników niektórych prac po endoprotezoplastyce, oraz zalet i wad artrodezy wyrażono pogląd, iż usztywnienie w stawie jest alternatywą alloplastyki.

EN

The reasons of lesions in the Ankle joint have been discussed. indications and contraindications for arthrodesis and arthroplasty have been given. On the basis of the result analysis of some works after arthroplasty the opinion has been expressed that arthrodesis is an alternative of arthroplasty.

16

Anisotropic properties of trabecular bone. Conductometric and ultrasonic studies

Łukowski J., Kaczmarek M., Kubik J.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2000

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Vol. 2, nr 1

17-27

EN

Bones are materials characterized by anisotropic mechanical and structural properties. The main directions of anisotropy of such materials are related to mechanical loads to which they are subjected in physiological conditions. Studies of mechanical properties show that bones are mostly orthotropic or transversally isotropic materials. The aim of the present paper is to investigate parameters of anisotropic structure of trabecular bone such as formation factor and tortuosity using measurements of electric impedance. Moreover, the qualitative correlation between the measured parameters of structure and velocity of propagation of ultrasonic waves in these materials is established. To determine the impedance of the materials the two-electrode method with RLC bridge or direct technique are used. The cubic specimens (1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm) of trabecular bovine bone were cut from the distal epiphysis of fresh bovine femora and measurements of impedance were made both for material containing bone marrow and physiological fluid. The results show a good correlation between tortuosity measured by electric spectroscopy and velocity of longitudinal waves.