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EN
Currently, a dynamic growth of interest in residential buildings located on the water can be observed in Poland. However, the lack of legal regulations, the increase in society's affluence and overpopulation in city centers lead to reflection on the development strategy that should be implemented for maritime construction. The publication presents a proposal of four development strategy concepts: aggressive, conservative, competitive and defensive, developed for floating homes (FHs) based on the authors' own research. The strategy concept that, in the authors' opinion, should be implemented was indicated using the TOWS-SWOT analysis. A detailed analysis revealed that the strategy that obtained the highest result in the study was the aggressive strategy.
EN
The paper presents the possibilities of using wood, waste and energy plant biomass as a material for the production of fuels in the form of pellets. Pine sawdust, energy willow chips, sunflower husk and corn straw were analysed. The materials were pelletized. Selected physicochemical properties and elemental composition were determined. It has been shown that the best alternative to replace wood pellets can be pellets made from both energy willow and sunflower husks. Sunflower husk pellets were selected as the most promising fuel and subjected to a strategic analysis using the SWOT/TOWS method. Based on the analyses, it was shown that sunflower husk pellets, due to their competitive price, appropriate physicochemical parameters and wide availability, can be successfully used as a fuel in boilers adapted to burn wood pellets and more.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania biomasy drzewnej, odpadowej i pochodzącej z upraw energetycznych jako materiału do produkcji paliw w formie pelletów. Analizie poddano trociny sosnowe, zrębki wierzby energetycznej, łuskę słonecznika i słomę kukurydzianą. Materiały poddano procesowi pelletyzacji. Określono ich wybrane właściwości fizykochemiczne i skład elementarny. Wykazano, że najlepszą alternatywą dla pelletu z drewna mogą być pellety zarówno wytworzone z wierzby energetycznej, jak i łuski słonecznika. Jako najlepiej rokujące paliwo wytypowano pellet z łuski słonecznika i poddano go analizie strategicznej z wykorzystaniem metody SWOT/TOWS. Wykazano, że pellet z łuski słonecznika ze względu na konkurencyjną cenę, odpowiednie parametry fizykochemiczne i szeroką dostępność może być z powodzeniem stosowany jako paliwo w kotłach przystosowanych do spalania pelletów drzewnych i nie tylko.
PL
W celu poprawy jakości powietrza w miastach oraz zmniejszania emisji CO2 przedsiębiorstwa zachęcane są do budowy układów kogeneracyjnych, czyli skojarzone wytwarzanie ciepła i energii elektrycznej. Budowa układów kogeneracyjnych jest zgodna z ideą zrównoważonego rozwoju, ponieważ skojarzona produkcja energii i ciepła cechuje się bardzo wysoką sprawnością procesu dochodzącą do 90%. Do produkcji tych samych ilości ciepła i energii elektrycznej zużywa się mniej paliwa niż w przypadku produkcji rozdzielonej. Wytwarzanie energii w skojarzeniu pozwala na bardziej efektywne wykorzystanie paliw i zmniejszenie globalnej emisji CO2. Polska, która jest największym producentem węgla w Unii Europejskiej dzięki wykorzystaniu układów kogeneracyjnych wykorzystujących gaz pochodzący ze złóż węgla kamiennego, może dzięki nim zmniejszyć emisję metanu do atmosfery, co ma szczególne znaczenie w przypadku wprowadzenia opłat emisyjnych od metanu. Opracowanie przedstawia wyniki analizy ukierunkowanej na identyfikację ryzyka występującego przy projektach budowy układów kogeneracyjnych małej mocy dla różnego rodzaju przedsiębiorstw. Autor rozdziela istniejące ryzyko ze względu na miejsce pochodzenia ryzyka (źródła zagrożeń) oraz przedstawia przesłanki do zainstalowania takiego układu. Na końcu autor przedstawia analizę SWOT oraz PEST budowy układów kogeneracyjnych małej mocy.
EN
In order to improve air quality in cities and reduce CO2 emissions, companies are encouraged to build cogeneration systems, i.e. the combined production of heat and power. The construction of cogeneration systems is in line with the idea of sustainable development, since the combined production of energy and heat is characterized by a very high process efficiency of up to 90%. Less fuel is used to produce the same amount of heat and electricity than in the case of separate production. Combined heat and power generation allows more efficient use of fuels and a reduction in global CO2 emissions. Poland, which is the largest coal producer in the European Union, thanks to the use of cogeneration systems using gas from coal deposits, can reduce methane emissions into the atmosphere, which is particularly important in the event of the introduction of emission fees on methane. The study presents the results of an analysis aimed at identifying the risks present in the construction projects of low-power cogeneration systems for various types of enterprises. The author separates the existing risks by the place of origin of the risk (sources of risks) and presents the rationale for installing such a system. Finally, the author presents a SWOT and PEST analysis of the construction of low-power cogeneration systems.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce zarządzania projektami pod kątem efektywnego wykorzystania technik analitycznych. W części wstępnej przybliżono problematykę projektowania i zarządzania procesami oraz nakreślono wymagania względem produktu końcowego (projektu, usługi). W badaniu zweryfikowano hipotezę, że analiza SWOT oraz metoda QFD istotnie przyczyniają się do obniżenia kosztów, skrócenia czasu projektowania oraz wsparcia procesu pogodzenia świata dostawców z oczekiwaniami potencjalnych klientów. W celu weryfikacji hipotezy posłużono się przykładem wdrożenia rozwiązań chmurowych w organizacji (przedsiębiorstwie), gdzie wykorzystano starannie wyselekcjonowane dane uwzględniające pożądane cechy produktu (usługi) zarówno przez projektantów, jak i docelowych odbiorców. W badaniu wykorzystano jako przykład analizę wdrożenia rozwiązań chmurowych w organizacji (przedsiębiorstwie) celem weryfikacji w jakim stopniu narzędzia analityczne są przydatne do wspomagania projektowania tego typu rozwiązań. Przeprowadzenie analizy SWOT wraz z interpretacją tablic krzyżowych jednocześnie z wykorzystaniem metody QFD pozwoliło na wyciągnięcie wniosków, które odpowiadają na pytanie: Czy prezentowane metody mają zastosowanie w procesie decyzyjnym wdrażania rozwiązań chmurowych oraz w jakim stopniu prezentowane techniki analityczne wspierają proces zarządzania, przekładając się na skrócenie czasu i kosztów projektu, eksponują ryzyko oraz wskazują newralgiczne dla organizacji (przedsiębiorstwa) zagrożenia związane z przedmiotowym projektem? Dane wykorzystane w artykule zostały dobrane deterministycznie z pominięciem procesu ankietowania, ponieważ celem artykułu jest zweryfikowanie możliwości wykorzystania prezentowanych technik analitycznych. Współczynniki wagowe cech w analizie SWOT zostały również dobrane obiektywnie metodą jakościową, przy czym myśląc o dalszym rozwoju badań należałoby przeprowadzić ankietę spodziewanych cech produktu (usługi) na odpowiedniej grupie respondentów co pozwoliłoby na zwiększenie wiarygodności wyniku badań. Zastosowana w przedmiotowy badaniach metodologia może zostać zaimplementowana w procesie projektowania podobnych rozwiązań teleinformatycznych.
EN
The article is devoted to the issues of project management in terms of the effective use of analytical techniques. In the introductory part, the issues of designing were presented and process management, and the requirements for the final product (project, service) were outlined. The study verified the hypothesis that the SWOT analysis and the QFD method significantly contribute to reduce costs, shorten design time and support the process ofreconciling the world of suppliers with the expectations of potential customers. In order to verify the hypothesis, an example of the implementation of cloud solutions in an organization (enterprise) was used, where carefully selected data was used, taking into account the desired features of the product (service) by both designers and target recipients. The study used as an example an analysis of the implementation of cloud solutions in an organization (enterprise) in order to verify to what extent analytical tools are useful for supporting the design of such solutions. Conducting a SWOT analysis together with the interpretation of cross tables simultaneously with the use of the QFD method allowed to draw conclusions that answer the question: Whether the presented methods are applicable in the decision-making process of implementing cloud solutions and to what extent the presented analytical techniques support the management process, translating into a reduction in project time and costs, they expose the risk and indicate the critical threats for the organization (enterprise) related to the project in question? The data used in the article were selected deterministically, omitting the survey process, because the purpose of the article is to verify the possibility of using the presented analytical techniques. The weighting coefficients of the features in the SWOT analysis were also selected objectively using the qualitative method, while thinking about further development of the research, a survey of the expected features of the product (service) should be conducted on the appropriate group of respondents, which would allow to increase the credibility of the research results. The methodology used in this research can be implemented in the process of designing similar ICT solutions.
EN
Aviation safety training requires meticulous procedures and constant updating. The development of new technologies in aviation makes it possible to visualize difficult situations and transfer them to various types of simulations. It is theorized that, in addition to basic textbooks, a trainee is able to absorb more material in less time thanks to new tools such as virtual reality. The purpose of this article is to compare the level of training in the traditional mode and with the use of a VR lab. The research methods presented in this article are in line with the discipline of security sciences, which arises from the social need to learn about the reality around us. Observations made in a study conducted on a group of students provided answers about the opportunities and threats that VR applications introduced in the training system.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę oceny jakości kształcenia przedmiotu „Podstawy statystyki” oraz wskazano propozycje działań mogących poprawić jej efektywność przy wykorzystaniu analizy SWOT. Wyniki uzyskano dzięki współpracy ze studentami studiów pierwszego stopnia kierunków Odnawialne Źródła Energii i Gospodarka Odpadami, Logistyka w Sektorze Rolno-Spożywczym, Ochrona Środowiska oraz Rolnictwo realizowanych w Kolegium Nauk Przyrodniczych Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Uzyskane odpowiedzi wskazują na wiele pozytywnych aspektów aktualnego procesu kształcenia, podkreślając jednocześnie słabe strony oraz sygnalizując zagrożenia jakie mogą mieć miejsce w przyszłości. Otrzymane wnioski mogą być pomocne w zwiększaniu efektywności nauczania również innych przedmiotów.
EN
The article makes an attempt at assessing the quality of education in the subject "Basics of statistics" and inidicates proposals for actions that may improve its effectiveness using the SWOT analysis. The results were obtained thanks to cooperation with first-cycle students of Renewable Energy Sources and Waste Management Logistics in the Agri-Food Sector, Environmental Protection and Agriculture at the College of Natural Sciences of the University of Rzeszów. The answers obtained indicate many positive aspects of the current education process, while highlighting weaknesses and signalling threats that may occur in the future. The findings received may therefore be helpful in increasing the effectiveness of teaching other subjects as well.
EN
This paper uses a case study of an abandoned magnesite mine in the Limpopo Province of South Africa to find ways of identifying post-mining land used from the current uses of the abandoned mine sites or features. The approach used involved carrying out a field characterization of the mine site and documentation of the current uses of the features of the abandoned mine site. The technique used to identify the internal and external factors of the land uses involved analyzing their Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was used for further ranking of the land uses to identify the most post-mining or rehabilitation land uses for the different parts of the mine. Lastly, the earthwork requirement in reshaping the terrain of the mine to support the selected land uses was estimated from the 3D-terrain models generated from height data collected using a Real-Time Kinematic Geographical Positioning System. The results of the study identified land use that needs further surface development as the most appropriate for the abandoned Nyala Mine. These land uses demonstrated the potential of addressing the hazards of the mine with the clear promise of improving the socio-economic status of the host communities.
EN
The article aims to assess the economic recovery and recycling of silicon PV cells and the non-ferrous metals contained in them, taking into account the analysis of costs, benefits and factors: legal, ecological, technical, technological and social. The research methodology was based on statistical measures related to the analysis of PV structure and changes in individual years of operation. For the designated structures, the current state of knowledge and legal status in the field of recycling methods of exploited PV installations were defined. In addition, an analysis of the Polish market about selected developed countries concerning the recycling sector was performed, and the identification of key factors and barriers to the development of the analysed sector was presented. On this basis, the possibilities and directions of support for the PV recycling sector were indicated, and a SWOT analysis of possible methods of its support was made.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ocena ekonomiczna odzysku i recyklingu krzemowych ogniw PV i zawartych w nich metali nieżelaznych z uwzględnieniem analizy kosztów, korzyści i czynników: prawnych, ekologicznych, techniczno-technologicznych i społecznych. Metodologię badań oparto na miarach statystycznych związanych z analizą struktury i zmian PV w poszczególnych latach ich eksploatacji. Dla wyznaczonych struktur określono aktualny stan wiedzy i stan prawny w zakresie metod recyklingu wyeksploatowanych instalacji PV. Ponadto wykonano analizę rynku polskiego względem wybranych krajów rozwiniętych odnośnie sektora recyklingu, przedstawiono identyfikację kluczowych czynników i barier rozwoju analizowanego sektora. Na tej podstawie wskazano możliwości, kierunki wsparcia sektora recyklingu PV i dokonano analizy SWOT możliwych metod jego wsparcia.
EN
To examine the current market situation of combustion and battery electric engines in vehicles and to determine the type of strategy for the development of the automotive market, a SWOT analysis was carried out. Internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats on the market of internal combustion and electric vehicles were assessed. The most important areas of their operation have been designated. A weighting system and a rating scale were selected. The results of the analysis showed that combustion vehicles belong to a conservative market area which promotes the designs that have been thriving for years and maximizes their advantages. Battery electric vehicles belong to an aggressive market area, with the strategy based on a quick response to consumer needs, allowing for the maximization of profits while maintaining innovation. The future of the transport sector will be determined by the focus on the promotion of ecological transport elements.
EN
The research aims to recognize the potential of adopting the model-based design methodology to the development process of an LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) fuelling system. Changing regulations often force the modern development of internal combustion engines (Euro 7, CO2 reduction measures, etc.). With the definitive ban on new registrations of vehicles powered by internal combustion engines in Europe (planned for 2035), there is still ongoing development of the adaptation of the fuelling system to LPG. There is still market potential in adapting new internal combustion engines, usually equipped with direct injection systems, to reduce customers’ cost of ownership of a vehicle. As the engineering process should be accelerated in the face of the variety of direct injection systems offered by OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), the model-based design methodology is proposed to make the development more effective. The article presents the SWOT analysis of this approach in the engineering process and the potential of the method in an LPG system development is concluded.
EN
The presented article concerns activities aimed at improving the supply system in an industrial company in the joinery sector. The current system has been assessed and improvement measures have been proposed. The research tool used is the extended SWOT analysis with the use of quantitative methods.
PL
Celem artykułu było określenie najbardziej korzystnego rozwiązania materiałowego nawierzchni dróg samorządowych na podstawie wyników analizy SWOT. Zastosowano elementy metody statystycznej i obserwacyjnej, której źródłem danych były doniesienia literaturowe. Analiza wykazała, że drogi betonowe cechuje duża trwałość, a całkowite koszty realizacji, utrzymania i eksploatacji są dużo mniejsze niż dróg asfaltowych.
EN
The aim of the article was to determine a more favorable material solution for the surface of local government roads, based on the results of the SWOT analysis. The elements of the statistical and observational method were used, the source of which were literature reports. The analysis showed that concrete roads are characterized by high durability, and the total costs of construction, maintenance and operation are much lower than that of asphalt roads.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ilustruje zastosowanie metod SWOT i TOWS do analizy wybranych aspektów funkcjonowania rynku energetyki rozproszonej na potrzeby opracowania Strategii rozwoju energetyki rozproszonej w Polsce. Strategia ma wspierać realizację celów przyjętego przez Radę Ministrów w dniu 02.02.2021 r. dokumentu strategicznego Polityka energetyczna Polski 2040, wdrażającego politykę klimatyczno-energetyczną Unii Europejskiej na terenie Polski. Jednym z głównych założeń tej polityki jest osiągnięcie neutralności klimatycznej w UE do 2050 r. Służy temu wprowadzenie mechanizmów regulacyjnych stymulujących osiąganie kolejnych efektów w najbliższych dziesięcioleciach. Realizacja celów klimatyczno-energetycznych UE na 2030 r. jest kluczowa dla transformacji gospodarki energetycznej w niskoemisyjną.
EN
This paper illustrates the application of the SWOT and TOWS methods to analyse selected aspects of distributed energy market functioning for the purpose of developing a Strategy for Development of Distributed Energy in Poland. The strategy is to support the implementation of the objectives of the strategic document Energy Policy of Poland 2040 adopted by the Council of Ministers on 02.02.2021, which implements the European Union climate and energy policy in Poland. One of the main assumptions of this policy is to achieve climate neutrality in the EU by 2050. Achievement of the EU climate and energy targets for 2030 is crucial for the energy transition to a low-carbon economy.
EN
Purpose: The study aimed to locate and identify weak areas in the technological process of the aluminium piston, where the occurrence of events with significant risk could interfere with its proper course and meet the customer's requirements. Design/methodology/approach: One of the production lines on which the aluminium pistons are produced was chosen for the test. Risk identification within the process was carried out through the implementation of a simplified SWOT analysis, development of the process risk structure taking into account the identified opportunities and threats and development of a matrix for responding to key risks identified in the risk structure. Findings: The three most significant risks were identified: failure to meet customer requirements, delays in delivery of castings, forgings, components and errors in monthly production plans, as well as increased process costs. The most effective actions concerning the risks under consideration turned out to be: drawing up detailed records in the description of the subject of the contract, as well as additional supervision and inter-operational controls and performing detailed analysis of the documentation before the beginning of the contract. Research limitations/implications: In order to reduce the risks as part of the technological process, remedial actions and a response plan are proposed. Practical implications: Future research will be carried out within the remaining technological processes within the company. The methodology presented should be applied to companies that are committed to responsible risk management. Originality/value: The study is a useful material for manufacturing companies indicating a comprehensive methodology for identifying key risks within technological processes.
EN
With the development of information technology, the improvement of production processes and lifestyles, and the transformation of commercial economic models, the traditional agricultural industry cannot meet the increasing material and cultural needs of villagers. Therefore, the development of traditional tourist villages has transformed into being based on ecological engineering and sustainable development. The starting point of the existence of such tourist villages will be the protection and development of traditional villages. At the same time, the village space is the material carrier for the development of rural tourism, and the construction of a spatial form that is compatible with the tourism resource utilization model can effectively promote the development of rural tourism. Based on SWOT analysis, this article carefully analyses and summarises the domestic research on the sustainable development of tourist villages. The results show that such sustainable development effectively avoids the excessive development of resource elements during rural construction, which can lead to waste, and promotes the optimal use of resources. Since rural tourism has taken a sustainable development path, the average annual compound growth rate has reached as high as 31.2 %, which is considered very rapid growth. Tourist operating income has reached more than 30 %. It is expected that the national rural tourism income in 2021 will exceed 10,000 trillion yuan. Tourism villages will continue to consider ecological engineering and sustainable development as the starting point for promoting the development of rural tourism in China, popularising consumption, standardising services, diversifying benefits, and making products unique.
EN
The historical achievements of International Business Machines gave the foundations for IBM Global Services company, which became a new step in development of IBM Corporation. The biggest rival of IBM Global Services, EDS, generated revenues that were nearly doubled by IGS revenues ($36.6bln) and revenues of the next rival in raw,Accenture, were more than tripled. The market share of IGS was 8,2% at that time and it was the highest percentage among all companies operating in professional computer services industry. In the last quarter of year 2000 IBM Global Services grew around 5%. At that time, the revenues from e-business services begun to grow 70% year over year. In described SWOT analysis positive aspects (strengths and opportunities) prevailed. The most important strengths of IBM Global Services are global position on the market and universalism of the offered services. Main weakness of the company lies in the lack of ability of fast bringing new services to the market. The existence of strong, well-known competitors like Hewlett-Packard and Accenture is the main recognized threat. At corporate level, IBM points in invention and development in terms of information technologies. IBM operates on global market in global industry with ethnocentric strategy. IBM Global Services has the long term objectives: technological leadership, competitive position and profitability. The IGM’s main generic strategy is still differentiation. In the opinion of the author, IBM Global Services provides concentric diversification. Considering the grand strategies, IGS’s management should make its further decisions basing on the ability to maintain the human resources.
EN
The paper focuses on the definition of innovation and innovation process from the historical and today’s perspective of the Massag engineering company. In order to analyse the innovation process, a SWOT analysis was performed, and, based on the results obtained, the correlation between the results of the analysis and the statistics of innovation activities in the Czech Republic was made. Within the historical analysis of the company, key innovation milestones were identified and described. The main finding was the combination of the use of different types of innovation activities, which plays an important role in terms of the access to innovations and it is necessary to take innovation as a whole, composed of sub-types of innovation that permeate the whole society. The results of the SWOT analysis showed that the main factor that affects the success of the organization and innovation is the long history of the company and knowledge of the markets. This is reflected in the long-term and quality customer relationships. These established contacts with other companies engaged in engineering production are strengths, which are today reflected in the opportunities for further development of the company. The correlation between results and statistics shows that SMEs are forced to innovate because they are under constant pressure from competitors and the market. Therefore, innovation activities are essential for these companies and play a significant role in their current and future competitiveness.
PL
Obecne podejście do zagadnień bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ochrony zdrowia pracowników musi wykraczać poza ramy uregulowań prawnych oraz rozwiązań technicznych i technologicznych. Współczesny świat pracy wymaga interdyscyplinarnego podejścia do badań nad bezpieczeństwem i uwzględniania czynnika ludzkiego w najwyższym wymiarze – przez podmiotowe traktowanie każdego pracującego. Ten kontekst badań wiąże się z analizą zachowań pracowniczych, a więc z behawioralnym aspektem problematyki bezpieczeństwa i zdrowia w pracy. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zaprezentowanie możliwości wykorzystania analizy SWOT do identyfikacji kluczowych czynników wewnętrznych (sił i słabości) oraz zewnętrznych (szans i zagrożeń) wybranego przedsiębiorstwa w kontekście wdrażania koncepcji bezpieczeństwa behawioralnego (BBS).
EN
The current approach to the issues of occupational health and safety, with particular emphasis on the protection of employee health, must go beyond the framework of legal regulations and technical / technological solutions. The contemporary working world requires an interdisciplinary approach to safety research and taking into account the human factor to the greatest extent – by treating each worker as the subject of the research. This research context is related to the analysis of employee behavior, i.e., the behavioral aspect of safety and health at work. The aim of this study is to present the possibility of using SWOT analysis to identify the key internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) factors of a selected enterprise in the context of implementing the behavioral safety concept (BBS).
EN
Purpose: The purpose of the article is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats of the scientific unit (Faculty) and assess the development possibilities of this unit. Design/methodology/approach: The main research problem undertaken concerns the analysis of the Faculty's Development Strategy based on the main source document which is the Faculty's Development Strategy for 2012-2020. Based on a specific research problem, the following hypotheses were formulated: effective management of the Faculty's operation influences the achievement of the set goal of the Faculty's development, efficient monitoring of the Department's strategy allows the organization to operate effectively, a properly prepared strategy should be based on the correct recognition of the potential of the organization and the environment. Findings: The analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats has allowed us to verify hypotheses and identify problems that the Unit may face in the future. Research limitations/implications: Based on the analysis of the Faculty's interior and surroundings, it should be stated that the Faculty's Development Strategy should be evaluated in the near future. A strategy monitoring system should also be developed taking into account the results obtained. Practical implications: The recommendation is to develop a staff development strategy, which may contribute to accelerating the independence of the Faculty and, consequently, to obtain doctoral rights. Originality/value: The article can be used by the Faculty authorities as a recommendation regarding the implementation of the Strategy and in making key strategic decisions.
PL
Większość społeczeństwa w tym politycy, naukowcy, wizjonerzy postrzegają we wdrożeniu do ruchu drogowego pojazdów autonomicznych tylko dobre strony, zapominając o możliwych zaistniałych niebezpieczeństwach i ryzyku funkcjonowania takiego transportu. W artykule przedstawiono większość możliwych problemów i ryzyk współpracy z obecnym funkcjonowaniem transportu jak również możliwych do wystąpienia w przyszłości. Przeprowadzona analiza problemów prawno-ekonomicznych wskazuje na szereg trudności wdrożenia pojazdów autonomicznych, które mogą spowodować, poza ewidentnymi pozytywnymi rozwiązaniami, również duże ryzyko w zakresie bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego oraz konieczności dostosowania obecnych aktów prawnych. Należy dążyć do maksymalnego odzysku materiałowego z pojazdów wycofanych z eksploatacji (PWzE) w tym z elektroniki i instalacji elektrycznych nowoczesnych pojazdów EV/HEV szczególnie „bogatych” w metale deficytowe i krytyczne. Złom elektryczny i elektroniczny klasyfikowany jest najczęściej jako odpad niebezpieczny w grupie odpadów przemysłowych. Wiąże się to przede wszystkim z zawartością w nim związków szczególnie szkodliwych dla zdrowia ludzi i środowiska, a zarazem mocno pożądanych.
EN
The majority of society, including politicians, scientists and visionaries, see only the advantages of implementing autonomous vehicles into road traffic, forgetting about the possible dangers and risks associated with the functioning of such transport. The article presents most of the present and future possible problems and risks of cooperation between autonomous vehicles and the functioning of transport. The conduced legal and economic analysis indicates a number of problems with the implementation of autonomous vehicles, which may cause, apart from obvious positive solutions, also a high risk in terms of road safety and the need to adapt the current legal acts. We should strive for maximum material recovery from end-of-life vehicles, including electronics and electrical installations of modern EV/HEV, particularly “rich” in scarce and critical metals. Electric and electronic scrap is most often classified as hazardous waste in the group of industrial waste. This is mainly due to the content of compounds that are particularly harmful to human health and the environment and at the same time highly desirable.
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