Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Geotechnical Properties of the Soil Contaminated with Medical Waste: a Case Study of Metronidazole and Amoxicillin Waste

Abdulrahman Shaimaa M., Al Kindi Ghayda Yaseen, Ihsan Elaf Abdul Azal, Abdulrahman Ali M.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 2

112--120

EN

Soil contamination with medicines can occur when unused or expired medications are improperly disposed of or when pharmaceutical manufacturing waste is inadequately treated or managed. Moreover, the largest percentage of damaged and expired medical materials in the sanitary landfill area during the COVID-19 period in the study region were Metronidazole (Flagyl) and Amoxicillin. The disposal of numerous drugs and medical waste from Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals Company, which were examined and found to have a higher concentration of the compound Metronidazole (Flagyl) and Amoxicillin, This study aimed to analyze the results of the impact of Metronidazole (Flagyl) and Amoxicillin concentrations on the chemical and geotechnical properties of soil. Undisturbed soil samples was collected and then cured by mixing 10 mg/l of Metronidazole (Flagyl) and 25 mg/l of Amoxicillin to the time period from 15 to 135 days. The obtained geotechnical tests results of natural and contaminated silty clay soil showed that the soil became softer, the cohesiveness between the particle sizes of soil decreased due to the absorption of the soil by the Metronidazole (Flagyl) and Amoxicillin concentration. Moreover, the results indicate that the soil collapse rose from 5.6 to 9.5 after 150 days of curing.

2

Removal of Amoxicillin from an Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Prepared from Biomass

Touijer Abdellah, Yahia El Habib, Saidi Mohamed, Taouil Hamid, Allaoui Mohamed, Ahmed Saïd Ibn

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 9

63--79

EN

Amoxicillin type Amox-500 is a β-lactam antibiotic belonging to the penicillin family, used to treat infections caused by bacteria. This drug has been, purified by the slow recrystallization method and characterized by RAMAN. The treatment of antibiotic-laden effluent is of interest for environmental protection, which is why the field of wastewater treatment is essential for the protection of our environment. In our research, we studied the elimination of amoxicillin as a trace pollutant in untreated wastewater discharges in an aqueous solution prepared in the laboratory, using activated carbon made from banana peel. We also showed the presence of these pharmaceutical pollutants (amoxicillin and paracetamol) in wastewater from the Dradeb area of the city of Tangier in Morocco. In this research, we took advantage of the use of activated carbon, which has been, previously treated in our laboratory for a study, which is, published [Abdellah Touijer et al, 2023]. The amount of amoxicillin adsorption is influenced by various operating parameters, and with the help of a parametric study, we have deduced the best conditions from these parameters to promote good amoxicillin adsorption yield. The amount adsorbed at equilibrium increases proportionally with amoxicillin concentration, and equilibrium is reached after the first 20 min. The maximum equilibrium amoxicillin adsorption capacity (qe) is 35 mg/g for PBC600 (banana peel carbonized at 600°C for 60 min) and PBC700 (banana peel carbonized at 700 °C for 60 min), and 25 mg/g for PBC500 (banana peel carbonized at 500 °C for 60 min). Under the following operating conditions: C0 = 20 mg/l, temperature 20±5 °C, pH=6 lower than pHpzc, adsorbent/adsorbat ratio 0.5 mg/ml, stirring time 45 min. The best adsorption efficiency was 85.2% for PBC700, 79.31% for PBC600 and 12.47% for PBC500, indicating that the amount of amoxicillin adsorbed at equilibrium is proportional to the carbonization temperature. The theoretical study of the adsorption isotherm of amoxicillin on activated carbon prepared from banana peel shows that the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models describe this adsorption phenomenon well, similar to the experimental results. Adsorption of amoxicillin follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic analysis has shown that standard enthalpy (ΔH°), standard free enthalpy (ΔG°), and free entropy (ΔS°) are negative values, allowing us to say that this adsorption process is spontaneous and favorable, meaning the decrease in disorder.

3

A validated new RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin, ampicillin and cloxacillin in pharmaceutical formulations

Gebretsadik Hailekiros, Kahsay Getu, Eticha Tadele, Gebretsadikan Tesfamichael

Acta Chromatographica

|

2023

|

Vol. 35, no. 2

193--203

EN

As per the World Health Organization, 10% of medicines in low- and middle-income nations are of poor quality and pose a huge public health risk. The development and implementation of cost-effective, efficient and quick analytical methods to control the quality of these medicines is one of the immediate strategies to avoid such a situation. Hence, the main goal of this study was to develop and validate a simple, specific and precise new RP–HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of amoxicillin, ampicillin and cloxacillin in pharmaceutical formulations. The chromatographic analysis was achieved using Shodex C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with UV detection at 225 nm. The mobile phase was a gradient mixture of 30 mM phosphate buffer, pH 4.0 (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase B). Efficient separation of the three drugs was obtained using the final optimized chromatographic conditions. The developed method was validated for its specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness as per the ICH guidelines. The validation results showed that the method was specific, linear, precise, accurate and robust for the simultaneous determination of the three drugs. The developed method was applied to determine the content of the three drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. The assay results of the preparations showed that their drug content was within the pharmacopeial limit stipulated for each drug product. It can be concluded that the proposed method is suitable for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin, ampicillin and cloxacillin in pharmaceutical formulations in industries and regulatory laboratories.

4

Ability of Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Photocatalytic Degradation of Amoxicillin from Aqueous Solutions Using Immobilized TiO2/Sand

Sulaiman Fadia A., Alwared Abeer I.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 5

293--304

EN

The response surface method was applied to optimize operational factors in the solar photocatalytic process on the removal of Amoxicillin (AMOX) residues from aqueous solution using TiO2 immobilized on the sand as a catalyst. The results reveal that the degradation percentage of AMOX is 93.12%, when optimal conditions of pH=5, 75 mg/l of TiO2, 400 mg/l of H2O2, and 10 mg/l of AMOX concentration at 150 min irradiation time were used. Furthermore, the model’s expected response results have reasonable similarity with the actual data (R2 = 93.58%), demonstrating the efficiency of this method in making an accurate prediction. A second-order polynomial multiple regression model was used to evaluate the responses, which confirms that was a satisfactory adjustment with the achieved data through analysis of variance (R2 = 93.58%, R2adj = 91.48% and R2pred =89.68%). In addition, it is observed that the removal of undesirable compounds follows a pseudo-2nd order kinetic model with R2 = 0.9862. In conclusion, with the ease of usage of immobilized TiO2 and good photocatalytic efficiency, the findings showed the potential application to the antibiotics from an aqueous solution.

5

Application of advanced oxidation process (H2O2/UV) for removal of organic materials from pharmaceutical industry effluent

Azizi E., Fazlzadeh M., Ghayebzadeh M., Hemati L., Beikmohammadi M., Ghaffari H. R., Zakeri H. R., Sharafi K.

Environment Protection Engineering

|

2017

|

Vol. 43, nr 1

183--191

EN

Pharmaceutical wastewater is one of the major complex and toxic industrial effluents containing little or no biodegradable organic matters. In this study, H2O2/UV based advanced oxidation process (AOP) was used to remove organic materials from pharmaceutical industry effluent. For the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal radiation of medium pressure mercury vapor UV lamp was used in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/UV). Results indicated that the efficiency of COD removal depends on the initial concentration H2O2, oxidation time and pH. The efficiency of COD removal at low H2O2con-centration was very low even coupled with UV light, which can be attributed to the low generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH). At high concentration of H2O2 (500 mg/dm3) and optimum pH (pH = 4), 87.6% removal efficiency could be achieved during 70 min oxidation. For high concentration of H2O2 (500 mg/dm3) at pH 3 and 7, the maximum COD removal efficiency was 28.5% and 15.2% respectively, indicating significant roles of pH and H2O2concentration in the process of COD removal.

6

Determination of amoxicillin in poultry plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography after formaldehyde derivation

Krasucka D, Kowalski C. J, Osypiuk M, Opielak G

Acta Chromatographica

|

2015

|

Vol. 27, no. 1

55--65

EN

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection after precolumn formaldehyde derivation was developed to detect concentrations of amoxicillin (AMX) in poultry plasma. Proteins in plasma samples spiked with AMX were precipitated with a phosphate buffer and trichloroacetic acid. After precolumn treatment of the extraction product of AMX with formaldehyde under acidic and heating conditions, HPLC analysis with fluorescence (FL) detection at an excitation wavelength of 355 nm and an emission wavelength of 450 nm was performed. A mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and a buffer solution (0.05 M KH2PO4 pH = 5.6), which yielded AMX retention time 8.58 min, was suitable for detection of AMX. The calculated standard curve of the reaction product was linear, and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.999. The limit of detection and quantification, the accuracy, and the precision were evaluated. Recoveries of spiked amoxicillin were >92%, with a coefficient of variation in the range of 0.35–0.89%. This method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of amoxicillin to poultry.

7

Determination of ampicillin and amoxicillin by high-performance thin-layer chromatography

Ghoulipour V., Shokri M, Waqif-Husain S.

Acta Chromatographica

|

2011

|

Vol. 23, no. 3

483--498

EN

A simple and fast high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of ampicillin and amoxicillin. Titanium(IV) silicate (a synthetic inorganic ion-exchanger)-coated thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates were used to separate them, employing a mixture of K2HPO4 (0.1 M) + KH2PO4 (0.1 M), 1:1 (υ/υ), as mobile phase. The development time was 18 min. The plates were sprayed with fresh 1% solution of ninhydrin in ethanol. The developed method enables highly contrasted chromatograms with red purple spots in white background. Densitometric measurements were made at wavelength 546 nm using Camag TLC Scanner-3. The ampicillin and amoxicillin recovery of the total procedure were equal to 99.99 and 100.43, respectively. The procedure is quantitatively characterized. Linearities were r2 > 0.9958 and 0.9954 for ampicillin and amoxicillin, respectively, and the relative standard deviations were <0.89 and 0.61, respectively. The limits of detection were 2.9 and 1.5 ng per spot and the limits of quantification were 14.5 and 7.5 ng per spot, respectively. The method is rapid, selective, precise, and accurate and thus can be used for the routine analysis of pharmaceutical preparations in quality control laboratories of the pharmaceutical industry. The method is successfully applied for the determination of ampicillin and amoxicillin in human blood plasma and urine.

8

RP-HPLC method for analysis of related substances in amoxicillin drug substance

Raju Ch. B. V. N., Sharma H. K, Rao Ch. S., Rao G. N.

Acta Chromatographica

|

2009

|

Vol. 21, no. 1

57-70

EN

Linear gradient HPLC on a C 8 column has been used for separation of individual related substances of amoxicillin listed in the European Pharmacopoeia and a newly identified degradation impurity. The USP plate count for the amoxicillin peak was more than 3000 and USP tailing for the same peak was less than 2.0. Forced degradation studies were conducted on amoxicillin drug substance using ICH stress study guidelines to demonstrate the specificity and stability-indicating nature of the method. A new impurity observed after thermal and alkaline degradation was identified as N -pivaloylamoxicillin. The LOD and LOQ for individual related substances were below 0.045 and 0.086% ( w/w ), respectively. The method was fully validated in accordance with ICH analytical method validation guidelines. The results of the study prove the method is specific, precise, linear, robust, and can be used for evaluation of the stability of amoxicillin drug substance.

9

Sequential injection analysis with spectrophotometric detection of cefadroxil and amoxicillin in pharmaceuticals

Feng S., Jiang J., Fan J., Chen X.

Chemia Analityczna

|

2007

|

Vol. 52, No. 1

83-92

EN

A fast, economical, and automated spectrophotometric method with sequential injection for determination of phenolic drugs cefadroxil and amoxicillin has been proposed. The analysis was based on the determination of the red product of the reaction of drugs with 4-amino-antipyrine in the presence of potassium hexacyanoferrate{III) in alkaline solution. Absor-bance of the investigated system was measured at 505 nm. Various chemical and physical parameters affecting the reaction have been examined. The linear ranges were 4.0-52 μg mL-1 for cefadroxi] and 2.6-87 μg mL-1 for amoxicillin, and the respective limits of detection were 0.6 μg mLμg mL-1 and 0.7 μ g mL-1. Sampling frequency was 26 h-1, and total reagent consumption was only 240 μ L per run. The proposed method has been applied for determi nation of cefadroxil and amoxicillin in pharmaceutical with RSD lower than 2.5%. The obtained results were in good agreement with these obtained by HPLC method.

PL

Zaproponowano szybką, ekonomiczną i zautomatyzowaną metodę oznaczania leków fenolowych: cefadroksilu i amoksycyliny, wykorzystującąspektrofotometrycznądetekcję we wstrzykowcj sekwencyjnej analizie. Oznaczenie polega na powstaniu czerwonego produktu reakcji leku z 4-aminoantypiryną w obecności heksacyjanożelazianu(III) w środowisku alkalicznym. Absorbancje jego mierzono przy 505 nm. Zbadano chemiczne i fizyczne parametry wpływające na przebieg reakcji. W przypadku cefadroksilu liniowy zakres wykresu kalibracyjnego odpowiada stężeniom od 4,0 do 52 μ g mL-1, w przypadku amoksycyliny - od 2,6 do 87 ug mL-1. Odpowiednio granice wykrywalności wynoszą 0.6 μgmL"' i 0,7 μgmL-1. Częstość próbkowania wy nosi 26 na godzinę, a całkowite zużycie odczynników-240 μ L-1 najednąanalizę. Metodę tę zastosowano do oznaczania cefadroksilu i amoksycyliny w preparatach farmaceutycznych z odchyleniem standardowym poniżej 2.5%. Uzyskane wyniki byry zgodnezoznaczeniami metodą HPLC.

10

Reaction of ampicillin and amoxicillin with alcohols

Frańska M.

Ars Separatoria Acta

|

2012/2013

|

No. 9/10

25--35

EN

HPLC/ESI-MS analyses of alcohol solutions of ampicillin and amoxicillin have shown that the two drugs react very readily with alcohols (methanol and ethanol) at room temperatures, without the presence of any catalyst. Products of methanolysis were detected even when methanol was used as a mobile phase, in HPLC/ESI-MS analysis of a water solution of ampicillin and amoxicillin. Therefore, neither methanol nor other alcohols should be used when working with these compounds.