Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Montaż generatorów 1,25 MW, 0,4 kV w Ciechanowie oraz 2,3 MW, 15 kV w Bodaczowie wraz z systemem zabezpieczeń polskiego producenta

Horňáček Radek, Pospíšil Jaroslav, Krzęcio Michał

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

|

2024

|

R. 92, nr 3

30--36

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu są zagadnienia związane z uruchomieniem generatora o mocy 1,25 MW, 0,4 kV w Elektrowni Ciechanów oraz generatora o mocy 2,3 MW, 15 kV w Elektrowni Bodaczów. Omówiono projekt systemu zabezpieczeń generatora w Elektrowni Ciechanów, ich wykonanie i uruchomienie, zgodnie z Polskim Kodeksem RfG. W artykule przedstawiono projekt obwodów generatora w zakresie: obwodów pierwotnych i wtórnych, zabezpieczeń, elementów pomiarowych oraz wyłącznika generatora.

EN

The subject of the paper are issues related to starting a generator with a capacity of 1.25 MW, 0.4 kV in the Ciechanów Power Plant and a generator with a capacity of 2.3 MW, 15 kV in the Bodaczów Power Plant. The design of the generator protection system at the Ciechanów Power Plant, their implementation and commissioning, in accordance with the Polish RfG Code, were discussed. The paper presents the design of generator circuits in terms of: primary and secondary circuits, protections, measuring elements and generator switch.

2

Extended Identification-Based Predictive Control for adaptive impact mitigation

Graczykowski Cezary, Faraj Rami

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2023

|

Vol. 71, nr 4

art. no. e145937

EN

The paper introduces Extended Identification-Based Predictive Control (EIPC), which is a novel control method developed for the problem of adaptive impact mitigation. The model-based approach utilizing the paradigm of Model Predictive Control is combined with sequential identification of selected system parameters and process disturbances. The elaborated method is implemented in the shock-absorber control system and tested under impact loading conditions. The presented numerical study proves the successful and efficient adaptation of the absorber to unknown excitation conditions as well as to unknown force and leakage disturbances appearing during the process. The EIPC is used for both semi-active and active control of the impact mitigation process, which are compared in detail. In addition, the influence of selected control parameters and disturbance identification on the efficiency of the impact absorption process is assessed. As a result, it can be concluded that an efficient and robust control method was developed and successfully applied to the problem of adaptive impact mitigation.

3

Analysis of the possibility of using the phase angle in the EUSAMA method as an additional diagnostic parameter in the assessment of the technical condition of the vehicle suspension system

Konieczny Łukasz, Filipczyk Jan

Diagnostyka

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, No. 4

art. no. 2022414

EN

Vehicle suspension system diagnostics is essential to both operation and maintenance of automotive vehicles. Diagnostic methods should provide signals that in-service defects have occurred as early as possible and make it possible to identify such defects in an unambiguous manner. Among the most popular oscillatory methods used to examine the technical condition of suspension systems, the EUSAMA method, developed by the European Shock Absorbers Manufacturers Association, has enjoyed particularly wide application, and it consists in establishing the ratio between the minimum value of the wheel adhesion force within the band of resonance of unsprung masses and the static wheel load value, expressed in per cent. Technical condition classification is based on comparing the values of what is commonly referred to as the EUSAMA coefficient (percentage ratio of a minimum wheel load force to a tangential vehicle wheel load on a test stand plate) for two wheels of a single axle. Such a test stand typically features only a load force sensor integrated with the test plate. The modification proposed by the authors involves installing an additional test plate displacement sensor at the test stand. When performed simultaneously, measurements of the load force affecting the plate and of its displacement make it possible to determine the phase angle between the relevant signals and to analyse the possibility of using the phase angle as an additional source of information about the technical condition of the vehicle suspension system.

4

A Quick-and-Dirty Method for assessing the Risk of Negative Aeration Effects of Shock Absorbers equipped with Shim Sliding Base Valves

Czop Piotr, Gniłka Jacek

Computer Assisted Methods in Engineering and Science

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2022

|

Vol. 29, no. 3

229--260

EN

This paper presents a quick-and-dirty method to assess the risk of negative aeration effects occurring in twin-tube hydraulic shock absorbers used in passenger cars at the early design stage. The method is intended to be implemented as an engineering calculation tool based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) steady-state single-phase model. The CFD model was previously validated with the use of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiment. The negative aeration effect is a wellknown issue for automotive and railway shock absorbers manufacturers. It results in uncontrolled on-vehicle vibrations and the deteriorated shock absorber damping characteristic. The major aeration contributor in twin-tube hydraulic shock absorbers is the sliding shim intake valve, which requires design optimization to avoid a negative aeration effect. The method validation was conducted with the customized test rig equipped with a transparent cylinder where the specific sliding intake valve was assembled. The proposed method also requires a lumped-parameter model of a twin-tube shock absorber, which allows to simulate boundary conditions in assessing particular reservoirs of a shock absorber, i.e., pressures and flow balance. The method is implemented as a calculation routine that converts CFD pressure regions into a gas concentration indicator (GCI) using the pressure-density characteristic of an oil-gas emulsion of a shock absorber. GCI is calculated based on the sum of particular 2D/3D grid elements. The method application is to minimize the risk of occurrence of negative aeration effects by avoiding expensive and time-consuming experimental tests. This method can also be used for in-production shock absorbers projects as a part of a continuous improvement cycle or in the case of inefficient shock absorbers claimed by a vehicle manufacturer. The application scope of the method can be extended for arbitrary twin-tube designs of shock absorbers in the automotive and railway industries.

5

Modelling the shock absorber piston valve using 2-way fluid-structure interaction

Buczkowski Daniel, Nowak Grzegorz

Transport Problems

|

2021

|

T. 16, z. 4

45--57

EN

The aim of this study is to examine the strongly coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction approach as a comprehensive method of predicting the performance of the shock absorber piston valve. For this purpose, numerical simulation sand experimental testing are carried out. The coupled CFD-FEA numerical model described in this article, contrary to the attempts made so far, takes into account the influence of contact between valve discs and the initial conditions of the disc stack preload. The model is based on the actual valve geometry used in the shock absorber design. As a result, the described approach is intended for use in industrial applications in development works, in particular, at the conceptual stage. To prove the reliability of the model, two valve compositions are chosen to be measured on a test bench and modelled in FSI simulations. For both of them, a satisfactory level of correlation is achieved, with the correlation error below 10% and well-predicted valve opening points. As a result, it is proved that the 2-way FSI approach has great potential to be successfully used to investigate the damper valve operation.

6

The subspace iteration method for eigenproblems of frames with viscoelastic dampers described using internal variables

Łasecka-Plura Magdalena

Vibrations in Physical Systems

|

2020

|

Vol. 31, nr 3

art. no. 2020313

EN

In the paper, the subspace iteration method is used to solve quadratic eigenproblems written for structures with viscoelastic dampers. This allows a certain previously assumed number of eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors to be determined. A shear frame with mass lumped on the storey level with built-in dampers is considered. Dampers are modelled with the classical Zener model. Equations of motion are written in the matrix form and include the internal variables resulting from built-in dampers. The subspace iteration method starts from adopting the number of sought solution for the quadratic eigenproblem, then the starting point of the iteration is determined and the iterative procedure is initiated. In each iterative loop the reduced quadratic eigenproblem with Hermitian matrices is solved by rearranging it into a state space form.

7

Effect of fail-safe mode on the damping characteristics of a bypass-controlled shock absorber

Konieczny Łukasz

Transport Problems

|

2020

|

T. 15, z. 3

43--52

EN

The article provides and discusses results of tests of a bypass-controlled hydraulic shock absorber studied at a test stand (mechanical inductor), making it possible to plot work charts and determine velocity characteristics. Measurements of the shock absorber performance were conducted at different values of velocity and forced travel. The measurements were carried out for two statuses, i.e. for the emergency power failure condition and for normal setting. The results thus obtained can be used in simulation tests as input shock absorption characteristics for different technical conditions.

8

Influence of the Size and Distribution of Load on the Damping Coefficient of Shock Absorbers in Passenger Vehicles

Gonera Jarosław

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2020

|

Vol. 14, no 4

185--194

EN

This paper analyses the changes in the values of the damping coefficient of shock absorbers, depending on the size and distribution of loads in passenger vehicles. The tests were conducted in two stages. During the first stage, the influence of the size of a load in vehicles, and changes in the tyre pressure values on the damping coefficient of shock absorbers was defined. During the second stage, the influence of the changes of the damping coefficient of shock absorbers was researched, depending on the size and distribution of load in passenger vehicles with various suspension systems of front and rear axles, different kerb weights, lengths and wheel bases. Eight variants of load distribution in vehicles were tested. The evaluation of the damping coefficient of shock absorbers was conducted with the EUSAMA method. This paper identified the sizes and distribution of loads in the vehicles of varied structural parameters and tyre pressures on the damping coefficient values of shock absorbers. The test results indicate that when using a vehicle under varied load conditions, there are changes in the damping coefficient of shock absorbers. This may translate directly into the traction characteristics and stability of a vehicle while travelling, and this, in turn, is connected with the vehicle safety. This paper shows the considerable influence of the tyre pressure on the EUSAMA coefficient. The changes in the vehicle loads also influenced the values of the damping coefficient of shock absorbers. The changes in the damping coefficient of shock absorbers were also influenced by the size and distribution of loads in vehicles.

9

Towards Autonomous Driving: Design of Smart Damper – Energy Harvester

Dzedzickis Andrius, Lenkutis Tadas, Makulavičius Mantas, Bučinskas Vytautas, Morkvėnaitė-Vilkončienė Inga

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

|

2019

|

R. 23, nr 4

19--24

EN

Majority of modern cars are equipped with standard suspension systems with hydraulic shock absorbers. They are reliable elements, but came to the limit of their possibilities to ensure reasonable level of vibration accelerations, when cars became lighter and diameters of the wheel rim and tires has big diameter. This paper provides possible solution for the modern car suspension systems with controlled damping and self-powering service and data transmission. Such dampers implements smart liquid and electrically realized damping force control. This paper focused on electrical properties of this type of shock absorbers. Provided experimental research use shock absorber – energy harvester of new design. All experiments performed on shock machine using produced by authors prototype of original design. Energy gaining performed using three similar prototypes with ferro-nanomagnetic liquid, permanent magnet core and ferromagnetic steel core. Obtained results provided in the graphical form as electric gain with open circuit and loaded by electric load.

PL

Większość nowoczesnych samochodów jest wyposażona w standardowe układy zawieszenia z hydraulicznymi amortyzatorami. Aktualnie stosowane amortyzatory są niezawodne, jednak nie umożliwiają dalszego rozwoju w odniesieniu do znacznych wartości przyśpieszeń drgań w lekkich samochodach o dużych średnicach felg i opon. Artykuł przedstawia nowe możliwości rozwiązań w nowoczesnych układach zawieszenia z kontrolowanym tłumieniem, autonomicznym zasilaniem oraz monitoringiem. Zaproponowane tłumiki zapewniają inteligentne, elektrycznie sterowaną siłę tłumienia. W pracy skupiono się na właściwościach elektrycznych zaproponowanych amortyzatorów cieczowych. Do badań eksperymentalnych wykorzystano opracowany przez autorów prototyp amortyzatora, a eksperymenty przeprowadzono na maszynie uderzeniowej. Pozyskiwanie energii z amortyzatora zrealizowano przy użyciu trzech podobnych prototypów z cieczą z nanocząstkami magnetycznymi na bazie żelaza, rdzeniem z magnesem trwałym i rdzeniem ze stali ferromagnetycznej. Uzyskane wyniki przedstawiono jako uzyskaną energię elektryczną zarówno w układzie z otwartym obwodem, jak i obciążeniem elektrycznym.

10

Parameter identification of Bouc-Wen model for vacuum packed particles based on genetic algorithm

Bartkowski Piotr, Zalewski Robert, Chodkiewicz Paweł

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2019

|

Vol. 19, no. 2

322--333

EN

This paper investigates cylindrical samples made of vacuum packed particles. Such structures are composed of granular media placed in a hermetic encapsulation where, in the final stage, a partial vacuum is generated. The main advantage of such a structure is that the underpressure value makes it possible to control the global physical properties of granular systems. Materials with various grains are analyzed in the paper. A modified Bouc-Wen hysteresis model is adopted to describe the nonlinear properties of the tested specimens. To identify the model parameters, a genetic algorithm is applied. The proposed model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.

11

Evaluation of concrete barriers with novel shock absorbers subjected to impact loading

Kim WooSeok, Lee Ilkeun, Kim Kyeongjin, Jeong Yoseok, Lee Jaeha

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

|

2019

|

Vol. 19, no. 3

657--671

EN

Vehicle speeds have increased due to improved road condition. However, this increased speed can result in high energy collisions. Recently, a vehicle occupant in South Korea was killed by a fragment ejected from a concrete median barrier that was struck by a vehicle. The current design impact level of a concrete median barrier (CMB) is SB5-B (270 kJ). However, the impact level of the mentioned accident was estimated as over SB7 (2300 kJ). In the present work, a series of numerical analyses was conducted to reduce the fragmentations of CMB due to impact. Field test were utilized to verify the newly developed model of CMB in impact events. The wire-mesh reinforcements and increment of the cross section were considered as design modifications. In particular, a special device to absorb a significant collision energy has been developed without a dramatic increase in construction cost. This device consists of an empty space around the dowel bars which fix the barrier to the foundation. The empty space allows the dowel bars to deform to absorb collision energy. The performance of the new concrete median barrier equipped with the shock absorbing devices was verified by using carefully designed field test data.

12

Braking efficiency determined using an accelerometer in the aspect of technical condition of shock absorber

Konieczny Ł., Burdzik R., Warczek J.

Transport Problems

|

2018

|

T. 13, z. 2

81--90

EN

This article presents results of tests of the effect exerted by technical condition of shock absorbers on the braking efficiency of an automotive vehicle. The tests were conducted using Fiat Seicento featuring front shock absorbers which enabled shock-absorbing fluid-level adjustment. The tests comprised measurements conducted on the shock absorbers in four states, i.e. the nominal state with the fluid level at 100%, with shock-absorbing fluid levels of 25%, 50% and 75% as well as with the fluid tank completely empty (0%). Road tests of braking efficiency were conducted on cobbled pavement by means of a decelerometer.

13

Free vibration method for technical condition assessment of automotive shock absorbers

Konieczny Ł., Warczek J., Młynczak J., Zawisza M.

Diagnostyka

|

2017

|

Vol. 18, No. 3

47--53

EN

The article provides a discussion on oscillatory methods used for technical condition assessment of shock absorbers in automotive vehicles, focusing primarily on free vibration methods. It comments on results of simulation studies of a simple two-mass model conducted by application of a pulse input function. Results of experimental tests have also been provided in the paper. The foregoing tests consisted in recording of accelerations of the body of an automotive vehicle equipped with a shock absorber enabling simulation of shock absorbing liquid leakage. The follow-up analyses were conducted to establish the decrement of damping as well as the damping coefficient.

PL

W artykule opisano metody drganiowe stosowane w ocenie stanu technicznego zawieszenia pojazdu samochodowego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem metody drgań swobodnych. Przedstawiono wyniki badań symulacyjnych dla prostego modelu dwumasowego przy wykorzystaniu wymuszenia impulsowego. Zaprezentowano również wyniki badań eksperymentalnych. Badania te polegały na rejestracji przyśpieszeń drgań nadwozia pojazdu samochodowego wyposażonego w amortyzator umożliwiający zasymulowanie wycieku płynu amortyzatorowego. W ramach analiz wyznaczono dekrement tłumienia oraz współczynnik tłumienia.

14

Diagnostic of shock absorbers during road test with the use of vibration FFT and cross-spectrum analysis

Białkowski P., Krężel B.

Diagnostyka

|

2017

|

Vol. 18, No. 1

79--86

EN

In this article an attempt to diagnose damage to the shock absorbers of a passenger car during road operation with the use of vibration response measurement has been described. Accelerometers were mounted on the body - sprung mass. Based on the recorded signals, FFT and Cross-Spectrum graphs were prepared. The test was performed for several variants shock absorber damage. The single-number index of vibration amplitude increase, in the range of resonance frequency, was calculated, based on spectrum analysis. The results are shown as graphs and tables, for different damage types. The realization of measurement and adopted method of damage diagnosis are described.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono i opisano próbę diagnozowania uszkodzenia amortyzatorów w samochodzie osobowym przy użyciu odpowiedzi z czujników drgań podczas jazdy. Czujniki zamontowane były na nadwoziu - na masie resorowanej. Na podstawie zebranych sygnałów z czujników drgań wyznaczono widma drgań FFT odpowiedzi oraz widma krzyżowe. Badania wykonano dla kilku różnych wariantów uszkodzeń amortyzacji. Na podstawie analizy widm przyjęto jednoliczbowy wskaźnik obrazujący wielkości wzrostu amplitudy w obszarze częstotliwości rezonansowej. Wyniki przedstawiono w formie wykresów i tabel dla poszczególnych rodzajów uszkodzeń amortyzatorów. Opisano przebieg wykonanych pomiarów oraz przyjętą metodę diagnozowania uszkodzenia amortyzatorów.

15

Stanowisko do określania właściwości lepko-sprężystych i dynamicznych charakterystyk elementów zawieszenia pojazdu

Błażejewski A., Głowiński S.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2017

|

R. 18, nr 6

547--550, CD

PL

W artykule omówiony został problem badania właściwości lepko-sprężystych elementów zawieszenia pojazdów. Dobór właściwej charakterystyki zawieszenia pojazdu ma zasadnicze znaczenie, nie tylko dla komfortu jazdy, ale również dla bezpieczeństwa. Obecnie stosuje się coraz szerzej zawieszenia regulowane, gdzie sztywność elementów jest dobierana indywidualnie w zależności od warunków jazdy. Niezbędna jest więc znajomość właściwości tłumiących, lub inaczej lepko-sprężystych, poszczególnych elementów składowych zawieszenia. Jednym z rozwiązań stanowiska do wyznaczania tych właściwości, jest rozwiązanie przedstawione w tym artykule. Prezentowane stanowisko składa się z dwóch zasadniczych części: elektromechanicznej (napędowej) oraz pomiarowej (tory pomiarowe). Wykonano na stanowisku przykładowe badania i dokonano analizy przy wykorzystaniu środowiska obliczeniowo-analitycznego sygnałów otrzymanych z torów pomiarowych. W tym przypadku zastosowano oprogramowanie LabView oraz Matlab.

EN

In this paper results of tests of vertical dynamic wheel loads due to changes of suspension damping level are presented.This research allows to calculate a viscoelastic properties of suspension elements such as dampers and shock absorbers.These elements are essential for drivers comfort and moreover for their safety.At the test stand presented in this work, the changes of damping level were performed using semi-active shock absorbers.Article presents suspension goals, methods of test with information about used apparatus and sensors. At the end of article, the results in the form of characteristics, are presented and interpreted using LabView and Matlab software.

16

Hydropneumatyczne zawieszenie pojazdu gąsienicowego z amortyzacją cierną

Wocka P., Tomaszewski S.

Szybkobieżne Pojazdy Gąsienicowe

|

2016

|

nr 1 (39)

39--55

PL

W artykule przedstawiono koncepcje hydropneumatycznego zawieszenia pojazdu gąsienicowego opartego o zespół cylindra hydropneumatycznego i amortyzatora ciernego zintegrowanego z piast wahacza. Omówiono przeznaczenie, konfigurację , budowę pojedynczego zespołu zawieszenia oraz kinematykę i koncepcję budowy układu zawieszenia pojazdu gąsienicowego.

EN

The paper presents the concept of a hydropneumatic suspension of a tracked vehicle based on the hydropneumatic cylinder arrangement and friction damper integrated with the suspension arm holder. The purpose, configuration, design of single suspension unit and the kinematics and design concept of the suspension system of a tracked vehicle are discussed.

17

The impact of complex forcing on the viscous torsional vibration damper’s work in the crankshaft of the rotating combustion engine

Jagiełowicz-Ryznar C.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

|

2016

|

Vol. 21, no. 4

1017--1023

EN

The numerical calculations results of torsional vibration of the multi-cylinder crankshaft in the serial combustion engine (MC), including a viscous damper (VD), at complex forcing, were shown. In fact, in the MC case the crankshaft rotation forcings spectrum is the sum of harmonic forcing whose amplitude can be compared with the amplitude of the 1st harmonic. A significant impact, in the engine operational velocity, on the vibration damping process of MC, may be the amplitude of the 2nd harmonic of a forcing moment. The calculations results of MC vibration, depending on the amplitude of the 2nd harmonic of the forcing moment, for the first form of the torsional vibration, were shown. Higher forms of torsional vibrations have no practical significance. The calculations assume the optimum damping coefficient VD, when the simple harmonic forcing is equal to the base critical velocity of the MC crankshaft.

18

Diagnostic tests of vehicle suspension during braking

Janulin M., Gonera J., Witkowicz W.

Diagnostyka

|

2016

|

Vol. 17, No. 3

59--65

EN

This paper describes the influence of shock absorbers' technical condition on the vehicle braking process on two types of surface with the Anti-Lock Braking System activated and deactivated. During each of the road tests the vehicle stopping distance, the braking deceleration, and the force applied on the brake pedal were determined. The test plan includes various road surfaces and technical conditions of shock absorbers. The established characteristics of the stopping distance and the deceleration allow the determination of the relations between the technical condition of the shock absorbers, the road surface, and the efficiency of the braking system. In addition, this paper presents the principle of operation of the Anti-Lock Braking System, which is one of the basic active safety systems.

PL

W pracy określono wpływ stanu technicznego amortyzatorów na proces hamowania pojazdu na dwóch rodzajach nawierzchni, przy aktywnym oraz zdezaktywowanym układzie ABS. Podczas każdej z prób drogowych określane były droga hamowania pojazdu, opóźnienie hamowania oraz siła nacisku na pedał hamulca. W planie badań uwzględniono różne stany nawierzchnie drogi i stany techniczne amortyzatorów. Wyznaczone charakterystyki drogi hamowania i opóźnienia pozwalające na identyfikację zależności pomiędzy stanem amortyzatorów, nawierzchnią drogi, a skutecznością funkcjonowania układu hamulcowego. W pracy przedstawiono również zasadę działania układu ABS, który jest jednym z podstawowych elementów bezpieczeństwa czynnego.

19

Multi-objective model-based design optimization of hydraulic shock absorbers

Wszołek G.

Computer Assisted Methods in Engineering and Science

|

2016

|

Vol. 23, no. 2/3

147--166

EN

This paper presents the multi-objective optimization process of a hydraulic damper design based on its interdisciplinary meta-model considering both the properties of a damper and of the testing equipment used for the purpose of design criteria verification, and in particular the tolerance band criterion of damping force characteristics, the criterion of maximum permissible vibration level expressed with the piston rod acceleration and the criterion of fatigue durability for the damper’s hydraulic valve system. The meta-model of a damper and a testing bench include the following models: mechanical model, hydraulic model, electro-hydraulic model and valve system fatigue durability model. The multi-objective optimization method provides an optimal solution by means of Pareto frontier. Furthermore, all potential feasible solutions are ranked according to additional customer preferences to select the most suitable ones. The proposed method is intended to be used to determine the best starting point in a new shock absorber design process.

20

Metodyka identyfikacji parametrów modelu lepkoplastycznego badanej cieczy magnetoreologicznej

Skalski P.

Logistyka

|

2015

|

nr 3

4392--4397, CD 1

PL

Głównym celem pracy jest metodyka identyfikacji parametrów prawa Perzyny dla cieczy magnetoreologicznej. Estymowany model został zastosowany do symulacji numerycznych, która pozwoliła na opis zachowania cieczy magnetoreologicznej w szczelinie pracującego urządzenia. Porównane wyniki symulacji numerycznych i z danymi eksperymentalnymi potwierdzają metodę identyfikacji parametrów modelu lepkoplastycznego dla badanej cieczy MR.

EN

The main aim of this work is the parameters identificaton methodology of the Perzyna model for magnetorheological fluid. Identified model was used to develop the simulations that verifie the proposed mathematical model which describes the behaviour of an MR fluid in the operating gap of a machine’s head, with data derived from performed experiments.