Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Molecular models in chemistry education at university and upper secondary school - structure of amides

Kolář Karel, Doležal Rafael, Karásková Natálie, Maltsevskaya Nadezhda V., Křížková Šárka

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

|

2019

|

R. 24, NR 1-2

45--51

EN

Molecular models derived from results of quantum-chemical calculations present an important category of didactic instruments in chemistry education in upper secondary school and, particularly, at university. These models can be used especially as tools for supporting the students’ understanding by visual learning, which can adequately address complexity of many chemical topics, incorporate appropriate didactic principles, as well as utilize the benefits brought up by the actual information technology. The proposed molecular models are non-trivial examples of didactic application of computational chemistry techniques in illustration of electron interactions in amidic group, namely the interaction of the free electron pair on the nitrogen atom with the carbonyl group and also the interaction of atoms in the amide group with other surrounding atoms in the molecule. By these molecular models it is possible to explain acid-base properties of amides applying knowledge of electron density distribution in the molecules and the resulting electrostatic potential. Presentation of the structure and properties of the amides within education is important also for the reason that amidic functions are involved in many important natural substances (e.g. proteins, peptides, nucleic acids or alkaloids), synthetic macromolecular substances (e.g. Silon) or pharmaceutical preparations (e.g. paracetamol). Molecular models then serve to support better understanding of the structure of these substances and, in relation to it, their properties.

2

Wybrane substancje chłodzące stosowane w kosmetykach

Adaszyńska M., Swarcewicz M.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

|

2012

|

[Z] 66, 5-6

543-562

EN

Menthol and new cooling compounds are widely used to improve modern toothpastes, gums, breath fresheners, cosmetic lotions, deodorants, shaving gels, and shaving aid composites. This paper reviews the use of menthol and new classes of cooling agents, that have been discovered since the 1970s, in cosmetic preparations. We have presented here 57 chemical structures. In addition, we briefly touch upon cold receptors and mechanism of action. Finally, we add up, recent findings on the production of cooling ingredients in the world. The underlying process in thermoreception depends on ion transport across cellular membranes. Thermoreceptors belong to a class of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Among them are temperature-sensitive thermoreceptors TRPM8 or TRPA 1. Certain types of chemical agonists activate the same thermoTRP channels, as for example menthol or icilin. Only the (–)-menthol enantiomer possesses clean, desirable minty odor and intense cooling properties (Fig. 1). Natural menthol is normally about 99.0% to 99.6% pure, with the remaining impurities being other constituents found in the cornmit oil. Synthetic (–)-menthol is normally about 99.8% pure and has less of the minty top note than the natural menthol. The other natural and synthetic compounds being menthol-related coolants are showed in Figure 3, as for example, menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal (17). From among 3-carboxamide-p-menthane derivatives as commercial cooling agents (Fig. 4), there are for example N-ethyl-pmenthane- 3-carboxamide (25) as WS-3 and [ethyl 3-(p-menthane-3-carboxamido) acetate] as WS-5, which is currently the coldest of all commercial cooling agents (27). Other examples of recently discovered carboxamide coolants belong to a series of analogs of WS-23 (28). Of particular interest are various aryl p-menthane-3- carboxamides, such as N-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-3-p-menthanecarboxamide (36), which was reported to have 100 times more cooling intensity than menthol (Fig. 6). In 2010, Furrer disclosed a series of new p-menthane carboxamide and WS-23 analogs as cooling agents [56]. Three particularly potential cooling agents 50, 51 and 52 are shown in Figure 9.

3

Ion binding properties of 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-Butyl-25,27-bis(diethylcarbamoylmethoxy)-26,28-bis(diphenylphosphinoylmethoxy)calix[4]arene towards alkaline-earth cations

Yaftian M. R., Abdollahi H., Shokouhi R., Tavakoli M., Matt D.

Chemia Analityczna

|

2007

|

Vol. 52, No. 1

103-113

EN

The ability of 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyI-25,27-bis(diethylcarbamoylmethoxy)-26.2S-bis(dipheny]phosphinoy[methoxy)calix[4]arene (calix-1) to complex alkaline-earth ions was evaluated by determination of stability constant of respective complexes in methanol and mixed methanol-X solvents (X = acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran) at 20°C by UV-VIS spec-troscopy. The analysis of the obtained spectra has shown a 1:2 (calix-1/metal) stoichiomet-ric ratio for Ca2 and S2+ complexes, and 1:1 stoichiometry-for Ba2+ in all studied solvents. An addition of either acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran to methano! increased stability of M-ca!ix-l (M - an alkaline-earth ion) complexes. The results have shown a significantly greater affinity of calix-1 receptor towards calcium ion than to other alkaline-earth ions. To demonstrate analytical applications of the studied calixarene, it has been used as an ionophore in a new PVC coated graphite membrane of Ca2+-selective electrode. The membrane comprised 6% calix-I. 61% solvent mediator {ortho-nitrophenyloctyI ether).30% PVC, and 3% anion excluder (sodium tetraphenylboratc). The electrode exhibited a near-Nernstian response of 30.7 š 0.2 mV/decade over a concentration range of calcium ion of 1 x 10-5- 1 x 10-3 mol L-3 , detection limit was 3.6 x 10-6 mol L-1 . The working pH range of the proposed electrode was 4-7. The electrode was successfully used as a potentiometric sensor in complexometric titration of calcium ion in various solutions.

PL

Oceniono zdolność 5.11,17.23-tetra-fórt-bulyl-25,27-bis(dietyIokarbamoilmetoksy)-26.28--bis(difenylofbsfinoilrnetoksy)kaliks[4]arenu (calix-1) do wiązania w kompleks jonów metali ziem alkalicznych na drodze wyznaczenia stałych wartości odpowiednich kompleksów w metanolu i rozpuszczalnikach mieszanych: metanol-X {X = acetonitryl lub tetrahydrofu-ran), za pomocą spektroskopii UV-VIS w 20°C. Analiza uzyskanych widm wykazała, że stechiometria kompleksów (calix-1—metal) wynosi l :2 dla Ca<2+ i Sr2+ oraz l: l dla Ba;2+ we wszystkich badanych rozpuszczalnikach. Dodatek acetonitrylu lub tetrahydrofuranu do metanolu zwiększa trwałość kompleksów: M-calix-1 (M -jon metalu ziem alkalicznych). Wyniki wskazują na dużo większe powinowactwo receptora calix-1 w stosunku do wapnia niż w stosunku do pozostałych metali ziem alkalicznych. W celu wykazania analitycznych zastosowań badanego kaliksarenu użyto go w charakterze jonoforu w nowej, selektywnej względem Ca2+ elektrodzie z membrana PVC na graficie. Membrana składała się z 6% eteru o-nitrofenylooktyiowego jako mediatora. 30% PVC i 3% tetrafenyloboranu sodu. Elektroda ta wykazywała nieomal Ncrnstowską odpowiedź 30,7 š 0,2 niV/dekadę w zakresie stężeń jonu wapniowego: l x 10-5 x 10-1mol L-1.Roboczy zakres pH nowej elektrody wynosił 4-7. Elektrodę zastosowano z powodzeniem w charakterze potencjometrycznego sensora w kompleksometrycznyrn miareczkowaniu jonów wapniowych w różnych roztworach.

4

Lower rim substituted p-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes. Part 10. New Pb(II)-selective electrodes based on tetrasubstituted calix[4]arene with amides

Bocheńska M., Lesińska U.

Chemia Analityczna

|

2006

|

Vol. 51, No. 6

879-887

EN

Pb(II) - selective electrodes based on Hpophilic calix[4]arenes (compounds 1-3) substituted with amide functionalities have been designed. The electrodes exhibited near-Nernstian characteristics for divalent cations within Pb2+ activity range from 10-1.3 to 10-7.2. The amount of lipophilic anionie component (KTpClPB) in electrode membranes and the influence of inner electrolyte on the electrode behavior and selectivity coefficients have been studied.The electrode with ionophore 3 has been found the best in respect of selectivity coefficients towards Pb(Il) in the presence of copper and cadmium (logKPb.M < -3) and cobalt, nickel, and alkaline earth metal ions (logKPb.M < -4).

PL

Zaprezentowano nowe elektrody Pb(ll)-jonoselektywne oparte na lipofilowych pochodnych kaliks[4]arenu podstawionych I - rżę do wy m i resztami amidowymi (1-3). Elektrody wykazywały prawie nernstowską charakterystykę w zakresie aktywności jonów Pb(II) od 10-1.3 do 10-7.2. Zbadano wpływ ilości soli lipofilowej (KTpCIPB) w membranie oraz elektrolitu wewnętrznego na charakterystykę elektrody oraz szacowane współczynniki selektywności. Stwierdzono, że najlepsze właściwości posiada związek 3, dla którego współczynniki selektywności w skali logarytmicznej wynoszą logK Pb.M < -3 dla kadmu i miedzi jako jonów przeszkadzających i logKPb.M < -4 dla wapnia, strontu, kobaltu i niklu jako jonów przeszkadzających.