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PL
Programy GIS służą do gromadzenia i przetwarzania danych geograficznych, jednak są przydatne również w badaniach historycznych założeń zieleni. Ich zastosowanie pozwala pełniej wykorzystywać materiały kartograficzne, gromadzić dane dotyczące poszczególnych obiektów, dokonywać precyzyjnych pomiarów powierzchni, śledzić zmiany w użytkowaniu i pokryciu terenu. Artykuł prezentuje przykłady zastosowania oprogramowania GIS w badaniach związanych z historycznymi założeniami zieleni z terenu Wielkopolski.
EN
GIS programs are used for the collection and processing of geographic data, however, they are also useful in the study of historical greenery. GIS allows better use of the archival and contemporary cartographic materials, collect data on individual objects, make precise measurements of the areas, track changes in use and land cover. The paper presents examples of the GIS software use, based on research related to the historical greenery in Wielkopolska region.
PL
W ramach realizacji projektu „Drogi dla Natury – kampania promocji zadrzewień w krajobrazie rolniczym jako siedlisk przyrody i korytarzy ekologicznych”, którego celem jest zachowanie, odtwarzanie, ochrona i kształtowanie alei przydrożnych jako cennych siedlisk przyrody i ozdoby tradycyjnego krajobrazu, 16 kwietnia br. odbyła się uroczystość posadzenia i otwarcia pierwszej w Europie alei transgranicznej.
3
Content available remote Preservation and restoration of greenery in historical cemeteries in Slovakia
EN
The largest development in sepulchral culture came at the time of the Enlightenment, when an architectural type of cemetery was created. This type of burial grounds often currently constitutes significant areas of historical greenery in our cities. The quantity and quality of the greenery in cemeteries, however, have decreased significantly in recent decades. The maintenance of these historical cemeteries requires in particular the protection and restoration of the paths. The article is focused on an evaluation of the greenery in the two eldest cemeteries in the town of Nitra. On the basis of the results of this evaluation, we have proposed principles for a framework methodology for restoring greenery and maintaining woody plant management in historical cemeteries.
PL
Największy rozwój kultury sepulkralnej nastąpił w epoce oświecenia, kiedy to stworzony został architektoniczny typ cmentarza. Ten rodzaj terenów grzebalnych stanowi w naszych miastach często znaczące tereny zieleni historycznej. Jednak ilość i jakość zieleni cmentarnej w ostatnich dekadach znacząco spadła. Dlatego też utrzymanie historycznych cmentarzy wymaga przede wszystkim ochrony oraz rewaloryzacji istniejących na nich alei. Niniejszy artykuł skupiać się będzie na ewaluacji zieleni na dwóch najstarszych cmentarzach w Nitrze. Na podstawie wyników badań zaproponowane zostały ramowe zasady metodologii dla rewaloryzacji zieleni i zarządzania utrzymywaniem roślin drzewiastych w historycznych przestrzeniach sepulkralnych.
EN
One of the functions of roadside tree planting is biodiversity protection. The analysis often alleys from Lower Silesia region confirmed their floristic wealth. Nineteen tree species and five shrub species were recognized. Planted species forming alleys are predominant among sites was different, but two alleys attract an attention with their compositional arrangement: chestnut lane in Staroscin ended with a group of old, monumental oaks surrounding a historic figure, and two-part lane in Biestrzykowice. The cherry alley in Dąbrowa Namysłowska should be covered by a special care since there are less and less alleys of this type. Floristic diversity may be seen especially clearly in the case of roadside herbaceous plants. In all analysed sites 123 species of herbaceous plant belonging to 32 families were recognised. The number of individuals from particular families was varied. The most abundant were aster family (Asteraceae), blue grass family (Poaceae) and pea family (Fabaceae). High diversity is also confirmed by the fact that only two species were present in all ten alleys, while as much as 49% of species were observed once only. Among recognized species, the predominant are those characteristic for roadsides, however also another ones from neighbouring areas may be found. The alleys may also be a place of protected species occurrence bear's-garlic ( Allium ursinum) or ones characteristic for quite other kinds of sites triangle pink (Dianthus deltoides).
EN
The problems of landscaping of Poland become in recenttimes significant. On a level with the protection of the natural environment they become the determinant of national culture, its environmental and aesthetic awareness. The article presents the role of the alley in shaping the identity of the Polish cultural landscape, including in the background of legal requirements. The road or a street apart from acting communication functions is also an element which orders the space. In many places of Poland, both the city tissue, this with historic values as well as former transport routes through various measures, including spatial transformations have been undergone and continue to undergo major reconstruction, which is often equivalent to the destruction of tree stand primarily. The remaining alleys in the contemporary perception of the urban landscape are the cultural heritage, mindlessly destroyed by more than 60 last years. Different activities superimpose here, both planning and cultural activities supported by most flawed, ineffective legislation, which provides no effective protection of alleys and the historic tree stand for today at roads, in the sacral and sepulchral setting-ups. Many historic alleys do not longer exist, although today's roads and streets were mostly carried out along the historic trails. The article focuses on the causes of this phenomenon. The article presents the history of legislation on the greens, which existed in Poland since the XVIII century, the rules on the order of planting and maintaining trees on public roads from 1922, from 1936, which had a significant impact on shaping the identity of the cultural landscape in Poland.
PL
Aleja Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Częstochowie to miejsce szczególne zarówno dla mieszkańców, jak i pielgrzymów. Po latach ten symbol miasta, który pełni ważną funkcję w kształtowaniu miejskiej przestrzeni publicznej, odzyskał swoją świetność.
PL
Dzięki szeroko zakrojonej akcji dostrzeżono i ochroniono przed planowaną wycinką aleję drzew rosnących przy drodze z Sulechowa do Skąpego w Lubuskiem. Ze względu na swoją wartość została ona uznana za ważny zabytek dziedzictwa kulturowego.
PL
Aleje są wyrazistą formacją krajobrazową. Ich rys dziejowy sięga najdawniejszych czasów w historii kultury. W dziejach kultywowania krajobrazu, odgrywały istotną rolę w formowaniu kompozycji parkowych, ogrodowych, miejskich, podmiejskich i wiejskich. Są znakomitym eksperymentem kompozycyjnym oraz przyrodniczym - dzięki stosowaniu różnych gatunków. Obecnie w Polsce, wiele wartościowych alej, także tych, które posiadają status zabytkowy - znajduje się w stanie zagrożenia, którego przyczyny są różne. Autorzy na podstawie własnych badań i projektów, proponują metodę kultywacji wartościowych alej w polskim krajobrazie.
EN
Alleys are distinctive landscape formations, and their story dates back to the most remote periods in the history of culture. Considering the landscape cultivation history, they played an essential role in forming park, garden, urban, suburban and rural compositions. They make excellent composition and nature experiments, owing to the use of various wood species in them. Presently, many alleys in Poland, including those of a historical status, are endangered, for various reasons. Based on their own research and projects, the authors offer a method of preserving valuable alleys in the Polish landscape.
EN
Avenues for a long time have been one of the fundamental components of the country landscape. Straight roads connecting manors and farms on Polish territory, were lined with trees. The avenue would also serve as a composition and sight axis. They would also connect the residential areas of parks and gardens with other dominant objects in the surrounding landscape, such as palaces, manors, farms etc. Common lime (Tilia cordata) is a native species to Poland. Therefore it was often used as an avenue tree in different regions of our country. Lime avenues are numerous in Podlasie and some other provinces (which used to be a part of Łomża province). Four lime avenues in Łomża vicinity were chosen to show the actual meaning of relic avenues in the contemporary agricultural landscape, and to formulate some conclusions concerning the possibilities of their protection and survival. Growing antropopressure has caused the vicinity of the relic avenues to undergo some unfavorable changes. Roads which had once been used only by horse drawn transport, became busy communication tracks. Avenue trees remaining in such conditions without necessary care had no chance of survival. Nowadays old avenues do not serve the roles for which they were originally meant. Nevertheless they are of great value even now but for other reasons. They represent exceptional landscape qualities, and in many cases (e.g. the avenue in Puchały) are the only remaining relics of ancient manors. It can be said that old avenues just as other relics bridge the past and the present together. They are our cultural and natural heritage. We should endeavour to keep and conserve the traditional virtues of our home landscape, from which old avenues are inseparable.
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