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1

Ecological Aspects of Allelopathic Interactions of Energy Crops

Moskalyk Halyna, Leheta Uliana, Zhuk Alina, Boruk Olena, Fedoriak Mariia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 10

185--191

EN

The allelopathic potential of classical energy crops (Panicum virgatum L., Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench, hybrids 'Zubr' and 'Medovyi') was studied by the energy of germination of biotesters' seeds and their biometric parameters, as well as the selection of sensitive biotesters and test traits. Secale cereale L. and Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers. were used as biotesters. The selectivity of secretions action has been proven – the aqueous extracts from the same energy plant caused different reactions in acceptor plants. The obtained results indirectly indicate the allelopathic potential of energy crops P. virgatum and S. saccharatum. A decrease in the germination energy of the biotester R. sativus var. radicula seeds as well as reduction of underground and aboveground parts of both R. sativus var. radicula and S. cereale were observed under the effect of aqueous extracts of studied energy crops. In order to confirm an allelopathic potential of energy crops, using multiple test signs of different biotesters is suggested.

2

Effect of Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) Litter Extracts on Germination and Growth of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Seedlings

Bączek Paulina, Halarewicz Aleksandra

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 2

137--147

EN

In the managed forest of temperate Europe, black cherry (Prunus serotina) is one of the most important invader species. Among the ecological traits enabling its expansion in forest stands, the role of chemical compounds released naturally by this plant into the environment still remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of black cherry leaf litter on the germination and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings. Laboratory bioassays with extracts from newly fallen and decomposed leaves showed a phytotoxic effect on root elongation and a slightly weaker negative effect on stem growth of pine shoots. The inhibitory effect increased with the gradient of leaf extract concentration. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between condensed tannin content in decomposed leaf litter of the black cherry and the pine root growth. The results are discussed in the context of black cherry litter properties which could interfere with natural regeneration of pine forests.

3

Allelopathic Effects of Wood Small-Reed (Calamagrostis epigejos) on Germination and Growth of Selected Grassland Species

Pruchniewicz Daniel, Halarewicz Aleksandra

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 2

122--136

EN

The role of allelopathy in the displacement of given meadow species by wood small-reed (Calamagrostis epigejos) is not well recognized. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the influence of volatile and aqueous extracts from C. epigejos on initial recruitment of typical mesic meadow species (Daucus carota, Rumex acetosa, Festuca pratensis and Dactylis glomerata). The activity of allelochemicals contained within above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass and necromass of the donor plant was estimated. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique led to the identification of 19 compounds (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters) in C. epigejos volatile extracts. Aliphatic alcohols were the main group of identified chemicals, including (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetate. The laboratory tests showed a significant inhibitory influence of volatile C. epigejos extracts on the growth of D. glomerata, D. carota and R. acetosa roots. The influence of aqueous C. epigejos extracts on selected meadow species was less evident. Only the seeds of D. glomerata and F. pratensis were found to be susceptible to water extracts of above-ground C. epigejos biomass. The seed germination was stimulated by the extracts at low concentrations but inhibited at higher concentrations. Among the tested plants only the growth of F. pratensis seedlings was inhibited by aqueous extracts obtained from all examined C. epigejos parts. In regarding to the other test species the effect of C. epigejos extracts was neutral or positive. The results suggest that C. epigejos has a allelopathic potential to suppress the growth of co-occurring grassland species.

4

Habitat Preference Within Its Native Range and Allelopathy of Garlic Mustard Alliaria petiolate

Sajna N.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 1

46--56

EN

Even though Alliaria petiolata is a globally important invasive plant, for Europe it is a native humble understory species. I studied the population characteristics of A. petiolata in its native range (NE Slovenia) by evaluating its demographic structure (e.g. population size, density, plant fruit production) and herbivory damage in different habitats (forest understorey, forest edge, ruderal site). Moreover I tested the allelopathic potential of fresh A. petiolata leaves and roots on garden cress Lepidium sativum germination and seedling development. I performed bioassays with aqueous extracts and took a first step toward testing the presence of volatile potentially allelopathic compounds. The results showed that A. petiolata populations can become established at disturbed sites, even such without a tree canopy, but dense stands can be found only at disturbed forest edges. The bioassays confirmed the presence of A. petiolata aqueous and volatile allelochemicals in leaves and roots. Germination was suppressed more by volatiles, showing that allelopathy can act via volatile compounds and further suggesting their antifungal effects. The results allow predicting that the success of A. petiolata invasion in a non-native range might rely on its variable habitat tolerance (not being a strict ruderal species) and allelopathy.

5

Cyanobacterial and microalgal bioactive compounds – the role of secondary metabolites in allelopathic interactions

Żak A., Kosakowska A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 1

131--143

EN

Secondary metabolites produced by plants, algae, bacteria and fungi may affect the growth and development of biological systems. This is a natural process which occurs worldwide and is known as allelopathy. A relatively small number of these allelopathic compounds has been identified. The majority of studies describe the inhibitory effect of investigated compounds, extracts, cell-free filtrates and living cells on other organisms, although stimulatory interactions have also been noticed. Allelopathic interactions in aquatic environments could provide a competitive advantage to some species over other primary producers. Furthermore, allelopathy occurs in all aquatic habitats and all groups of autotrophs are capable of producing and releasing allelopathically active compounds. Moreover, secondary metabolites obtained from phytoplankton could demonstrate other useful bioactive properties. This review is intended to summarize the current knowledge of allelopathic interactions between microalgae and cyanobacteria in aquatic environments, as well as to provide a brief overview of the ecological importance of these interactions and their potential practical application in different branches of industry

6

The initial growth and development of Poa pratensis under the allelopathic influence of Taraxacum officinale

Jankowski K., Jankowska J., Ciepiela G. A., Sosnowski J., Wiśniewska-Kadżajan B, Matsyura A

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 15, nr 2

93--99

EN

This experiment was carried out in laboratory conditions. The aim of this work was estimating allelopathic potential of Taraxacum officinale on seeds germination and initial growth of Poa pratensis. In the experiment different concentration of soil’s and plant’s water solution obtained from common dandelion were employed. The inhibition of germination energy of Poa pratensis under the influence of plant extracts produced from roots and leaves of Taraxacum officinale was found. Germination availability was inhibited in a higher degree by extracts prepared from the leaves than the roots of Taraxacum officinale. Higher concentrations of all solutions of both the soil and the plant inhibited the length of seending of Poa pratensis.

7

Allelopathic activity of the norharmane-producing cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis against cyanobacteria and microalgae

Mohamed Z.A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 1

1-7

EN

The cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis was observed growing as a monospecies in enriched phytoplankton samples in the laboratory, indicating its allelopathic activity on coexisting phytoplankton species. Therefore, the present study screened the culture medium of an axenic strain of this cyanobacterium for the presence of allelechemicals with algicidal properties by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The allelopathic effect of S. aquatilis was evaluated by co-cultivation of target species of toxic cyanobacteria and green algae with this cyanobacterium, as well as by evaluation of norharmane (β-carboline 9H-pyrido(3,4-b) indole) crude extract prepared from the culture medium of Synechocystis. The growth of target algal species was measured as a cell density after 6 days incubation. The results showed that S. aquatilis produced the indole alkaloid norharmane with large quantities in the culture medium (86 μg l-1). In co-cultivation experiments, S. aquatilis inhibited the growth of all tested cyanobacteria and green algae. Norharmane crude extract exhibited stronger inhibition of cyanobacteria (EC50 = 4.6-4.8 μg ml-1) than green algae (EC50= 6.3-6.4 μg ml-1) in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating its apparent role in the allelopathic activity of S. aquatilis. The possible applicability of the allelochemical, norharmane, as an algicide to prevent the formation of harmful algal bloom was discussed.

8

Biologiczne i fizyczne metody stosowane w produkcji i uszlachetnianiu nasion

Grzesik M., Janas R., Górnik K., Romanowska-Duda Z.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 57, nr 3

147-152

PL

Plon i jakość nasion są ważnymi parametrami decydującymi o efektywności produkcji rolniczej. Zależą one od cech genetycznych, i warunków środowiskowych, w tym: wody, temperatury, nawożenia, naświetlenia, a także od umiejscowienia nasion na roślinie, które ma wpływ na okres ich dojrzewania i zbioru. Zwiększenie wielkości i jakości plonu nasion można uzyskać stosując niechemiczne metody agrotechniczne, stymulowanie lub hamowanie wzrostu sąsiadujących roślin wykorzystując zjawisko allelopatii, biologiczne traktowanie rozwijających się roślin i nasion, poprawę kwitnienia i zapylania kwiatów, przedsiewne uszlachetnianie nasion, zwiększenie odporności siewek na chłód i choroby oraz spowolnienie starzenia się materiału siewnego. Wyodrębnione metody mają charakter ekologiczny i sprzyjają środowisku.

EN

Yield and quality of seeds decide about the effectiveness of plant production. They are dependent not only on the genera but also on environmental conditions, such as water, temperature, nutrition, light, as well as localisation of seeds on plants, which influence on the time of seed maturation and their harvest. Increase of yield and quality of seeds can be achieved by use of agro technical methods, regulation of plant development basing on the allelopathy between organisms, physiological and biological treatments of developed plants and seeds, improving flowering and pollination, pre-sowing seed processing and conditioning, increasing resistance to chilling, improving the health status of seeds and decreasing their ageing. The used methods are ecological and friendly for environment.

9

Allelopathic effects of cyanobacterial filtrates on Baltic diatom

Śliwińska S., Latała A.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2012

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Vol. 1, iss. 1

103--107

EN

Allelopathy may be one of the factors affecting the formation of massive and harmful algal blooms in aquatic environments. Recent studies indicate that blooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea has grown significantly in last decades, so it is important to determine the allelopathic interactions between the dominant species of cyanobacteria and microalgae. In this work we investigated the influence of allelopathic compounds on the growth of Skeletonema marinoi by addition of cell-free filtrate of the Baltic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena cultures grown under different temperature (15-25ºC). Additionally the effects of filtrates of both an exponential and a stationary growing culture of N. spumigena were tested on diatom. These studies indicate that high temperature affected the donor species by increasing its production of allelochemicals. The highest drop of growth of analyzed diatom were observed after the addition of cell-free filtrate obtained from N. spumigena grown at 25ºC and constituted 70% of their control. N. spumigena was only allelopathic in exponential growth phase, whereas the cyanobacteria filtrate from stationary phase have any effect on S. marinoi. These findings suggest that N. spumigena may reveal allelopathic activity and that the production of allelopathic substances is influenced by the temperature and growth phase of cyanobacteria.

PL

Allelopatia może być kluczowym czynnikiem wpływającym na tworzenie się masowych zakwitów sinic w wielu wodnych ekosystemach. Badania pokazują, że zakwity sinic w Morzu Bałtyckim w ostatnich dekadach znacznie się nasiliły, dlatego tak ważne jest określenie stopnia oddziaływania allelopatycznego dominujących w tym akwenie gatunków fitoplanktonu. W przeprowadzonych badaniach określono wpływ związków allelopatycznych produkowanych przez bałtycką sinicę Nodularia spumigena hodowaną w różnych temperaturach (15-25ºC) na wzrost okrzemki Skeletonema marinoi. Dodatkowo w niniejszej pracy porównano wpływ przesączu komórkowego uzyskanego z hodowli sinic będących w fazie logarytmicznego i stacjonarnego wzrostu. Badania wykazały, że temperatura modyfikuje allelopatyczne oddziaływania i na przykład najwyższy spadek wzrostu zaobserwowano u S. marinoi po dodaniu przesączu uzyskanego z kultur N. spumigena hodowanych w 25ºC. Wynosił on 70% w stosunku do kontroli. Ponadto w pracy stwierdzono, że N. spumigena wykazywała oddziaływanie allelopatyczne na badaną okrzemkę jedynie wtedy, gdy dodawany przesącz komórkowy pochodził z fazy logarytmicznego wzrostu. Wyniki uzyskane w niniejszej pracy sugerują, że bałtyckie sinice mogą wykazywać oddziaływania allelopatyczne w stosunku do okrzemek a produkcja związków allelopatycznych może być zależna od temperatury oraz fazy wzrostu, w której znajdują się organizmy donorowe.

10

Competition between sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and black cherry (Padus serotina) : dynamics of seedlings growth

Robakowski P., Bielinis E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 2

297-306

EN

Competition is an evolutionary mechanism which exerts a selection pressure on living organisms. Forest trees compete for light, water and nutrients, especially at a young age. It was observed that the Quercus petraea and Padus serotina natural regenerations occupied the same site growing under the canopy of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.). To simulate the competition between young sessile oaks and black cherries found in forest, a controlled experiment was conducted using one-year-old seedlings of both species. There were eight treatments of different competition intensity. The treatments were established varying the number of potted seedlings and adding fresh cherry leaves to the substrate to enhance allelopathic effects. It was hypothesized that black cherry would reduce the height growth and diameter at root collar of sessile oak seedlings and this inhibitory effect would be magnified by an increasing number of cherry seedlings and/or fresh leaves. Black cherry as an invasive, fast-growing species was presumed to win the growth competition with oak. However, the differences in growth parameters would not only depend on genetic differences between the species, but also on the number of competing seedlings in pots and an allelopathic effect of cherry leaves. During the whole vegetative season, each two weeks, the growth parameters of seedlings (height, height increment and diameter at root collar) were measured. The results did not support the hypothesis that cherry had an inhibitory effect on oak growth, at least after one vegetative season. Contrary, a presence of cherry seedlings enhanced the oak height increment (F = 8.6, P <0.001) which might be due to either the strong interspecific competition for light or, less plausibly, positive allelopathic effect, or an interaction of both. Our results indicated a negative auto-allelopathic effect of cherry seedlings and/or fresh cherry leaves on height of cherry seedlings (F = 47.7, P <0.001). This invader showed a continuous and steep height increment within the whole vegetative season, whereas oak seedlings grew rapidly only in July. When compared the mean initial heights in April with those after the bud set in September, cherry was four fold and oak only two fold higher. A very intensive height increment gives black cherry an advantage over sessile oak at a young age which can disturb the spontaneous conversion of pine stands into a mixed pine-oak forest with a greater share of oak and other native deciduous tree species.

11

Biochemical and Physiological Characteristic: A Review

Sacała E.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 12

1615-1624

EN

Miscanthus × giganteus (Giant Miscanthus) is one of the most promising plants cultivated for biomass production. In spite of its origin from south-east Asia and being warm adapted plant it grows well and produces high biomass in temperate latitudes. Miscanthus × giganteus is a C4 plant and hence this study presents a brief description of C4 photosynthesis and the enzymes involved in this process. On the basis of data from current literature, the biochemical bases of relatively high tolerance of miscanthus to cold temperatures (0–15 oC) were evaluated. Moreover, it was reviewed numerous ecophysiological features of Miscanthus × giganteus were reviewed (high productivity, low fertiliser and pesticides requirements, possibility to use in phytoremediation) which showed that it is a proecological and environmentally friendly crop. This causes that Miscanthus × giganteus might be recognize as a leading crop in non-food cultivations.

PL

Miscanthus × giganteus (Miskant olbrzymi) jest jedną z bardziej obiecujących tzw. Roślin alternatywnych uprawianych z przeznaczeniem na cele energetyczne. Pomimo że pochodzi z południowo- Miscanthus -wschodniej Azji i jest rośliną ciepłolubną, to bardzo dobrze rośnie i charakteryzuje się wysoką produktywności ą w strefie umiarkowanych szerokości geograficznych. Miscanthus × giganteus jest rośliną typu C4, dlatego w pracy przedstawiono krótki opis procesu fotosyntetycznego wiązania CO2 w tzw. szlaku C4 oraz uczestniczących w nim enzymów. Korzystając z najnowszych danych literaturowych, przeanalizowano podstawy biochemiczne stosunkowo dużej odporności tej rośliny na niskie temperatury (0-15 oC). Opisano również szereg ekofizjologicznych właściwości Miscanthus × giganteus (wysoka produktywność, niewielkie wymagania nawozowe, brak konieczności stosowania pestycydów, możliwość wykorzystania w procesach fitoremediacji), które sprawiają, że jest on określany jako roślina ekologiczna i szczególnie przyjazna środowisku. Opisane cechy rośliny sprawiają, że można ją uznać za lidera wśród roślin uprawianych na cele nieżywnościowe.

12

The in situ influence of Ceratophyllum demersum on a phytoplankton assemblage

Pełechata A., Pełechaty M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2010

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Vol. 39, No.1

95-101

EN

The aim of this work was to present a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a phytoplankton assemblage under the influence of Ceratophyllum demersum L. during a two-year field study. Literature data obtained under laboratory conditions indicate that C. demersum may cause a decrease in the blue-green algae biomass, which is considered to be evidence of the significance of allelopathy. The observations reported in the current paper indicated that there was no clear effect on cyanoprokaryota whereas decreases in the quantity of Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, Chlorophyta, and Chrysophyceae are noted.

13

Allelopatyczne właściwości metabolitów wtórnych roślin uprawnych

Jasicka-Misiak I.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2009

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[Z] 63, 1-2

39-62

EN

Allelopathy has been defined by the International Allelopathy Society as "any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants, microorganisms, viruses and fungi that influence the growth and development of agricultural and biological systems, including positive and negative effects [1]". Allelochemicals can be released into the environment and despite what effect they evoke towards living organisms this kind of specific chemical interactions is known as "allelopathy". Allelopathic phenomena have been observed and studied from ancient times. Theophrastus from Eresos, a disciple of Aristotle, reported an inhibitory effect of pigweed Polygonum spp. on alfalfa in ca. 350 B.C., whereas Pliny described the harmful effects of several plants on cropland in ca. 1 A.D. [2-5]. Although chemical interactions between plants have been known for thousands years, the term allelopathy was used for the first time in 1937 [5]. It derives from Latin words allelon ("of each other") and pathos ("to suffer") and refers to the chemical interactions among species. In recent years there has been an increasing interest towards the perspective of exploiting allelopathy and allelochemicals as an alternative strategy for controlling weeds in particular, but also for controlling insects and plant diseases. Plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that play important roles in ecological interactions. This is one, probably the most pronounced, of a variety of ways in which certain plants can protect themselves against competition, infection or feeding in their natural habitats. Some of secondary metabolites may also play an important role in chemical mediation of growth and development of plant communities. These substances are called "allelochemicals" and are relea-sed into the environment in order to interfere with the growth of competing plants or act as chemical defence against pathogens and animals. Therefore such compounds might be considered as constituents of plant defence system and could be treated as a kind of chemical weapons. Originally, compounds like allelochemicals were thought to occur exclusively in higher plants. Ongoing research, however, has revealed them also to be synthesized by bacteria, lower plants and fungi. Allelochemicals may furnish an entirely new generation of naturally produced weed-controlling compounds, replacing synthetic herbicides and other pesticides with non-acumulatting easy-degradable substances.

14

Środowiskotwórcza rola ramienic

Pełechaty M., Gąbka M.

Ekologia i Technika

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2006

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R. 14, nr 3

93-97

PL

Celem artykułu był przegląd danych literaturowych dotyczących pośrednich i bezpośrednich mechanizmów, dzięki którym ramienicom przypisuje się środowiskową rolę w ekosystemie wodnym. Jak wynika z przedstawionego przeglądu znaczenie makrofitów wodnych, w tym ramienic, w sieci zależności wewnątrzekosystemalnych jest ogólnie przyjęte w przypadku jezior płytkich. Konieczne są jednak dalsze badania, zwłaszcza dotyczące allelopatii in situ.

EN

The aim of the paper was to review the literature data on the direct and indirect influences of charophytes on planktonic algae and cyanoprokaryots. Possible mechanisms are presented regarding the charophyte-related shifts in habitat conditions as well as allelopathic interplay between charophytes and phytoplankton. Main concepts and, also, some controversies are discussed and illustrated with the results of the authors in situ-studies. Due to up-to-date literature the importance of macrophytes, including charophytes, is commonly agreed upon, particularly for shallow lakes. However, further studies, concerning allelopathy in situ, are required.

15

Interaction between canopy tree species and European yew Taxus baccata (Taxaceae)

Iszkuło G., Boratyński A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

523-531

EN

The aim of the study was an examination of the thesis, that canopy tree genera (species) can have positive or negative influence on the germination of seeds and growth of seedlings and saplings of Taxus baccata. The species population spontaneously formed in the Kórnik Arboreum (W Poland) during last decades was the field of investigations. All yew individuals (including seedlings) were positioned and measured on two plots (area 1900 and 2000 m^2) permanently marked in the field. The crown ranges of canopy trees and tree-like yews were measured and projected on the maps. The numbers of seedlings, saplings and tree-like yews under canopies of particular tree genera were compared. The seeds of T. baccata germinated under canopies of all species, most abundantly under the canopy of Pseudotsuga and Abies, but also under mother trees. Seedlings older than 2 years were also most numerous under the canopy of conifferous trees, while the saplings under the canopy of broadleaved trees. The greatest numbers of tree-like individuals were found under Tilia and Carpinus species.