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Allelopathy of Native Pinus massoniana Lamb. on Invasive Species: Stronger Effect on Amaranthus retroflexus L. than on Celosia argentea L.

Li Chuang, Li Yue, Xu Zhelun, Zhong Shanshan, Liu Jun, Xu Zhongyi, Zhu Mawei, Wei Yuqing, Wang Congyan, Du Daolin

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

103--114

EN

Most allelopathic studies have focused only on the allelopathy of invasive plants on the growth performance of native plants, while neglecting the allelopathy of native plants on the growth performance of invasive plants, especially species that can co-invade the same ecosystem. This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathy of the native plant Pinus massoniana Lamb. on the seed germination and seedling growth of two invasive Amaranthaceae species, Celosia argentea L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. using a germination bioassay. Pinus massoniana showed significant allelopathy on the seed germination and seedling growth of the two invasive Amaranthaceae species. The allelopathy of P. massoniana on the seed germination and seedling growth of the two invasive Amaranthaceae species may be attributed to the effects of the generated stress on their germination activity. Pinus massoniana exhibited stronger allelopathy on the seed germination and seedling growth of A. retroflexus than on that of C. argentea. Thus, the invasiveness of A. retroflexus is expected to be lower than that of C. argentea in contact with P. massoniana. The allelopathy of P. massoniana on the seed germination and seedling growth of the two invasive Amaranthaceae species under the co-cultivated conditions was stronger than that under the monocultural conditions. Accordingly, the aqueous extract of P. massoniana can be considered a potential bioherbicide for the control of the two invasive Amaranthaceae species, particularly when both species co-occuring.

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Vertical distribution of aldehydes and phytoplankton structure : a case study of urban lake

Szeląg-Wasielewska Elżbieta, Dąbrowska Agata

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 4

95--103

EN

In water systems, both biologically and chemically synthesized molecules may reduce environmental quality and influence essential ecosystems structure and function. These substances include aldehydes from various sources, also those relates to the activities of primary producers. The focus of the study was vertical distribution of several aliphatic aldehydes and phytoplankton biomass in an urban lake in Poznań (Wielkopolska Lakeland, Poland) under human pressure. Water samples were collected from surface lake to bottom, every 2 m. Plankton was analyzed under inverted and epifluorescence microscopes. The biomass was estimated from microscopic measurements and cell volume of each species. Thirteen aldehydes and acetone were analyzed using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector after derivatization and extraction processes. Aldehydes concentrations varied between 32.7 and 346.2 μg L-1. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propanal were characterized by the highest concentration both at low and high phytoplankton biomass. Phytoplankton biomass included prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and ranged between 0.25 and 2.94 mg L-1. Cryptophytes and diatoms were often the most important components of phytoplankton communities, although in some cases the haptophytes and dinophytes comprised a much higher proportion. Total aldehyde concentration was significantly correlated with total phytoplankton biomass (r=0.705, p <0.05), and even higher correlation was observed between acetone and phytoplankton biomass (r=0.917). This indicates phytoplankton as an important source of carbonyl compounds in surface waters. Thus, the knowledge of different aspects of their origin and distribution in the lake is important both in ecological research and in water management.

PL

W systemach wodnych, zarówno biologicznie jak i chemicznie syntetyzowane cząsteczki mogą obniżać jakość środowiska i wpływać istotnie na strukturę i funkcjonowanie ekosystemów. Substancje te obejmują aldehydy pochodzące z różnych źródeł, również te związane z aktywnością producentów pierwotnych. Przedmiotem badań było rozpoznanie pionowego rozmieszczenia kilku aldehydów alifatycznych i biomasy fitoplanktonu w jeziorze miejskim w Poznaniu (Pojezierze Wielkopolskie, Polska) znajdującym się pod presją człowieka. Próbki wody pobierano od powierzchni jeziora do dna, co 2 m. Plankton analizowano pod mikroskopem odwróconym i epifluorescencyjnym. Biomasę oszacowano na podstawie pomiarów mikroskopowych i objętości komórek każdego gatunku. Trzynaście aldehydów i aceton analizowano za pomocą chromatografii gazowej z detektorem wychwytującym elektrony po procesach derywatyzacji i ekstrakcji. Stężenia aldehydów wahały się od 32,7 do 346,2 μg L-1. Formaldehyd, aldehyd octowy i propanal charakteryzowały się największym stężeniem zarówno przy niskiej, jak i wysokiej biomasie fitoplanktonu. Biomasa fitoplanktonu obejmowała komórki prokariotyczne i eukariotyczne i mieściła się w przedziale od 0,25 do 2,94 mg L-1. Kryptofity i okrzemki były często najważniejszymi składnikami zbiorowisk fitoplanktonu, choć w niektórych przypadkach większy udział miały haptofity i dinofity. Ogólne stężenie aldehydów było istotnie skorelowane z całkowitą biomasą fitoplanktonu (r=0,705, p <0,05), przy czym jeszcze silniejszą korelację zaobserwowano między acetonem i biomasą fitoplanktonu (r=0,917). Wskazuje to na fitoplankton jako ważne źródło związków karbonylowych w wodach powierzchniowych. Tym samym wiedza o różnych aspektach ich pochodzenia i rozmieszczenia w jeziorze jest ważna zarówno podczas badań ekologicznych, jak i w gospodarce wodnej.

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Allelopatyczne właściwości metabolitów wtórnych roślin uprawnych

Jasicka-Misiak I.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2009

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[Z] 63, 1-2

39-62

EN

Allelopathy has been defined by the International Allelopathy Society as "any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants, microorganisms, viruses and fungi that influence the growth and development of agricultural and biological systems, including positive and negative effects [1]". Allelochemicals can be released into the environment and despite what effect they evoke towards living organisms this kind of specific chemical interactions is known as "allelopathy". Allelopathic phenomena have been observed and studied from ancient times. Theophrastus from Eresos, a disciple of Aristotle, reported an inhibitory effect of pigweed Polygonum spp. on alfalfa in ca. 350 B.C., whereas Pliny described the harmful effects of several plants on cropland in ca. 1 A.D. [2-5]. Although chemical interactions between plants have been known for thousands years, the term allelopathy was used for the first time in 1937 [5]. It derives from Latin words allelon ("of each other") and pathos ("to suffer") and refers to the chemical interactions among species. In recent years there has been an increasing interest towards the perspective of exploiting allelopathy and allelochemicals as an alternative strategy for controlling weeds in particular, but also for controlling insects and plant diseases. Plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that play important roles in ecological interactions. This is one, probably the most pronounced, of a variety of ways in which certain plants can protect themselves against competition, infection or feeding in their natural habitats. Some of secondary metabolites may also play an important role in chemical mediation of growth and development of plant communities. These substances are called "allelochemicals" and are relea-sed into the environment in order to interfere with the growth of competing plants or act as chemical defence against pathogens and animals. Therefore such compounds might be considered as constituents of plant defence system and could be treated as a kind of chemical weapons. Originally, compounds like allelochemicals were thought to occur exclusively in higher plants. Ongoing research, however, has revealed them also to be synthesized by bacteria, lower plants and fungi. Allelochemicals may furnish an entirely new generation of naturally produced weed-controlling compounds, replacing synthetic herbicides and other pesticides with non-acumulatting easy-degradable substances.

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Substancje allelopatycznie aktywne jako potencjalne biopestycydy

Wieczorek P. P., Lipok J., Jasicka-Misiak I.

Chemik

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2006

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Vol. 59, nr 1

25-25

PL

Zaprezentowano rośliny marchwi jako źródło substancji wykazujących aktywność allelopatyczną. Przedstawiono sposoby efektywnej izolacji poszczególnych allelozwiązków z nasion marchwi oraz zakres ich aktywności biologicznej. Rezultaty badań wskazują na to, że zarówno olejek eteryczny jak i wodny ekstrakt z nasion marchwi wykazują silną, aczkolwiek odmienną aktywność allelopatyczną warunkowaną obecnością specyficznych substancji wykazujących różną aktywność biologiczną.

EN

The possibility of use of carrot plants (Daucus carota L.) as a source of allelochemicals and define carrot’s involvement in many allelopathic interactions is presented and discussed. From literature, as well as from our experience is seen that large varieties of compounds synthesized in carrot tissues are known also for their allelopathic activity. Thus, we have found strong and variable allelopathic potency of carrot seeds presenting by essential oil and its specific components as well as the water extract and its constituents.