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1 Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

1 2007

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High Energy Density Materials (HEDM): Overview, Theory and Synthetic Efforts at FOI

Östmark H., Wallin S., Goede P.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

2007

Vol. 4, nr 1-2

83-108

This paper presents a literature overview of HEDM. A number of potential HEDMs with performances theoretically up to more than 10 times HMX have been identified, ranging from ionic all-nitrogen compounds like N5 - and N5 + with suitable counter ions (N5 +N5 - gives a performance of ~1.6 times HMX) to polymeric nitrogen (10 times HMX) and metallic hydrogen. In between there are for example metastable nitrogen "clusters" (Nx, x𕛔 to 60). Calculations show that N4 has approximately 3.2 times the performance of HMX. Both metallic hydrogen and polymeric nitrogen are high-pressure compounds (several Mbar) and thus probably hard to synthesize in larger amounts. The nitrogen clusters offer an interesting alternative or complement in that they are all "normal" chemical compounds and they all have high heat of explosion, and probably also high density (2.0-2.7 g/cm3). This overview covers conventional chemistry, novel chemistry (all-nitrogen compounds, new oxidizers in the form of NxOy compounds) and exotic physics (eg. metallic hydrogen, cold fusion and anti-matter). The time in which these concepts can be realised ranges from near future to many years ahead and some may possibly never be made at all or perhaps only in lab scale. The overview is complemented with theoretical and experimental results from our institute in our effort to synthesize new all nitrogen compounds, e.g. pentazolate ion (N5 -) and tetraazatetrahedrane (N4(Td)).