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Kinetic investigations on esterification of maleic anhydride with butanols

Bartoszewicz Maria, Kulawska Maria, Organek Wiesław

Chemical and Process Engineering

2020

Vol. 41, nr 4

293–-306

Kinetic studies of esterification reaction of maleic anhydride with butan-1-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol and butan-2-ol were carried out in a semibatch reactor, in the presence of four acidic catalysts: sulfuric acid, phosphotungstic acid, ion exchange resin Dowex 50WX8 and tetrabutyl zirconate. Phosphotungstic acid proved to be the most active catalyst. The temperature range was 383–413 K, the initial molar ratio of alcohol to acid ranged 2.2-5:1. The kinetic parameters were given. The kinetics appeared to be that of the second order with respect both to the acid and to the alcohol. The reaction carried out in the presence of tetrabutyl zirconate was very slow and depended only on acid concentration. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate follows the Arrhenius equation well.

Valorization of n-butanol as gasoline replacement in a DISI engine and the effect of injection phasing

Merola S. S., Irimescu A., Valentino G., Colmenares-Quintero R. F., Rodas Y. A. L.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

2015

nr 204

169--185

Alcohols represent a viable replacement for gasoline> with the advantages of providing improved energy security as well as reduced environmental impact. Compared to ethanol, which holds the majority of the alternative fuels market share in transportation, n-butanol features higher energy density and better compatibility with existing fuel systems designed for gasoline. Given this background, the present study investigated the use of pure n-butanol fuelling of a wall guided direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine with optical accessibility through the piston crown. Different injection timings were considered, and variations of soot emissions were evaluated based on smoke measurements. Besides thermodynamic investigations through the analysis in-cylinder pressure traces, flame chemiluminescence was applied for a more detailed view of the chemical processes during combustion. All conditions were benchmarked to gasoline fuelling, thus giving comprehensive information on the effect of fuel properties. It was found that the change in injection timing, even by a relatively reduced crank angle, had a significant effect on the smoke at the exhaust, for both fuel types. Early fuel delivery resulted in high soot emissions, while late injection had the opposite effect. No soot- nitrogen oxides trade-off point, specific for diesel power units, could be identified, but the optimum injection strategy resulted in high engine output and low particulate emissions. The alcohol featured increased sensitivity not only to changes in the start of injection, but also showed the potential for very low smoke. The investigations further emphasize the importance of air-fuel mixture formation and also identified ways to minimize the environmental impact of DISI engines through the development of optimized control strategies.