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Zasady funkcjonowania systemu wykrywania zagrożeń, ostrzegania, powiadamiania i alarmowania ludności o zagrożeniach

Michailiuk Bogdan

Wiedza Obronna

2025

Nr 1

29--47

Zagrożenia są stałym elementem rzeczywistości, ich wielorakość oraz ewolucyjny charakter wymagają ciągłego efektywnego monitorowania, ujawniania i stosownego podejścia do nich. System wykrywania zagrożeń, ostrzegania, powiadamiania i alarmowania o nich stanowi fundament realnych przygotowań ludności cywilnej do zachowania się w trakcie niebezpieczeństwa. Bez ustawicznego monitoringu oraz klarownych, przejrzystych (znanych) komunikatów ostrzegawczych i sygnałów alarmowania społeczeństwo nie jest w stanie zachować się tak, by podjąć dalej adekwatne zachowania, by ustrzec się przed konsekwencjami rzeczywistych zagrożeń dla jego egzystencji. Jasno określone zasady funkcjonowania systemu oraz oczekiwanej reakcji pozwolą na stosunkowo szybkie i właściwe podjęcie zachowań w odpowiedzi na zaistniałe zagrożenia, a tym samym na możliwie najbardziej efektywne reagowanie na nie. Kwestia ta stanowi istotne ogniwo ustawy o ochronie ludności i obronie cywilnej, na który to dokument polskie społeczeństwo oczekuje od maja 2009 roku. Ustawa ma niebawem wejść do polskiego porządku prawnego, dlatego warto mówić o szczegółowych jej zapisach. Dotyczy bowiem zarówno zabezpieczenia ludzi, zwierząt, mienia, środowiska w różnych stanach funkcjonowania państwa. Świadomość obywateli ma kluczowe znaczenie. Ustawa o ochronie ludności i obronie cywilnej nakłada obowiązek na organy ochrony ludności dotyczący organizacji systemów monitorowania zagrożeń oraz powiadamiania, ostrzegania i alarmowania ludności w przypadku wystąpienia zagrożeń. W kontekście poruszanego problemu (system wykrywania zagrożeń, ostrzegania, powiadamiania i alarmowania o zagrożeniach) nie sposób nie podjąć rozważań wokół znowelizowanego rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów w sprawie systemów wykrywania skażeń i powiadamiania o ich wystąpieniu oraz właściwości organów w tych sprawach. Dokument ten określa organizację i warunki przygotowania oraz sposób funkcjonowania systemów obserwacji, pomiarów, analiz, prognozowania i powiadamiania o skażeniach na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej oraz właściwość organów w tych sprawach.

Threats are a permanent feature of reality, their multiplicity and their evolving nature require continuous effective monitoring, disclosure and an appropriate approach to them. A system of threat detection, warning, notification and alerting of threats is the foundation of viable preparations of the civilian population to behave during an emergency. Without continuous monitoring and clear, transparent (known) warning messages and alert signals, the public is unable to behave in such a way as to take further adequate behaviour to guard against the consequences of real threats to its existence. Clearly defined rules for the operation of the system and the expected response will allow behaviour to be taken relatively quickly and appropriately in response to the threats that arise, and thus to respond to them as effectively as possible. This issue is an important link in the Law on Civil Protection and Civil Defence, which Polish society has been waiting for since May 2009. The Act is about to enter the Polish legal order, so it is worth talking about its detailed provisions. This is because it concerns both the security of people, animals, property and the environment in the various states of the state. Citizen awareness is of key importance. The Law on Civil Protection and Civil Defence imposes an obligation on civil protection authorities to organise systems for monitoring threats and notifying, warning and alerting the population in case of threats. In the context of the issue at hand (threat detection, warning, notification and alarming system for threats), it is impossible not to take up considerations around the amended regulation of the Council of Ministers on systems for the detection of threats and notification of their occurrence and the competence of authorities in these matters. This document defines the organisation and conditions for the preparation and functioning of systems of observation, measurement, analysis, forecasting and notification of contamination on the territory of the Republic of Poland and the competence of the authorities in these matters.

Alarming and warning model for improving the effectiveness of sequential evacuation from high-rise buildings

Cisek Marcin, Orłowska Iwona

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

2024

Nr 91 (tom 1)

23--44

The article presents the results of research conducted during trial evacuations from high-rise buildings. Based on the surveys, areas were identified where the evacuation process requires support and an alarm model was proposed to shorten the total evacuation time. Two series of trial evacuations from buildings were carried out, involving 1,333 respondents. The survey was conducted in 28- and 24-storey office buildings, where companies with different business profiles, e.g. consulting, accounting, media and others, were based. The questionnaire included 16 questions and was distributed in printed form to each participant of the evacuation attempt, and the completed questionnaire was collected shortly after returning to the office. The questions posed in the survey concerned, among others, the comprehensibility of the alarm message, concerns and other feelings during evacuation, the influence of other people at the start of evacuation, knowledge of people who might need help, knowledge of people responsible for evacuation, estimated time devoted to preparation for evacuation, description of additional activities performed, preferences for choosing the evacuation method between stairs and elevator, general opinion on the need to carry out exercises, demographic data, etc. Interviewees confirmed that those taking part in the exercise may have doubts about the need to start an evacuation. Intensifying the frequency of evacuation drills increases employees’ reluctance to participate in them. It was confirmed that the alerting process is a phenomenon of social interaction, and to ensure correct alerting it is necessary to use the direct influence of people responsible for the evacuation on other employees to communicate messages in as much detail as possible. People who were not familiar with the building were characterized by a higher level of negative feelings about the evacuation process and a longer reaction time to the alarm. The use of a voice alarm system in a building guarantees high intelligibility of messages. A model of evacuation messages was proposed to reduce doubts as to the need of starting an evacuation, dedicated to individual areas of the building, enabling shortening of the total evacuation time. The model is clear in its description of the threat and takes into account various possibilities of locating people in relation to this threat.