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1

Ionospheric anomalies related to the Mw 6.5 Samar, Philippines earthquake

Eroglu Emre

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 2

601--611

EN

Models belonging to the ionosphere that is directly affected by factors such as solar activity, geomagnetic storm, earthquake, seasonal changes, and geographical location need to be considered altogether. In this sense, the cause of the ionospheric anomalies should be meticulously distinguished from each other. Ionospheric anomalies that occur before or (and) after an earthquake have a serious place in earthquake prediction studies. Total electron content (TEC) is one of the significant parameters to be able to discuss the anomalies of the ionosphere. This essay investigates ionospheric anomalies before and after the Mw 6.5 Samar, Philippines (12.025° N, 125.416° E and November 18, 2003, at 17:14 UT) earthquake. The paper analyzes anomalies with the aid of the TEC (TECU) map. In the paper, the time-domain TEC variables are transferred to the frequency-domain for observing some clues-peaks by short-term Fourier transformation spectral analysis. The discussion handles the effect of the solar activity with the F10.7 (sfu) index and the effect of geomagnetic storms with Bz (nT), v (km/s), P (nPa), E (mV/m), Kp (nT), and Dst (nT) parameters (index). The lower and upper boundaries of the TEC map obtained from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) are calculated with the help of median and standard deviation. The boundary-setting process is named statistical analysis. TEC data exceeding the boundaries are marked as anomaly data. According to the paper, 11-day anomalies (9-day of which belong to pre-earthquake) are detected. Probably, the anomalies observed on November 6, 7, and 12 belong to the Samar earthquake.

2

The influence of climate change in Europe on the situation of the future agriculture

Barwicki Jan, Wardal Witold Jan, Roman Kamil

Polish Technical Review

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2021

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No. 4

23--27

EN

Climate change has a significant impact on soils, and changes in land use can either accelerate or slow down these changes. Without proper soil and sustainable land management, we will not be able to face the climate crisis, produce enough food or adapt to climate change. The answer to these questions may be to protect and restore key ecosystems and allow nature to absorb carbon from the atmosphere. After the oceans, soil is the second largest natural carbon sink and surpasses forests and other vegetation in its ability to trap carbon dioxide from the air. These facts remind us of the importance of healthy soils - not only for food production, but also for our efforts to prevent the worst possible effects of climate change. The continual decline in soil moisture can contribute to increasing the need for irrigation in agriculture and can lead to reduced yields and even desertification with potentially dramatic effects on food production. Land surface desertification is also affected by solar activity, which changes as cycles - currently there is a cycle with a fairly moderate impact on agricultural land.

PL

Zmiana klimatu ma znaczący wpływ na gleby, a zmiany w użytkowaniu gruntów mogą przyspieszyć lub spowolnić te zmiany. Bez odpowiedniej gleby i zrównoważonego gospodarowania gruntami nie będziemy w stanie stawić czoła kryzysowi klimatycznemu, produkować wystarczającej ilości żywności ani dostosowywać się do zmian klimatu. Odpowiedzią na te pytania może być ochrona i odbudowa kluczowych ekosystemów oraz umożliwienie naturze pochłaniania węgla z atmosfery. Po oceanach, gleba jest drugim co do wielkości naturalnym pochłaniaczem dwutlenku węgla i przewyższa lasy i inną roślinność pod względem zdolności do wychwytywania dwutlenku węgla z powietrza. Te fakty przypominają nam o znaczeniu zdrowych gleb - nie tylko dla produkcji żywności, ale także dla naszych wysiłków na rzecz zapobiegania najgorszym możliwym skutkom zmian klimatycznych. Ciągły spadek wilgotności gleby może przyczynić się do zwiększenia zapotrzebowania na nawadnianie w rolnictwie i może prowadzić do zmniejszenia plonów, a nawet pustynnienia, co może mieć dramatyczny wpływ na produkcję żywności. Na pustynnienie powierzchni ziemi ma również wpływ aktywność słoneczna, która zmienia się cyklicznie – obecnie występuje cykl o dość umiarkowanym wpływie na grunty rolne.

3

On the signifcance of requisite criteria in detecting pre earthquake ionospheric precursors: a case study of the Tohoku earthquake of March 11, 2011

Chukwuma Victor U., Adekoya Bolarinwa J., Thomas Jewel E., Emah Joseph B., Oloruntola Racheal F.

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 4

1545--1566

EN

In the advent of the Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9.1 occurred at 14:46 LT on March 11, 2011), the Japan Meteorological Agency issued earthquake early warning announcements to the general public; however, there were problems with the precision of the early warning systems. This early warning systems issue, and the scale of consequential loss of human, material and technological resources of the Tohoku earthquake and those of about 57 earthquakes with magnitude M ≥ 7.5 from August 2008 to August 2018 around the world compel a need for investigation for detection of some signals before the earthquake that should be examined and interpreted as a precursor by examining the changes in the ionospheric phenomena. In this light, discrimination of pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies of seismic origin from those of other drivers is essential for understanding, justifcation and physical interpretation of the earthquake precursors phenomena. Presently using a set of criteria that adequately diferentiates pre-earthquake anomaly of seismic origin from those of other sources, this study has shown concordant results with the existing studies namely that foF2 data obtained from 8 Chinese and Japanese stations revealed signifcant enhancements 2–6 days before the Tohoku earthquake and that the anomalies extended to 2774 km from the epicentre, thereby underscoring the necessity of requisite criteria in detecting pre-earthquake ionospheric precursors. Furthermore, the study suggests that the anomalous variations observed during periods of earthquake preparation are of seismo-magnetosphere origin.

4

Investigating the impact of space weather on agriculture products over Chokie mountain basin in Ethiopia

Birhan Megbar W., Tariku Shimelis

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 4

1481--1491

EN

Sun is the primary source of energy in space. It generates a magnetic feld which released in solar fares or coronal mass ejections for 11-year solar cycle that causes the occurrence of space weather. Diferent researchers in diferent parts of the world indicated that space weather highly afects agriculture production. However, in Ethiopia context especially Chokie mountain basin the infuence of space weather on agriculture was not documented. Hence, this paper was aimed at investigating the impact of space weather on agriculture products over Chokie mountain basin. Assessment of space weather impacts on agriculture product is quite useful to balance energy and food security over developing countries like Ethiopia. Space weather (sunspot number), precipitation, temperature, and agriculture data were used for this study. Descriptive quantitative design method was applied on the data of agriculture products and climate variables. Furthermore, regression models with the help of MATLAB software were applied for data analysis. The relation between crop yield (tef, wheat, and maize) with sunspot number, temperature, and precipitation were analyzed in each agro-ecological zones using 31 years (1990–2019) data over Chokie mountain basin. The results showed that correlation coefcients between sunspot number with annual average value of temperature, precipitation, maize, tef, and wheat were found 0.11,−0.32,−0.47,−0.52, and−0.59, respectively. Sunspot had highly negatively correlated with annual spatial average value of tef and wheat. Generally, the occurrence of space weather (sunspot) leads to reduction of wheat and tef over the study area. Hence, shifting cultivation strategy is needed for local community during the occurrence of 11-year solar cycles frequency.

5

Paleoklimatologia : co nam powie skład izotopowy węgla

Popkiewicz Marcin, Kardaś Aleksandra

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2020

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R. 25, nr 1

37--42

6

Czy niebawem grozi nam powódź? Artykuł dyskusyjny

Banasiak Robert

Gospodarka Wodna

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2019

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Nr 2

14--16

PL

W artykule wykorzystano dostępne informacje o aktywności słonecznej wykazującej ok. 11-letnią cykliczność i powiązano ją z czasem wystąpienia powodzi i susz w dorzeczu Odry w ostatnich 50 latach. Zachodzi wyraźna zbieżność największych wezbrań opadowych z okresami niższej aktywności słonecznej oraz występowania susz w okresach po wystąpieniu maksimum tej aktywności. Pokazuje to, że aktywność słoneczna może być istotnym czynnikiem wspomagającym długoterminowe przewidywanie (ryzyka) wystąpienia powodzi na południu Polski. Ta korelacja wskazuje na podwyższone ryzyko wystąpienia niebezpiecznych powodzi w dorzeczu Odry i/lub Wisły w perspektywie 1-3 lat (do 2021 r.).

EN

The article is based on the available information concerning the solar activity indicating its 11-years’ periodicity and linking it to the pattern of occurrence of floods and droughts in the Oder River basin in the last 50 years. There is an evident convergence between the largest rainfall floods and the periods of lower activity of the sun, as well as the occurrence of floods following the activity peaks. It indicates that the solar activity may be an important factor used for long-term forecast of (the risk of) floods in the southern part of Poland. This correlation shows higher risk of the occurrence of dangerous floods in the Oder and/or Vistula basin in 1-3 years’ perspective (until 2021).

7

Badanie zależności położenia zwierciadła wód podziemnych od natężenia wtórnego niskoenergetycznego promieniowania kosmicznego

Kowalczyk A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 11/1

1085--1089

EN

Fluctuations of the groundwater level have complex origins. Among many natural agents influencing this phenomenon, researchers list cosmic factors, most commonly solar activities. However, publications lack results ofstatistical analyzes confirming this correlation. This paper presents the outcome of an investigation on the dependence between the low-energy flux ofsecondary cosmic radiation (determined by solar cycles) and the variability of the groundwater level. Data for the study originate from the cosmic radiation station in Moscow and from the PGI-NRI groundwater monitoring network and concern the period of 1966-2016. 711 groundwater monitoring sites, located all over Poland, have been analyzed. Calculated values of Spearman correlation coefficients have indicated good significant correlation in 65% of all analyzed points. The strength of the established relations is generally poor (30%) or very poor (18%). Correlations of moderate intensity are relatively rare (15%), whereas strong correlations occur only occasionally (2%). Very strong correlations were not detected at all. In the overall sample tested, the number ofpositively correlated points (37%) exceeded those with a negative correlation (28%). Also, the strength of the relations is higher in the positively correlated points. On national scale, it is possible to distinguish some areas with a dominance of points with either positive or negative correlations. Heterogeneous direction of the observed relationships allowedfor a conclusion that there are unknown processes that model effects of the sun or cosmic rays on meteorological elements such as precipitation and air temperature, and thus indirectly influence the groundwater level.

8

Przyczyny i mechanizmy zmian klimatu w plejstocenie : state of art

Hrynowiecka A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 1

26--34

EN

The reason of cyclic climate change during the Pleistocene is probably so-called Milankovitch cycles, consisting of three main orbital parameters of the Earth: the shape of Earth’s orbit eccentricity, axial tilt of Earth and precession – change in the direction of the Earth’s axis. They also impact on the insolation, which significantly contributes to the formation of ice sheets. The climate is conditioned largely by energy derived from the sun, dependent on the current solar activity. Specific configurations of these factors have contributed to the formation of glacial-interglacial cycles in the past; they have today and will have an impact on the climate of our planet in the future.

9

Wpływ aktywności słonecznej na propagację fal radiowych

Wilk-Jakubowski J.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2016

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R. 17, nr 12

1454--1457

PL

Wszelkie procesy mające miejsce na powierzchni Słońca oraz w jego atmosferze mają wpływ na powstawanie zaburzeń promieniowania elektromagnetycznego, które dociera do Ziemi oraz fluktuacji wiatru słonecznego. W tym kontekście niezbędne wydaje się być wyjaśnienie tego zjawiska, tym bardziej, że w ostatnich latach notowano podwyższoną aktywność słoneczną. Co więcej, pojawiają się pierwsze doniesienia o istniejącym związku pomiędzy aktywnością słoneczną, a czasem życia ludzi. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono część badań i analiz dotyczących wpływu aktywności słonecznej na propagację fal radiowych, ilustrujących związek pomiędzy zmianami cyklu słonecznego a tłumieniem fal radiowych, długoterminowy rozkład aktywności słonecznej oraz zmian temperatury, a także przykładowe okresy interferencji słonecznych wyznaczone z użyciem metod komputerowych.

EN

Paper discussed the impact of solar activity on the radio waves propagation on the basis of satellite signal. In this context the Author presents e.g. extraterrestrial natural noise sources, the influence of changes in the solar cycle on the radio wave propagation among selected frequency, the distribution of solar activity and the changes in temperature in 130 years. Moreover the Author presents the approximated periods of solar interferences for EUTELSAT Hot Bird 13A, 13B and 13C satellites.

10

Cosmic factors influence on the inter-annual variations of the green 557.7 Nm line and red 630.0 Nm line nightglow intensities and their possible coupling with cloud covering at Abastumani (41.75°N, 42.82°E)

Todua M., Didebulidze G.G.

Acta Geophysica

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2014

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Vol. 62, no. 2

381--399

EN

We studied the inter-annual distributions of the nightglow intensities of the thermosphere atomic oxygen red 630.0 nm and green 557.7 nm lines observed from Abastumani during cloudless nights, the planetary geomagnetic Ap index, solar F10.7, and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) flux. It is demonstrated that: on magnetically weakly disturbed/ quiet conditions (Ap < 12) in equinoctial months the red line intensities are minimal, while those of the green line are maximal; the red line intensity increases in May–July and is comparatively low in June, where, unlike most mid-latitude regions, the green line intensity is maximal. The red and green line intensities increase with growing solar activity but their behaviors stay the same, which is considered as a possible regional manifestation of lower and upper atmosphere vertical coupling. It was also detected that, for cloudless nights in June, the number of magnetically disturbed day-nights is maximal and the decrease of the GCRs flux is the biggest during a year.

11

A case study of relationship between GPS PWV and solar Variability during the declining phase of solar cycle 23

Suparta W., Fraser G.

Acta Geophysica

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2014

|

Vol. 62, no. 1

220--240

EN

Water vapor plays an important role in the global climate system. A clear relationship between water vapor and solar activity can explain some physical mechanisms of how solar activity influences terrestrial weather/climate changes. To gain insight of this possible relationship, the atmospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) as the terrestrial climate response was observed by ground-based GPS receivers over the Antarctic stations. The PWV changes analyzed for the period from 2003 to 2008 coincided with the declining phase of solar cycle 23 exhibited following the solar variability trend. Their relationship showed moderate to strong correlation with 0.45 < R2 < 0.93 (p < 0.01), on a monthly basis. This possible relationship suggests that when the solar-coupled geomagnetic activity is stronger, the Earth’s surface will be warmer, as indicated by electrical connection between ionosphere and troposphere.

12

Analiza 23. Cyklu aktywności słońca w oparciu o pomiary Be-7 w przyziemnej warstwie powietrza atmosferycznego

Fujak M., Lipiński P., Isajenko K., Piotrowska B., Kwiatkowska I.

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

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2013

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z. 2

25--29

PL

Monitoring promieniotwórczości przyziemnej warstwy powietrza w Polsce jest prowadzony przez Centralne Laboratorium Ochrony Radiologicznej, które do tego celu wykorzystuje system sieci wysokoczułych stacji wczesnego ostrzegania ASS-500. Pobór i pomiar aerozoli powietrza wykonywany jest w sposób ciągły w Warszawie od lat siedemdziesiątych, a od 1992 r. w 12 stacjach w całym kraju. Stacje monitorują m.in. stężenie berylu-7 o czasie połowiczego rozpadu 53 dni, który powstaje w wyniku reakcji promieniowania kosmicznego (GCR oraz SEP) z azotem i tlenem w górnych warstwach stratosfery i troposfery. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów Be-7 w Warszawie, Katowicach oraz Gdyni w okresie 2002-2004, gdzie największa sezonowa depozycja Be-7 pojawia się cyklicznie w okresie wiosennym, co jest spowodowane m.in procesami mieszania się mas powietrza w troposferze i stratosferze. Przedstawiono również wyniki pomiarów stężenia Be-7 z okresu 2000-2009, w którym została zaobserwowana anomalia aktywności Słońca w postaci wystąpienia tzw. podwójnego maksimum w cyklu 11 -letnim.

13

Burza słoneczna skali międzyplanetarnej - zagrożenia i szanse opanowania

Malko J.

Energetyka

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2012

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nr 5

210-213

PL

Ogromne fluktuacje pola magnetycznego w magnetosferze ziemskiej powodują wielkie przepływy prądu elektrycznego w górnych warstwach atmosfery i indukują przepływy w sieciach infrastrukturalnych, prowadzące do katastrofalnych awarii systemów elektroenergetycznych w skali planetarnej. W latach 2012-2013 Słońce wchodzi w fazę maksimum aktywności.

EN

Enormous fluctuations of magnetic field in the Earth’s magnetosphere are causing immense electric current flows in the upper atmosphere and inducing current surges in infrastructural networks resulting in massive planetary blackouts. In the 2012-2013 period the Sun enters solar maximum.

14

Emergence and evolution of active and ephemeral regions: Comparison between observations and models

Zuccarello F., Guglielmino S., Battiato V., Contarino L., Spadaro D., Romano P.

Acta Geophysica

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2009

|

Vol. 57, no. 1

15-23

EN

This work aims to describe some aspects relevant to the emergence of magnetic structures on the solar surface. Using high resolution photospheric and chromospheric data, besides than EUV images acquired by space telescopes, the dynamics of rising flux tubes is studied. It is shown that, for both long-lived and short-lived magnetic regions, the flux tubes are initially characterized by a high rising velocity, which eventually decreases as the region develops. Other results concern the timeline of the active regions appearance in the atmospheric layers and the asymmetries in plasma downflows between preceding and following legs of the flux tubes. These results are briefly discussed in the light of most recent models.

15

Niezwykle silne burze pogody kosmicznej : zorze polarne nad Polską

Bojanowska M.

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2005

|

Z. 3-4

219-227

EN

The October-November 2003 geomagnetic storm has been regarded as the third most powerful event on record. The series of solar flares and coronal mass ejections that occurred between October 26 and November 20, 2003 had extraordinary effects on Earth's upper atmospheric and space environments for example aurora at middle and low latitudes. A set of comprehensive data has been collected both from space and from ground to study this event. A brief overview of these observations has been presented. Many effects of this solar storm has been also presented. This paper tries to answer the question what was the source of aurora observed at low- and middle- latitude. The comparision of Timed satellite's measurements and results from Weimer's model of electric potential in the ionosphere suggests that not ring current but highly displaced auroral oval could be the source.