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1

The Evolution of Air Threats in Future Conflicts

Materak Witold

Safety & Defense

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2023

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1

24--30

EN

Currently, there is an observable trend towards continuous and comprehensive development in both fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft design. Furthermore, a dynamic progression has been also witnessed in the evolution of unmanned aerial vehicles, loitering munitions, lethal autonomous weapons systems, ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, hypersonic cruise missiles, lighter-than-air sensor platforms, high altitude pseudo satellites and any others. The development of modern technologies and the acquisition of new materials create opportunities for the modernization of existing air threats as well as the development of novel types. Additionally, the potential of artificial intelligence in unmanned systems is a significant factor that should not be overlooked. The aforementioned circumstances have prompted the author of the article to conduct a thorough examination of contemporary military air threats and to make a forecast regarding the evolution of air threats in future conflicts.

2

Protection of Polish critical infrastructure (CI) against air threats

Piekarski Michał, Wojtasik Karolina

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 39, No. 3

76--87

EN

The goal of this paper is to analyse challenges related to protecting Polish critical infrastructure (CI) against air threats, such as UAVs, as a case study in a wider discussion on protection of critical infrastructure worldwide. The Polish legal definition of critical infrastructure and laws regarding the protection of such facilities are explained in the article in order to provide context. A review of scientific literature and open-source analysis of known air attacks on CI and the capabilities of air platforms are also included, with special attention being paid to unmanned systems. The threats themselves have been divided into two groups of scenarios: peacetime threats and crisis situations that have hybrid wartime scenarios. Depending on the scenario, the different capabilities of actors must be taken into account. Peacetime air threats include the use of commercially available drones. Those devices have limited capabilities, in terms of weaponisation, due to the limited weight of their cargo and the flight range. More advanced devices, including custom–built drones and military systems, can be supplied and used by state actors. Therefore, there are different requirements regarding protection systems. In peacetime, anti-drone systems are certainly recommended due to their capabilities and safety of use for bystanders. In more dangerous scenarios, typical military systems, including Very Short-Range Air Defence, Short-Range Air Defence and Medium Range Air Defence systems have to be employed or dedicated kinetic counter-drone systems deployed.

3

Selected Aspects of Contemporary Air Threats

Kulik Tomasz

Safety & Defense

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2020

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1

11--21

EN

One of the factors affecting the security of a state is air threats. Their nature often exerts a negative impact on both the functioning of the state and using airspace. The purpose of this article is to define the term of air threats and characterize contemporary air threats, illustrated with numerous examples. The scientific deliberations lead to outlining possible development trends in this respect, in relation to technological progress. The article ends with several concluding statements with regard to an analysis of prospective air threats. It also shows possible development trends in the discussed matter. The final part of the article is devoted to conclusions regarding the transformation of contemporary air threats.

4

Counting the Uncountable: Introduction to the New Method of Evaluation of the Efficiency of Air Defense

Michalski Daniel, Radomyski Adam

Safety & Defense

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2020

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2

100-112

EN

The aim of the research was to create such a calculation model for the air defense efficiency that will enable to determine the degree of implementation of the task by anti-aircraft defense forces in combat conditions. The innovative approach to the efficiency of air defense presented in the article focuses on the methods and algorithms enabling the assessment of the feasibility of the air defense task. In its general form, it is based on the determination of the probable number of air assault assets intended for the implementation of an air task (destruction, incapacitation, disorganization of the cover object) and the possibility of air defense sets (means) to repel an air attack. The research was conducted with the use of qualitative methods – when determining the elements of protection or tactical and technical data. The results of the presented research can be implemented in the command process in air defense.

5

Uwarunkowania bezpieczeństwa powietrznego państwa w aspekcie militarnych zagrożeń powietrznych

Kulik Tomasz

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2020

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Nr 2

127--140

PL

Z pojęciem bezpieczeństwa powietrznego państwa ściśle łączą się takie kategorie jak zagrożenia i poczucie bezpieczeństwa. To one wymuszają ocenę stanu bezpieczeństwa, a ściślej - jego akceptowalnego poziomu, zapewniającego normalne funkcjonowanie podmiotów użytkujących przestrzeń powietrzną. Jednym z głównych czynników determinujących taki stan rzeczy są militarne zagrożenia powietrzne. W artykule dokonano oceny wpływu militarnych zagrożeń powietrznych na kształtowanie bezpieczeństwa powietrznego państwa. Scharakteryzowano samo pojęcie bezpieczeństwa powietrznego państwa, odniesiono się do środowiska tego bezpieczeństwa oraz sklasyfikowano militarne zagrożenia powietrzne. W końcowym etapie rozważań skoncentrowano się na ocenie oraz analizie ich wpływu na kształtowanie bezpieczeństwa powietrznego państwa.

EN

The concept of state air security is strictly related to such categories as threats and a sense of security. Those categories, in turn, enforce the assessment of the safety state, or more precisely - its acceptable level ensuring normal functioning of entities utilizing the airspace. One of the main determinants of such a state is military air threats. The article assesses the impact of military threats on shaping the state’s air security. The very notion of air security has been characterized, the reference to the security environment has been made, and military air threats have been classified. Finally, the focus has been put on the assessment and analysis of their impact on the state’s air security.

6

Airbase as Defended Asset for Air Defense

Kołata Grzegorz

Safety & Defense

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2019

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1

37--45

EN

Lessons learnt during recent wars and conflicts indicate that the pivotal precondition for success is neutralization of aviation in the initial period of conflict. Eliminating aviation from combat allows us to gain advantage (superiority) in the air and provides convenient conditions for the conduct of combat activities by one’s own forces. One of the ways to achieve this objective is to destroy air bases with their aircraft, security potential and infrastructure, which is necessary for their operation and proper functioning. Under these conditions, air defense of the air base becomes particularly important. The complexity of the problem stems from the increased possibility of impact from the air and the significance of the air base in aviation operations. That is why it is worth looking at the air base from the point of view of air defense.