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1
Content available Defense and deterrence as the foundation of the a2/ad system in smart city air defense
Kopczewski Marian, Grobelny Zbigniew, Świętochowski Norbert
Safety & Defense
|
2023
|
1
14--23
EN
The extreme concentration of tangible and non-tangible resources in the environment of the Smart City calls for their securing and protection. In the case of threat emergence, the military would have to enter areas where local authorities cannot guarantee the security of Smart City assets. Thus, the question arises whether or not Smart Cities could potentially assist the military forces in performing their tasks better on the battlefield. Some military agencies are currently exploring the possibility of using the military in Smart Cities. For instance, the United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is studying whether smart city communications and infrastructure could be of use on the future battlefield. This paper aims to indicate the potential for expansion and integration of the anti-aircraft defense systems to serve the needs of urban defense, thereby allowing the achievement of air superiority and implementing the assumptions of A2/AD systems. In reference to the research objective formulated in such a way, discovering the answers to the following questions was deemed crucial: What is the state of the current Anti-Aircraft Defense (AAD) system of urban centers, in particular Smart Cities? What are the possibilities of expanding and improving this system? How can the SMART CITY system be integrated and serve as an element of strengthening the AAD system? In order to answer the indicated questions, this article was written with the use of qualitative method consisting of text and literature exploratory research and analysis, and comparative analyzes of Smart Cities and Air Defense in contemporary military operations. To achieve the assumed aim, the authors have also conducted the evaluation of Air Defense combat capabilities, as well as the changes that have occurred in the environment of Smart Cities. The authors used thematic analysis methods to interpret patterns and meanings in the data.
2
Content available Countering Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in Military Operations
Dobija Konrad
Safety & Defense
|
2023
|
1
74--81
EN
Although contemporary unmanned systems are used in every environment, they overwhelmingly dominate the airspace. They are commonly called aerial drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), while the systems supporting and controlling UAVs are called unmanned aerial systems (UASs). The widespread adoption of aerial drone technology has led to their increasing use on the battlefield. Therefore, finding an effective counter-drone (counter - UAS) weapon has become a serious challenge. This task is particularly difficult because we are dealing with a huge variety of unmanned aerial systems while their numbers are increasing at a record-breaking pace. At this point, there are also no fully proven counter-drone solutions, with most existing systems still in the research phase or newly introduced prototypes. The emerging problems and the set of uncertainties associated with them have become the fundamental basis for addressing and presenting this issue in this publication. This article discusses the crucial subject of defense against unmanned aerial systems from the perspective of modern warfare. The author addresses the question of how to plan and implement counter-drone defense in military operations, as well as what technical solutions could be useful for this purpose. Throughout this study, the author employed various methods, including analysis, synthesis, comparison, and case studies, primarily by examining available open-source information on recent armed conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. These methods enabled the author to validate his main hypothesis: there are currently no effective drone countermeasures systems, particularly against drones that can operate autonomously, utilize artificial intelligence algorithms for guidance and decision-making, or engage in large-scale attacks, known as swarms. Simultaneously, the author points out what new technical solutions should be developed to enable effective countermeasures and what tactics should be incorporated into military training to address this threat. Additionally, the article discusses to what extent existing air defense systems can be adapted for counter-drone defense and whether there are effective methods of force protection against such threats.
3
Content available A Preliminary Assessment of the Effectiveness of Training Using a Virtual Reality Simulator of the Anti-aircraft Missile Launcher
Kulik Tomasz, Konopacki Mikołaj Marek, Rodzik Dariusz
Safety & Defense
|
2023
|
1
58--68
EN
Training an anti-aircraft soldier is expensive, complicated, and time-consuming. As a result, many countries, weighing the cost-effectiveness, opt to introduce solutions aimed at minimizing this trend. One of them is incorporating modern training devices such as simulators and trainers into the training. However, to make this happen, it is worth analyzing the effectiveness of training with their use by comparing it to that conducted in a traditional way. With this in mind, the purpose of this article is to present the results of research on the effectiveness of using a Virtual Reality (VR) simulator developed at the Military University of Technology in teaching the construction and basic activities of combat work in the area of conducting a selected check of the functioning of the SA6 Gainful missile launcher system. The theoretical foundation for the empirical research was provided by a method of analyzing literary content. By using the method of comparison and generalization, knowledge was obtained about the general construction and use of training devices in the training of the anti-aircraft defense forces of the Polish Armed Forces, and the features of the VR simulator were described. As regards the empirical methods, a study was conducted using a research sample which was conducted using a parallel triangulation strategy scheme involving the simultaneous use of quantitative and qualitative methods. The synthesis served in formulating the final conclusions and in determining the relationships between theoretical and empirical studies. The results obtained in this way can provide valuable information about the effectiveness of using training devices in training anti-aircraft defense forces and serve as a basis for further work on their development and application.
4
Content available Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Challenges to Air Defense
Cieślak Eugeniusz
Safety & Defense
|
2021
|
1
72--83
EN
The 2019 attacks on the oil processing facilities in Saudi Arabia and the effectiveness of combating Armenian long-range anti-aircraft systems have highlighted the nature and scale of the challenges for air defense posed by unmanned aircraft systems. The aim of this article is to summarize the lessons learned from the use of unmanned systems in recent conflicts, to assess the development of trends in such systems, and to discuss the implications of those developments for air defense. This article discusses the impact of the development of unmanned aircraft systems on air defense concepts, their organization, and the effectiveness of this defense for the defended assets. It also tries to highlight how unmanned aircraft systems may reduce the survivability of air defense systems. This research is based on publicly available documents related to air defense and unmanned aircraft systems as well as selected analytical studies on the implications of the development and use of unmanned aircraft systems for air defense. As such, this research identifies the possible challenges related to ensuring effective air defense against attacks by unmanned aircraft systems, resulting from the costs of defense despite the availability of technological solutions. It also raises the issue of survivability of air defense systems if attacked by unmanned aircraft systems.
5
Content available The Tactical and Technical Functioning Conditions of the S-200C Vega Missile System on the Modern Battlefield
Pietrasieński Jan, Rodzik Dariusz, Bużantowicz Witold
Safety & Defense
|
2021
|
2
80--89
EN
The Polish armed forces have used the S-200 Vega surface-to-air missile (SAM) system since the middle of the 1980s. In the early 21st century, it was upgraded to a digital version and adapted to the reality of air combat at the time. After almost twenty years of service since its upgrade, it remains the only long-range SAM in the armament of the Polish Air Force. Today, this SAM system is undergoing a major modification, again, to maintain its long-range anti-air attack potential and the required combat functionalities. The objective of this paper is to identify the technical and tactical functioning conditions of the S-200 family of SAM system on the modern battlefield. In order to achieve this goal, the authors used theoretical methods of research. As a result of the conducted analyzes, this paper presents the operational experience gained so far and a justification for the continued service of the Vega SAM system.
6
Content available The Political and Military Aspects of Creating Anti-Access/Area-Denial Systems (A2/Ad): The Example of China and Russia
Dobija Konrad
Safety & Defense
|
2021
|
2
22--39
EN
Over the last two decades, China and Russia have been developing Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems Mainly based on long range Air Defense, ballistic and cruise missiles, supported by Electronic Warfare and cyberattack capabilities. Initially, these systems were used for defense purposes, but over time it was recognized they could be also applied for imposing military situation in the specific regions and create effective response to NATO countries and their concept of conducting military operations. The main aim of the article is to asses and present the impact of Chinese and Russian Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems on changes in global political relations and balance of military power. In the course of this study, the author used numerous analyzes, synthesis, comparisons and case studies methods mainly concentrated on presently operating A2/AD systems. This article undertakes the analysis of the Chinese bases located in the South China Sea and Djibouti, Russian A2/AD systems within Russia's borders with particular emphasis on Kaliningrad Oblast, and A2/AD systems in Crimea and Syria created as part of Russian military operations. This research allowed us to conclude that some of the A2/AD systems serve to defend borders, while the rest are created to influence the geopolitical and military situation or to gain an advantage in the area of military operations. It can be also evaluate that the use of these systems allow dominate future conflicts because they enable to establish a full control zones which are completely closed for opponents forces operations.
7
Content available The Multi-Criteria Method for the Evaluation of Combat Capabilities of Surface to Air Missile Systems for the NAREW Program
Kulik Tomasz
Safety & Defense
|
2021
|
2
90--104
EN
The selection of weapon systems involves a number of activities to choose the best system in relation to the predefined operational requirements and other vital criteria. In the case of surface to air missile systems competing for the NAREW program, attempts are being made to obtain an asset that will be capable of engaging a spectrum of air threats, under specified conditions, with a predefined high degree of probability. In order to make the right choice, it is necessary to an alyze information on performance and combat capabilities. Thus, the aim of this article is to develop a preliminary method of evaluating the capabilities of surface to air missile systems offered under the NAREW program. The theoretical foundation of the empirical study was provided by the method of literature content analysis. Using the methods of comparison and generalization, the author obtained data on the combat capabilities of surface to air missile systems expressed through their tactical and technical parameters. Among the empirical methods, the author applied the algorithm of a multi-criteria analysis and an assessment of the capabilities of surface to air missile systems based on the use of matrix calculus. The diagnostic survey, conducted by means of the questionnaire technique, made it possible to prioritize the adopted evaluation criteria and, consequently, to conduct proper research. The formulation of the final conclusions and establishing the links between the theoretical and empirical part of the study was achieved by means of a synthesis. The results obtained in such a manner may constitute a valuable information database, showing the directions that should be considered when selecting a short-range surface to air missile (SAM) System for Poland. The evaluations and suggestions included in this study can be used for prospective solutions and research conducted in a similar area.
8
Content available Polish Public Opinion on the United States Missile Defense Complex in Poland
Lipińska Justyna
Safety & Defense
|
2021
|
3
32--41
EN
The ongoing cooperation between the United States and Poland on ballistic missile defense has been centered for a long time solely around the construction of the U.S. missile defense complex in Redzikowo, Poland. Although the complex is going to operate as an element of the NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defense System, its origins were tied to bilateral security and defense cooperation between the U.S. and Poland. As the presence of the U.S. military forces in Poland will remain crucial for Polish security and defense, and the societal support will be vital for its sustainment, it is worth exploring how Polish society reacted to concepts and plans for fielding the U.S. missile defense complex several years ago. The aim of this article was to explore the evolution of societal support and public opinion in Poland related to the construction of the U.S. missile defense complex in Redzikowo, Poland. The following research problem was posed: how has Polish public opinion about the missile defense complex construction changed over time? The research relied on methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and the primary research technique was the analysis of public opinion polls in Poland between 2004 and 2019.Public opinion has remained interested in the developments related to hosting the U.S. missile defense complex in Poland since early negotiations to the project implementation phase. The project was seen in a broader context of security and defense cooperation with the U.S. and within the NATO.
9
Content available Landmarks in Romanian History of Anti-Aircraft Artillery: The Anti-Aircraft Gun Director Computer, “Ion Bungescu”
Gherman Laurian, Roman Cosmina, Żmigrodzka Małgorzata
Safety & Defense
|
2021
|
2
144--157
EN
The main purpose of this article is to present the decisive contribution that Brigadier General Ion Bungescu had to the development of anti-aircraft artillery in Romania. To achieve this objective we describe in the paper the evolution of the anti-aircraft gun director computer he invented, as well as its modus operandi.The adopted methods include quantitative and qualitative analyses of documents, manuals and albums published during the considered period, and some published by Brigadier General Ion Bungescu.The results of the article are presented in the context of the accelerated development of military aviation between the two world wars. This development put terrible pressure on the development of anti-aircraft artillery that started with land guns adapted for anti-aircraft firing in 1916 and reached anti-aircraft guns controlled by Gun Director Computer in 1945. We can compare the development of military aviation during that time with the development of information technology over the last 30 years, from connecting computers in the network to the use of artificial intelligence.
10
Content available Air Defense of the Baltic States: Looking toward the Future
Cieślak Eugeniusz
Safety & Defense
|
2021
|
2
12--21
EN
The article offers a discussion of the origins, current state, and the future of air defence for the Baltic states. It relates developments in the field of air defense to changes in the security environment and the defence policies of the Baltic states. The article starts with a retrospective on the origins and development of air defence in the Baltic states before they joined NATO. Then, it focuses on the early years of integration with NATO Integrated Air Defense System and implications for air defence related to changes in the security of the Euro-Atlantic region stemming from aggressive Russian actions. An assessment of the current posture of air defence in the Baltic states serves as a starting point for a discussion on requirements for future developments and predicting possible outcomes. The research uses unclassified, publicly available documents and analytical reports to provide background information for a discussion on the future of air defense for the Baltic states. The Baltic states are aware of the limitations of their air defense and try to develop this capability within available resources. Changes to security environment after 2014 gave a new impetus to develop the air defense of the Baltic states, both through efforts undertaken by NATO and for national capability development.
11
Content available The Development of Poland’s Air Defense System: The Operational Context
Cieślak Eugeniusz
Safety & Defense
|
2020
|
1
1--10
EN
This article discusses the operational context for the development of Poland's air defense system. This assessment focuses on air defense operations in high intensity conflict. Recommendations include setting a realistic level of ambition in the field of air defense and increasing operational capabilities through the modernization of its combat assets. The priority proposed for Poland’s air defense system is to introduce a new generation of short range surface to air missile systems and then develop medium range air and missile defense capabilities.
12
Content available Counting the Uncountable: Introduction to the New Method of Evaluation of the Efficiency of Air Defense
Michalski Daniel, Radomyski Adam
Safety & Defense
|
2020
|
2
100-112
EN
The aim of the research was to create such a calculation model for the air defense efficiency that will enable to determine the degree of implementation of the task by anti-aircraft defense forces in combat conditions. The innovative approach to the efficiency of air defense presented in the article focuses on the methods and algorithms enabling the assessment of the feasibility of the air defense task. In its general form, it is based on the determination of the probable number of air assault assets intended for the implementation of an air task (destruction, incapacitation, disorganization of the cover object) and the possibility of air defense sets (means) to repel an air attack. The research was conducted with the use of qualitative methods – when determining the elements of protection or tactical and technical data. The results of the presented research can be implemented in the command process in air defense.
13
Content available Computer simulation as an effective tool supporting decision-making processes in air defense
Radomyski Adam, Cur Krzysztof
Safety & Defense
|
2019
|
1
1--5
EN
This article outlines the results of studies concerning supporting the decision-making process in air defense with the use of state-of-the art computer simulator. The simulator is intended to simulate air force operations and air defense in the air, and the simulated facilities are supposed to reflect real and hypothetical facilities. It allows us to conduct experiments with the use of models showing particular fragments of reality, which reduce information entropy characteristic of contemporary decision-making situations in air defense.
14
Content available Airbase as Defended Asset for Air Defense
Kołata Grzegorz
Safety & Defense
|
2019
|
1
37--45
EN
Lessons learnt during recent wars and conflicts indicate that the pivotal precondition for success is neutralization of aviation in the initial period of conflict. Eliminating aviation from combat allows us to gain advantage (superiority) in the air and provides convenient conditions for the conduct of combat activities by one’s own forces. One of the ways to achieve this objective is to destroy air bases with their aircraft, security potential and infrastructure, which is necessary for their operation and proper functioning. Under these conditions, air defense of the air base becomes particularly important. The complexity of the problem stems from the increased possibility of impact from the air and the significance of the air base in aviation operations. That is why it is worth looking at the air base from the point of view of air defense.
15
Content available External Ballistics Simplified Model of the “RT-400” Rocket Aerial Target
Fedaravičius A., Račkauskas S., Survila A., Šamelis A.
Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa
|
2018
|
Vol. 9, Nr 1 (31)
9--22
EN
“RT-400” rocket aerial target system is described in the paper; research method of its simplified external ballistics characteristics is presented and the obtained results are discussed. This system was designed, tested, and produced by a research team of the Institute of Defence Technologies at Kaunas University of Technology and successfully implemented in practice. One of main aims of this paper was to develop external ballistics’ model of a rocket propelled aerial target which would enable obtaining various ballistic parameters of the investigated vehicle such as its acceleration, velocity, flight angle, flight range and trajectory using as input the internal ballistics data obtained at earlier experimental research of the “RV-12K” rocket motor in a static horizontal test stand for thrust measurements and determination of other internal ballistics’ characteristics such as combustion chamber temperature and pressure. During the experimental research process of the vehicle, under test site conditions, the main aim was to compare accuracy of the obtained external ballistics simulation data with the data obtained during experimental approaches using additional measurement techniques such as radar tracking and crash site and launch site GPS coordinates marking.
16
Content available Kształtowanie bezpieczeństwa powietrznego jako integralnego elementu obronności państwa
Radomyski A.
Przegląd Nauk o Obronności
|
2017
|
R. 2, Nr 3
95--118
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań, koncentrujące się na kwestiach związanych z zagrożeniem powietrzem państwa, w tym infrastruktury krytycznej i ludności cywilnej w czasach pokoju, kryzysu i wojny. Treści przedstawione w pierwszej części artykułu koncentrują się na zasadniczych aspektach prawnych i organizacyjnych, które determinują funkcjonowanie systemu obrony powietrznej jako zasadniczego elementu państwa w walce z wojskowymi i cywilnymi statkami powietrznymi w czasach pokoju, kryzysu i wojny. W drugiej części artykuł przedstawia zasadnicze aspekty zjawiska terroryzmu lotniczego oraz ogólne cechy sił, które są szczególnie predysponowane do zwalczania różnego rodzaju zagrożeń powietrznych. Ważnym zagadnieniem analizowanym w artykule było podkreślenie znaczenia właściwej współpracy pomiędzy elementami sił zbrojnych a instytucjami pozamilitarnymi, co ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla zapewnienia skutecznej ochrony i ochrony przestrzeni powietrznej państwa. Artykuł opisuje również warunki używania sił powietrznych w celu ochrony przestrzeni powietrznej innych państw NATO w ramach sojuszniczych zobowiązań przyjętych przez Polskę w ramach Smart Defence.
EN
The paper presents research findings focusing on issues related to the threat to the state air, including critical infrastructure and civilian population in times of peace, crisis and war. In the first part of the article, the content of the article focuses on the essential legal and organizational aspects that determine the functioning of the air defense system as an essential element of the state in the fight against military and civil aircraft in times of peace, crisis and war. In the second part the article presents the essential aspects of aviation terrorism and the general features of forces that are particularly predisposed to combat various types of air threats. An important issue examined in the paper was to emphasize the importance of proper cooperation between the elements of the armed forces and non-military institutions, which is essential to ensure the effective protection and protection of the airspace of the state. The article also describes the conditions for using air forces to protect the airspace of other NATO countries within the framework of Poland’s allied commitments under Smart Defense.
17
Content available Zastosowanie symulacji komputerowej w procesie dowodzenia obroną przeciwlotniczą w czasie ćwiczeń
Radomyski A.
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej
|
2014
|
R. 55 nr 4 (199)
65--81
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań w zakresie wspomagania procesu dowodzenia w obronie przeciwlotniczej przy wykorzystaniu nowoczesnej symulacji komputerowej. Pierwszą część stanowią rozważania teoretyczne ukierunkowane na przybliżenie aparatu pojęciowego związanego z modelowaniem symulacyjnym i symulacją komputerową w obronie powietrznej. Następnie określone zostały korzyści wynikające z zastosowania symulatora operacyjno-taktycznego w różnych rodzajach ćwiczeń stanowiących główną formę doskonalenia dowództw i sztabów w wojskach obrony przeciwlotniczej. W ostatniej części zawarto wnioski dotyczące praktycznych aspektów zastosowania symulatora operacyjno-taktycznego GAMBLER w procesie kształcenia kadr wojskowych w Akademii Obrony Narodowej.
EN
The article presents the results of investigations on the air defense command support process using modern computer simulation. The first part includes theoretical considerations aimed at explaining notions relating to simulation modeling and computer simulation in air defense. The next part discusses benefits of employing an operational-tactical level simulator in various types of exercise as they are the main form of improvement training in the Air Defense Force. The final part contains conclusions relating to practical aspects of employing the operational-tactical level simulator GAMBLER in the training process at the Polish National Defense Academy.
18
Content available remote Kierowanie ogniem okrętowych systemów obrony powietrznej w kształceniu podchorążych Akademii Marynarki Wojennej
Kobierski J., Adamski M.
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej
|
2003
|
R. 44 nr 4 (155)
47-57
PL
Przedstawiono zasadnicze uwarunkowania określające specyfikę kierowania ogniem w obronie powietrznej okrętów. Podjęto próbę ukazania związków pomiędzy wycinkiem rzeczywistego pola walki na morzu, trenażerem, a procesem kształcenia podchorążych Akademii Marynarki Wojennej (AMW) w zakresie kierowania ogniem okrętowych systemów obrony powietrznej
EN
Essential conditioning of anti-aircraft naval weapon systems fire control was introduced. Attempt to the present relations a part of the real battelfield on the sea, missile and gunnery training simulator and the process of education in Naval University of Gdynia as for the naval weapon fire command and control in antiaircraft defense was performed.
19
Content available remote Przemysł zbrojeniowy II RP i jego zaplecze naukowo-badawcze na rzecz obrony powietrznej wojsk i obszaru kraju
Jauer T.
Wiedza Obronna
|
2002
|
nr 3
105--125
20
Content available remote Przemysł zbrojeniowy i jego zaplecze naukowo-badawcze istotnym składnikiem potencjału obrony powietrznej wojsk i obszaru kraju
Jauer T.
Wiedza Obronna
|
2002
|
nr 4
66--93
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