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Chemical Composition of Industrial Wood Waste and the Possibility of its Management

Malinowski Ryszard, Meller Edward, Ochman Ireneusz, Malinowska Katarzyna, Figiel-Kroczyńska Monika

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 4

167--183

EN

Organic wood waste (sawdust, shavings, pieces of wood and bark), is widely used as a secondary raw material and, after composting, for soil fertilisation and substrate production in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, urban landscaping and rehabilitation of degraded land. However, problematic to process is wood waste that is very dirty with soil. They have limited calorific value and cannot be used in the R10 recovery process of land treatment benefiting agriculture or improving the environment. However, the morphological composition of these wastes indicates that they have good properties and can be used for agricultural use and for the reclamation of degraded land. The research involved wood waste with the code 03 01 99 (other unspecified waste from wood processing and the production of panels and furniture) generated during the preparation of deciduous tree logs for the veneer production process, and ashes from the burning of wood waste generated in the veneer production factory. The aim of the study was to assess the chemical composition of these wastes and the possibility of their agricultural use. In the samples of wood waste and ashes there was determined: pH; chlorines content; conductivity; hydrolytic acidity; content of micro and macroelements and heavy metals. The morphological composition of the waste is dominated by sawdust, with a smaller share of shavings, bark and earth parts, and a small addition of pieces of wood of various sizes. It is rich in easily bioavailble as well as total macroelements and is not contaminated with heavy metals. Analyzed wood waste has deacidifying properties, high sorption and buffering capacity. Studies have shown that the wood waste produced at the veneer factory, can be used as an organic fertiliser, a component of other organic fertilisers, for soil mulching, horticultural substrate and soil and land reclamation.The ash obtained from burning wood is strongly alkaline and rich in alkaline cations, mainly Ca, Mg and K. It is not contaminated with heavy metals. The ash can be used for soil deacidification and fertilization, especially for soil reclamation. The waste from the heap can be used as an organic fertilizer, a component of other organic fertilizers, for mulching soils and as a gardening substrate. However, the possibilities for non-agricultural (e.g.: for the production of pallet, particle board) use are limited due to the high proportion of earthy parts.

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Wpływ rolniczego użytkowania na wybrane właściwości gleby rozwijającej się z gruntów pogórniczych KWB Konin

Otremba K., Gilewska M., Owczarzak W.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1738--1758

EN

An attempt was made in this investigation to determine the impact of the following four systems of soil agricultural use: not subjected to any reclamation treatment, fodder-cereal reclamation treatment, rape-cereal reclamation treatment and the so-called “conservation” treatment (permanent lucerne) on the properties of soils developing from post-mining grounds. A particular attention was paid to the properties of the humus layer of the developing soils, among them, their texture which belongs to the most important soil diagnostic features. Experiments were carried out in 2010 on the experimental field of the Department of Soil Science and Reclamation of the University of Life Sciences in Poznań. A combination without mineral fertilisation (0NPK) was established on each of the analysed use systems. In the case of the fodder-cereal and rape-cereal systems, additionally, two levels of mineral fertilisation: 1NPK – in rape-cereal system (rape: 200 kg N, 70 kg PO5, 90 kg K2O; wheat: 160 kg N, 40 kg P2O5, 80 kg K2O) and in fodder- cereal (lucerne: 170 kg N, 60 kg P2O5, 150 kg K2O; wheat: 160 kg N, 40 kg P2O5, 80 kg K2O) and 2NPK were applied. The control was post-mining ground which was not subjected to any reclamation treatment. The evaluation of changes in the selected, most important soil structure parameters was based on the original methodological solution elaborated at the Department of Soil Science and Reclamation of the University of Life Sciences in Poznań in which the basic element is a regular soil aggregate of 1 cm3 volume. The following parameters were determined for such aggregates cut out from two depths of the humus layer (7 and 15 cm): dynamic water resistance (SW), static water resistance (SW), secondary aggregation after dynamic and static water action, time of capillary rise (TKMIN), capillary minimal (VKMIN) and maximal (VKMAX) water capacity and compression strength (Rc). The above-mentioned properties were determined in 5 replications. Using methods commonly employed in soil science, the following parameters were determined: texture composition, solid phase density, bulk density and porosity, hygroscopic capacity and maximal hygroscopic capacity as well as soil reaction and carbonate, carbon and nitrogen contents. Reclamation treatments applied in the course of the past 32 years and soil-forming processes taking place under their influence led to distinct changes in the morphological structure of the examined profiles, primarily, in their surface layer. The smallest morphological changes were observed in the profile sampled from the plot with long-term lucerne cultivation (so-called “conservation”). The profiles representing the fodder-cereal use system exhibited a more advanced stadium of soil-forming processes. Their humus layer was more distinctive, with dark colour, its thickness ranged from 20 to 28 cm corresponding to the depth of the performed ploughing. Identical features and better homogeneity were observed in the case of the humus horizon developed in the rape-cereal system of agricultural use, although certain differences were recorded in profile morphology depending on the level of the applied mineral fertilisation (1NPK and 2NPK). Post-mining ground which was not subjected to any reclamation treatment was found to contain the smallest quantities of organic material – carbon and nitrogen (2.65-2.84 g kg-1). The amount of oxidisable carbon in the fodder-cereal system of agricultural use was 2.5 to 3 times higher (6.45-8.82 g kg -1) than in the untreated post-mining ground irrespective of the level of mineral fertilisation. On the other hand, the amount of carbon was more varied in the rape-cereal system of use. In the case of absence of fertilisation (0NPK), this quantity was by about 50% higher in comparison with the post-mining ground and amounted to 3.1 g.kg-1. Elevated fertilisation with 1NPK and 2NPK doses increased levels of carbon to values similar as in the fodder-cereal system. The highest quantity of carbon of about 12 g.kg-1 was recorded in the humus horizon developed on the surface representing permanent lucerne (so-called “conservation”). A distinct variability was also observed in the physical properties of soils from the examined systems of agricultural use. Untreated post-mining grounds were characterised by high bulk density (1.97–2.02 Mg m-3) and, consequently, by low general porosity (23.6 to 25.3%). In the fodder-cereal use system, soil density was found to be by about 0.30 Mg m-3 lower and porosity – by about 10% higher. In the case of the rape-cereal system of agricultural use, soil density was only by about 0.1 Mg m-3 higher and general porosity – by about 5% lower in comparison with the fodder-cereal system. Bulk density and general porosity in the so-called “conservation” system of use amounted to 1.35–1.51 Mg m-3 and 42.8–48.9%, respectively, in other words, exhibited the most advantageous values of these features from the point of view of agricultural usage. Recapitulating, it should be emphasised that widely distinguished two soil-forming factors, namely: time and human activity begin to play a dominant role in the formation of soils, especially in areas which undergo large industrial geomechanical transformations mainly as a result of open-cast mining of different minerals.

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Możliwości zastosowania popiołów ze spalania biomasy w gospodarowaniu osadami ściekowymi

Poluszyńska J.

Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych

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2013

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R. 6, nr 13

49--59

PL

W ostatnich latach nastąpił wzrost zainteresowania sektora energetycznego paliwami alternatywnymi z biomasy, które mogą być spalane samodzielnie lub współspalane w kotłach fluidalnych. W procesach tych powstaje nowy odpad w postaci popiołów lotnych nowej generacji. Popioły te, z uwagi na swoje właściwości, nie mogą być już tak powszechnie jak dotychczas wykorzystywane w produkcji materiałów budowlanych. Mogą natomiast stanowić produkt do stabilizacji chemicznej komunalnych osadów ściekowych, których zagospodarowanie na cele przyrodnicze wymaga szczególnego przygotowania. Tym samym możliwe staje się bezpieczne zagospodarowanie dwóch rodzajów odpadów, a powstały produkt, po pozytywnym przejściu wymaganych badań, można będzie przeznaczyć na cele przyrodnicze.

EN

In recent years the interest of energy from alternative fuels from biomass, that can be burned alone or co-incinerated in fluidized bed boilers has been increased. In these processes, a new waste like a new generation fly ash has formed. This ashes, due to its properties may not be quite as common as previously used in the production of building materials. However, they may be a product for chemical stabilization of municipal sewage sludge, which the utilization for environmental purposes requires special preparation. Thus, it becomes possible to secure utilization of two types of waste and the resulting product can natural use for example in agriculture, after successfully passed the required tests.

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The land use changes in agricultural areas between 1980 and 2005 with particular emphasis on permanent grasslands - an example of the upper Raba River basin

Kopacz M., Twardy S.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2011

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no. 15

19-28

EN

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the agricultural land use with particular focus on pastures and meadows in relation to transformation in agriculture in selected communes located in mountain areas of the Raba River catchment. Changes in husbandry were described with production parameters such as animal stock (expressed in LU) and NPK load originating from all agricultural sources. The area of agricultural lands, particularly arable lands, decreased in the years 1980-2005 but meadow areas increased. A close relationship was shown between the reduction of agricultural production, expressed in animal stock, and changes in NPK loads. The conclusions from the paper will help shaping the functional space in mountain areas and sustainable development there.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena zmian w użytkowaniu rolniczym w długim czasie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem powierzchni pastwisk i łąk na tle przeobrażeń w rolnictwie w wybranych gminach, zlokalizowanych w górskich obszarach zlewni Raby. Zmiany w rolnictwie zostały opisane za pomocą wybranych parametrów produkcyjnych, tj. obsady zwierząt gospodarskich wyrażonych w dużych jednostkach przeliczeniowych (DJP) oraz wprowadzanego na powierzchnię zlewni ładunku NPK. Określono relacje między strukturą użytkowania rolniczego a wyżej wymienionymi czynnikami produkcyjnymi. Wykazano, że istnieją ścisłe zależności między ograniczeniem produkcji rolniczej a zmianami w wielkości wprowadzanego ładunku składników biogennych do środowiska. To z kolei korelowało ze zmianami użytkowymi, głównie w zakresie użytkowania płużnego. Zwiększyła się natomiast powierzchnia łąk, które (ze względu na spadek pogłowia zwierząt gospodarskich) należy traktować jako ekstensywne użytkowane użytki zielone lub wręcz tereny zadarnione. Wnioski z pracy pomogą w optymalnym kształtowaniu przestrzeni użytkowej terenów górskich i pogórskich z zachowaniem zrównoważonego rozwoju badanego obszaru.

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Wpływ użytkowania rolniczego na zawartość związków azotu i fosforu w wodzie jeziora Narie

Domska D., Wojtkowiak K., Warechowska M., Raczkowski M.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2006

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Nr 17

34-35

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Oddziaływanie infrastruktury technicznej oraz użytkowania i zagospodarowania zlewni rzeki Dłubni na stan jakości jej wód

Michalczewski M., Michalczewska U.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2003

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R. 7, nr 3, t. 1

55--66

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono zmienność zawartości wybranych składników fizykochemicznych w wodach rzeki Dłubni. Jakość wody jest wynikiem oddziaływania infrastruktury technicznej, użytkowania i zagospodarowania oraz elementów środowiska geograficznego zlewni. Badania przeprowadzono w latach 1999-2002 w 9. profilach hydrochemicznych rozmieszczonych na całej długości koryta.

EN

The elaboration concems the role of factors forming quality of the Dłubnia river water against the background of geographical environment conditions. The actual state of the Dłubnia river water quality and its variability during the last 12 years was presented in the work. It was caried out based on investigations of physical and chemical properties on the whole length of a river channel. The investigations were carried out in the years 1991-2001 and they were compared with results obtained in 2002 what allowed to determine changes in water quality taking place in this period.

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Charakterystyka warunków klimatycznych na obszarze Pienin w okresie wegetacyjnym

Twardy S., Kuźniar A.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2002

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T. 2, z. 2

59--72

PL

Do oceny warunków klimatycznych występujących w środkowo-wschodniej części Pienińskiego Pasa Skalicowego, od wielu lat użytkowanego rolniczo w sposób przyjazny dla środowiska, wykorzystano wieloletnie obserwacje klimatyczne pochodzące ze Stacji Badawczej IMUZ w Małych Pieninach (szer. geogr. 49º25’N, dług. 20º33’E), położonej na wysokości 600 m n.p.m. Analizowano sumy opadów atmosferycznych i prawdopodobieństwo ich wystąpienia wraz z wyższymi, temperaturę, wilgotność powietrza, wartości usłonecznienia i promieniowania z lat 1960–2000. Wymienione dane z okresu wegetacyjnego mogą być wykorzystywane do oceny warunków produkcyjno-środowiskowych tych ekologicznie użytkowanych obszarów.

EN

Long-term climatic observations derived from the IMUZ Research Station in the Small Pieniny (latitude 49º25’ N, longitude 20º33’ E) located at the altitude of 600 m a.s.l., were used to assess agrometeorological conditions prevailing in the central-eastern part of Pieniny Skalicowy Belt, which has been for many years used in the environmental friendly manner. Data from the period 1960–2000 were analysed including sums of precipitation and its probability of occurrence, air temperatures, humidity, sunshine hours and solar radiation. Collected data were processed by the computer software Statistica for Windows and Microsoft Excel. The results from the growing season were presented in tabular and graphical form together with the probability of occurrence in the given months. The data can be utilized for evaluating water resources of pro-environmentally utilized areas. The climate of the discussed mountain region is characterized by a great variability of precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity and sunshine. Relatively high rainfall was recorded even in the dry periods with e.g. 80 % probability of occurrence. Estimated trends for the period 1960–2000 of precipitation changes, extreme air temperatures and relative humidity were statistically non-significant. The climatic conditions, which prevailed in the Pieniny can be described as moderate. They are favourable for plant production, particularly that on grasslands encouraging low input production forms as well as conserving biodiversity of grass associations.