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Heavy Metals Effects on Agricultural Soil Enzyme Activities of Fez, Morocco

Zerrari Naoual, Rais Naoual, El Ghachtouli Naima, Kouchou Aziza, Ijjaali Mustapha

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

144--154

EN

Enzyme activities in soils are influenced by soil characteristics and pollutants and could be indicator of soil quality. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between physicochemical characteristics, heavy metals contents and enzyme activities (EA) in agricultural soils in the Saiss plain (Morocco). The analysis of six agricultural soil samples (sites 1–6), collected from urban and periurban agricultural soils of Fez region, showed that soils are generally alkaline with high CaCO3 that rich 46%, EC (525–703 μS/cm), rich in organic matter (3.14–5.80%). The Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in the studied area are generally greater than the Upper Continental Crust, with a deceasing order: Zn> Cr> Pb> Cu> Ni. Geo-accumulation index showed that soils are unpolluted to moderately polluted except site 5 and site 6 that are moderately to strongly polluted by respectively Cu, Pb, Zn and Pb. Potential ecological rіsk factors were below 40, which means low potential ecological rіsk except site 5 that has moderate potential ecological risk by Cu and Pb. Soil potential ecological risk indices were found <150 indicating low ecological risk. According to this index, Cu caused more serious pollution than the other elements. The enzyme actіvities of the sіx soil samples showed almost the similar ranges of values. These EA showed the highest values in site 5.The sensіtivity of soil enzyme to heavy metals were observed UREA>PHOS>GALA. Pearson’s correlation showed significant posіtive correlatіon between studied soil EA and between these EA and heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn), and significant negative correlatіon between EA and heavy metals (Cr and Ni). The results of this study enrich and provide data base of the impact of heavy metals on soil enzyme actіvities in agrіcultural soils in the Saiss plain.

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Physico-Chemical Characterization and Quality of Agricultural Soils in the Zaër Region (Morocco)

El Omari Mariyam, Aziane Nadia, Zerdeb Mohammed Amine, Naoui Basma, El Mekkaoui Abdelali, Akhlidej Nouhaila, Oubbih Jamal, Chakiri Saïd, Amahmid Omar, Zouahri Abdelmjid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

155--171

EN

This qualitative study of the soils of the Zaër region is part of a context of good development, preservation and sustainability of agricultural soils. Its aim is to establish a reference framework for the physico-chemical characteristics of the region’s agricultural soils. It was based on a spring sampling campaign carried out in 2021. Composite samples taken from thirteen sites with diverse soils were analysed in the laboratory. The soil analysis results were compared with reference values. The soils examined were moderately acidic to moderately alkaline, with low levels of organic matter. Nevertheless, concentrations of exchangeable calcium and magnesium were found to be sufficient, while sodium levels were very low. Furthermore, cation exchange capacity was low in spring, reflecting the soil’s high and low nutrient retention capacity respectively. Phosphorus and potassium levels appear to be low. In the light of these results, the use of organic and mineral fertilisers and calcium amendments is strongly recommended to improve agricultural quality and productivity in the region studied.

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Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination Using Pollution Index, Geo-Accumulation Index, and Potential Ecological Risk Index in Agricultural Soil – A Case Study in the Coastal Area of Doukkala (Morocco)

Zaakour Fatna, Kholaiq Mariame, Khouchlaa Aya, El Mjiri Ikram, Rahimi Abdelmejid, Saber Najib

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

38--44

EN

Studies assessing the environmental risks related to metal pollution in agricultural soils are lacking in the coastal area of Doukkala, with is one of Morocco’s most agricultural regions. To overcome the shortcomings of such studies, trace element (As, Cd, Pb, and Zn) analyses were carried out at four sampling points in agricultural surface soils, a total of sixty-six surface soil samples were raised with an auger at a depth of (0–20 cm) from the study area. This study examined the classification and levels of heavy metals in agricultural soil and applied the pollution score and ecological risk index to the Doukkala coastal area (Morocco). This study used pollution indicators, a geo-accumulation index, and potential ecological risk indices to examine the distribution and quantity of heavy metals in agricultural soils in the coastal region of Doukkala (Morocco). This study provides significant information for policymakers and environmental specialists to quantify soil contamination in the coastal area of Doukkala (Morocco).

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Risk assessment of irrigation with water contaminated by trace metals on the soil-plant complex in the El Madher plain, north-east Algeria

Benfarhi Farida, Menani Mohamed Redha

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 54

59--67

EN

Polluted water poses significant health risks when it is part of the water sources used for irrigation, leading to the contamination of soil and plants by various pollutants. This work aims, firstly, to assess the degree of pollution of Wadi El Gourzi water (Batna, Algeria), and then to verify the consequences on their use for the irrigation of market garden plants for everyday consumption (lettuce, cilantro, parsley and spinach), both in the aerial part (stems and leaves) and in the soil where they are grown. This study focuses on trace metals (Cr, Pb, Zn and Cd). Soil pollution was assessed by calculating the soil pollution index (PI), while the uptake of these elements by plants was monitored by the transfer factor (TF). The analyses of the Wadi El Gourzi water with the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) show a maximum abnormal concentration of Cr (17.37 mg∙dm-3), Pb (0.71 mg∙dm-3) and Cd (0.45 mg∙dm-3). For the analysis of the soils irrigated by these waters, the results of the PI show that the soils used for the cultivation of parsley and lettuce are polluted by several metals (PI > 1). The concentrations of trace metals elements (TMEs) in the sampled plants show a significant accumulation of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr by the vegetables (coriander, parsley, spinach and lettuce). These concentrations are above the permitted standards.

5

The Effect of Purified Wastewater on the Physicochemical Properties of Agricultural Soils in Chaouia in Morocco

Abou-Tammame Dyaa, Zouhri Abdeljalil, Boutarfa Abdeljalil, Fathi Jihane, Aboutayeb Rachid

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 1

34--42

EN

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the reuse of purified wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant in the city of Settat on the physicochemical quality of agricultural soils compared to the agricultural soils irrigated by rainwater in the region of Chaouia in Morocco. The results obtained showed that despite the great fertilizing value of the purified wastewater, a slight increase in salinity was noted; they also reveal a significant difference in pH. The accumulation of sodium, total limestone and active limestone in the soil increased significantly in the soils irrigated by treated wastewater; in contrast, calcium increased significantly in the soils irrigated by rainwater.No significant differences were recorded for humidity, electrical conductivity, ammonium, nitrates, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, total nitrogen or cation exchange capacity.

6

Assessment of Occurrence, Ecological and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil in the Hau Giang Province, Vietnam

Hong Tran Thi Kim, Dan Truong Hoang, Giao Nguyen Thanh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

61--71

EN

The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of some heavy metals in agricultural soil in the Hau Giang province, Vietnam. The geographical accumulation index (Igeo), pollutant load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (RI) are used to assess the pollution levels and potential ecological risks due to the presence of heavy metals in agricultural soil. The results showed that the mean concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in the soil ranged from 16.25–40.32, 18.05–29.92 and 52.78–147.22 mg/kg, respectively, within the limits of QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT. Cluster analysis showed that Pb originated from the process of using fertilizers, especially phosphate fertilizers in farming. Cu and Zn possibly share a common origin from the use of pesticides and fungicides in agricultural production. The Igeo value of Cu, Pb and Zn gradually increases in the order of Cu < Zn < Pb. The PLI (1.03–1.97) reflected that the soil in the study area is moderately polluted. The RI (14.80–25.33) represented a low potential ecological risk. In particular, position D3 had the highest level of pollution and risk among the study sites. Pb had the highest level of accumulation in soil with the highest single ecological risk factor; thus, measures should be taken to limit the source of Pb generation. The results of the study also indicated that ingestion route is the main exposure pathway by which heavy metals can be harmful to humans.

7

Elemental Metals in Agricultural Soils Along Two Tributaries of Chaohu Lake: Implication on Soil Erosion Caused Enrichment in Sediments

Xie Fa-Zhi, Zhang Dao-De, Wang Ji-Zhong

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 1

241-253

EN

Agricultural soil as a potential source of input of heavy metals into the lacustrine sediments of Chaohu Lake via soil erosion and weathering has not been well documented. In the present study, rice soil samples along two main tributaries of Chaohu Lake were collected to determine 30 metal elements which were compared with the data on the elements in surface sediments of Chaohu Lake to explore the impacts of soil erosion on the accumulation in the sediments. The results showed that the concentrations of most elements were less than their soil background values of Anhui Province, but Se, Sb, Sn, As, and Ba were greater than the corresponding background values. Furthermore, these elements except for Sc in the soils appeared a low variability in spatial distribution. Enrichment factor (EF) also suggested that most elements were minimally enriched, but Se, Th and As were found with moderate enrichment in the study areas. More than 90% of agricultural soils were not expected with significant contamination by the residual elements based upon the consideration of pollution level index (PLI) combining probabilistic density function. Compared with the residual elements in the surface sediments of Chaohu Lake, most elements (Ti, Mn, Zr, Sr, Zn, Ga, Hf, U, Se, Sn, Nb, Th, V, Cd) appeared depletion in agricultural soils but enrichment in sediments. Specially for Cd, it was not detectable in all soils samples, but it existed at an extreme average content in the lacustrine sediments. These results possibly implied that elements in agricultural soils in Chaohu Lake were depleted because of soil erosion and weathering during long-term agricultural practice, resulting in enrichment in sediments of the lake. The depletion of elements in soils was predominately due to the fact that these metals existed in the soil with a large mobile fraction. While As, Th and Se moderately accumulated in the soils due to their insusceptibility of transport potentials. Because Sr and U are easier to be leached from soils than Rb and Th, respectively, a greater ratio of Rb/Sr and a lower value of U/Th was found in soil samples than in sediments. Therefore, our study implied agricultural soils could play an important role in the input of heavy metals into sediments via soil erosion and weathering.

8

Heavy Metals in Soils from High Andean Zones and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment in Peru’s Central Andes

Mendoza Edith Orellana, Custodio María, Ascensión Julio, Bastos María Carolina

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 8

108--119

EN

Soil is exposed to heavy metals that are associated with the anthropogenic activities, and is currently an environmental and food safety problem. The concentration and source of heavy metals in soils, the level of contamination and the potential for ecological risk in high Andean ecosystems were evaluated. The soil samples were collected from the surface part in which Andean crops were sown and the concentration of As, Cd, Pb, Fe and Zn was quantified. The concentrations of heavy metals in soils did not exceed the threshold of the national and international standard, while As, Pb and Zn exceeded the values of the background. The contamination factor (CF) values showed a high level of contamination for As and moderate for Pb and Zn. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values showed that As had the highest load of accumulated pollutants in soils by anthropogenic contribution. A moderate degree of contamination (CD) was found in 61.5% of the sampling sites. The potential ecological risk index (RI) showed that the soils of the study area presented a moderate to low potential ecological risk, and As was the main pollutant in high Andean soils. As, Pb and Zn occurring in high Andean soils mainly originated from human activities such as agricultural practices, whereas Fe mainly originated from the parent material of the soil. The effects of the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the accumulation of heavy metals in and Andean agricultural products must be analyzed and verified to protect the health of the inhabitants and the environment.

9

The evaluation and determination of heavy metals pollution in edible vegetables, water and soil in the south of Tehran province by GIS

Shirkhanloo H., Mirzahosseini S. A. H., Shirkhanloo N., Moussavi-Najarkola S. A., Farahani H.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 2

64--74

EN

In this study, heavy metals pollutions in waters, soils and vegetables were investigated from farms, near oil refinery in south of Tehran city, Iran (Shahre Ray). The most important heavy metals in Iranian oil are vanadium, cobalt, nickel, arsenic and mercury (V, Co, Ni, As, Hg). In this region, the concentration of heavy metals in soils, well waters and leafy edible vegetables were evaluated in ten different points of farms. Geographic information systems (GIS) were used to estimate the levels of heavy metals concentration at unmeasured locations. After sample preparation, concentrations of heavy metals in vegetables, soils and waters were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Five different leafy edible vegetables from farms, i.e., Persian leek, dill, parsley, spinach and radish were sampled in spring, summer and autumn 2012. In vegetables and well water samples, the concentrations of V, Ni and Co were above the permissible limit of heavy metals as compared to WHO guidelines and the concentrations of these metals in agricultural soils were found to be lower in accordance to soil references. The industrial waste waters had high concentration of heavy metals in this area. In consequence, the results of this study indicate that industrial waste water can cause pollution in well waters and edible vegetables. So, this region is not suitable for cultivation and growing vegetables.

10

Wpływ rozkładu radiacji nieba na obraz gleb w zakresie optycznym

Cierniewski J., Gdala T.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2003

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Vol. 13b

338--348

PL

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiona jest funkcja opisująca rozkład radiacji nieba, wykorzystywana w hemisferyczno-kierunkowym modelu odbicia od powierzchni gleby, umożliwiającym przewidywanie obrazu gleby o zdefiniowanym kształcie powierzchni, pokrywającej dowolnie zorientowany stok, oświetlonej światłem widzialnym i podczerwonym oraz obserwowanej z jakiegoś kierunku przez sensor zawieszony nad nią. Naziemne pomiary kierunkowego odbicia od powierzchni gleb uprawnych, zgromadzone w pobliżu jednej ze stacji sieci AERONET w Sede Boker w Izraelu, pozwoliły na odpowiednio wiarygodne przeanalizowanie wpływu światła dyfuzyjnego nieba na obraz gleb uprawnych nie pokrytych roślinnością. Posłużono się przykładem dwóch bardzo podobnych powierzchni glebowych zbudowanych z tego samego materiału glebowego, z agregatami glebowymi rozrzuconymi losowo i rozłożonymi kierunkowo w postaci mikroreliefu bruzdowego. Analizowano możliwość ich odróżnienia w różnych warunkach oświetlenia.

11

Mikrobiologiczne zanieczyszczenie gleb uprawnych w okolicach Białegostoku

Błachno B.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Białostockiej. Inżynieria Środowiska

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2001

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Z. 12

231-233

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy mikrobiologicznej próbek gleb uprawnych, pobranych w okolicach Białegostoku. Badania obejmowały oznaczenie ogólnej liczby bakterii psychro-, mezo- i termofilnych, liczby bakterii z rodzaju Salmonella, miana bakterii grupy coli typu ogólnego i fekalnego oraz miana paciorkowców kałowych i bakterii z rodzaju Clostridium. Otrzymane wyniki świadczą o mniejszym stopniu bakteriologicznego skażenia gleb w okolicach Białegostoku niż w Polsce centralnej (w okolicach Warszawy i Łodzi).

EN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacteriological pollution in the soil samples from the region of Białystok. Microbiological examination revealed that these soils were polluted in less degree than soils near Łódź and Warsaw.

12

Wpływ orki na dwukierunkową charakterystykę odbicia spektralnego od powierzchni gleb w zakresie optycznym

Faryś M.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2000

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Vol. 10

34-1--34-12

PL

Prezentowana praca ma na celu określenie wpływu orki na dwukierunkową charakterystykę odbicia spektralnego od powierzchni gleb w zakresie optycznym. Kierunkowość geometrii powierzchni gleb wymaga zbadania wpływu orientacji poziomej kierunku zabiegu na wartość odbicia od analizowanych powierzchni. Wyjaśnienia zjawiska dokonano za pomocą analizy pomiarów spektralnych od powierzchni trzech typów gleb różniących się barwą, składem granulometrycznym, sekwencją uziarnienia, zawartością materii organicznej. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, że wraz ze zmianą orientacji kierunku zabiegów względem promieni słonecznych, następują zmiany w rozkładzie znormalizowanego odbicia w funkcji kąta zenitalnego obserwacji.

13

Model obrazu gleb uprawnych w zakresie optycznym

Cierniewski J., Piekarczyk J., Marlewski A.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2000

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Vol. 10

30-1--30-12

PL

Omówiony w niniejszej pracy model, opisujący dwukierunkowe odbicie od powierzchni gleb poddanych zabiegom uprawowym, wykorzystano do ilościowego określenia wpływu rozmycia przez deszcz powierzchni zaoranych i bronowanych na tle oddziaływania kierunkowości tych zabiegów względem pozycji Słońca. Dane modelowane wskazują, że wpływ deszczu uwidacznia się najwyraźniej w kierunkach odsłonecznych. Świeżo wykonana orka zapewnia większą zmienność wskaźnika znormalizowanego odbicia NR w funkcji kąta zenitalnego obserwacji niż świeżo wykonane bronowanie. Wskaźnik NR jest o 5-25% wyższy dla świeżo wykonanej orki niż dla świeżo wykonanego bronowania. Z kolei w stosunku do tego ostatniego zabiegu, powierzchnie zaorane i bronowane rozmyte przez odpowiednio intensywny deszcz cechują się o 5-10% niższym NR. Podobnie silny jak wpływ' deszczu na zmienność wskaźnika NR ma kąt oświetlenie bruzd świeżo zaoranych powierzchni.