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EN
The sewage sludge recycling as an agricultural land resource has received a great deal of attention worldwide. This practice has highly increased because of ever-increasing municipal wastewater production and the awareness of its fertilizing potential as amendment resources. However, there is a concern about land spreading linked mainly to health associated risks due to the presence of diverse pollutants. Thus, sewage spreading management is a key factor the guarantees benefits and avoids risks. The present work aimed to investigate the benefits and risks of sewage sludge (SS) application on agricultural land. To this end, physicochemical main parameters and bacteriological indicators, fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS), of the sewage sludge generated form WWTP of Skhirat, Morocco, were performed during the period 2018–2019. The obtained results of physicochemical parameters reveal high concentration of organic matter in SS, which reach 96.3 mg/l, and in nutrients. Indeed, total Kjeldahl nitrogen TKN reaches a maximum of 3791 mg/l, potassium K+ reaches 58.71 mg/l. In addition, the average content of FC and FS are around 5.40 CFU/ml and 5.85 CFU/ml, respectively, whereas total phosphorus reaches 508.25 mg/l. In addition, concentrations of micronutrients such as Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ were high, which is interesting and could benefit for both soils and plant. Furthermore, this sewage sludge contains high concentration of heavy metals, mainly zinc and copper which could limit reuse in land spreading. The obtained results were compared to the applied standards and directives established within the framework of the agricultural spreading.
EN
The main goal of the paper is to review available alternative powertrain technologies for non-road machinery. Based on that, to propose adequate classification and recognise main trends within this area. The paper presents various powertrain propositions alternative to internal combustion engine and solely mechanical powertrain developed by manufacturers over a course of years. The article explains actual legislative situation regarding environmental challenges connected to the powertrain solutions and reiterates the need for development in that area. Both commercially available and only presented at fairs or at early development stages solutions have been analysed. Depending on the load conditions and work patterns multiple benefits as well as challenges to the reviewed concepts have been discussed. Certain classification of existing powertrain solutions have been proposed taking into account its design and functionality.
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EN
The crop recommendation of the rural farmers is important in our country; this research work aim is to increase the profit of the farmers by suggesting the suitable crop recommendation in towns and villages of Tamil Nadu. The agriculture sectors are widespread that requires thorough preparation and judgement. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms are extended practically in every major area, including agriculture. Data on Tamil Nadu’s agricultural production were obtained through an open data platform and also from the manual of the Economic and Statistical Department of Tamil Nadu which is published each year. Their main objective was to collect knowledge through data that could be applied to obtain useful predictable results. Hence, to achieve these objectives, fuzzy ant clustering with detection of cluster similarity and cluster combination along with association rule mining is used to provide crop recommendation to farmers depending on the current season and soil type. By evaluating the previous year’s agriculture production record, analyse the yield produced in the previous year by various crops and seasons. An algorithm using fuzzy ant clustering with detecting and combining the overlapping nodes to reduce the redundancy and improve the quality of the clusters was developed. The evaluation results show that the fuzzy ant colony with overlapping cluster detection algorithm provides good RS of the crops as the error rate is decreased to 8 percentage and accuracy is increased to 91.9 percentage when compared with results obtained from crop recommendation system with ant colony clustering and association rule mining.
EN
Dry marginal agricultural land (DryMAL) potentially use as an alternative resource for crop production. DryMAL defined as land having low natural fertility due to its intrinsic properties and forming environmental factors. This study uses Sentinel-2A imagery to map the spatial extent, compare the result of the classification, and identify the change in DryMAL occupation. The area of study (461.9 km2) is part of Situbondo Regency and is located at the eastern part of East Java, Indonesia. Sentinel-2A image captured in dry-season of 2018 use for this study. Then, supervised image classification using a maximum likelihood algorithm use for image treatment and processing. Furthermore, 450 ground control points for training areas collected during the field surveys. Five bands use in the classification process. The maps produced from the classification process were then compared to the land-use map from the year 2000. The change in DryMAL occupation from 2000 to 2018 was calculated by comparing the classified and land-use map. Supervised classification yielded an overall accuracy of 95.8% and a kappa accuracy of 93.2%. The classification produced six (6) classes of land use: (1) forest, (2) pavement or built-up area, (3) irrigated paddy field, (4) non-irrigated rural area, (5) dry marginal land and (6) water body. Globally, during the last two decades, regional development led by the Regency occupied more DryMAL area for developing plantation. The effort reduces the amount of non-irrigated and converting to the plantation, pavement areas, and irrigated paddy-field.
EN
The aim of the study was to determine the potential and possibilities of use of computer analysis and image processing in the agri-food industry in Poland, with particular emphasis on the agricultural sector. The paper presents the results of tests of selected physical parameters of agricultural and horticultural fertilizers present on the Polish retail market. The study was performed with the use of AnalySis FIVE, a computer program that enables image analysis and is able to work with a variety of external devices (cameras, scanners, photo cameras, etc.). The steps involved in the process of performing measurements using computer image analysis were described. A method of measurement was developed, which consisted in creating a laboratory procedure for the preparation of samples for microscopic observation and defining the parameters characterizing the dimensions of the tested products. The results are presented in graphical and tabular forms and findings on the method of measurement are presented. Attention was drawn to a novel method for measuring the characteristic dimensions of agricultural and horticultural fertilizers which have an impact on the technological quality of applications.
PL
Streszczenie Celem pracy było określenie potencjału oraz możliwości zastosowania komputerowej analizy i przetwarzania obrazu w przemyśle rolno-spożywczym w Polsce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sektora rolniczego. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wybranych parametrów fizycznych nawozów rolniczych i ogrodniczych obecnych na Polskim rynku handlowym. W badaniach posłużono się programem komputerowym: AnalySis FIVE umożliwiającym analizę obrazów, mogącego współpracować z różnymi urządzeniami zewnętrznymi (kamery, skanery, aparaty fotograficzne itd.). Opisano etapy składające się na proces wykonywania pomiarów za pomocą komputerowej analizy obrazu. Opracowano metodę pomiaru, która polegała na utworzeniu laboratoryjnej procedury przygotowania próbek do obserwacji mikroskopowych, zdefiniowania parametrów charakteryzujących wymiary badanych produktów. Otrzymane wyniki przedstawiono w formie graficznej i tabelarycznej. Przedstawiono wnioski charakteryzujące metodę pomiaru. Zwrócono uwagę na nowatorską metodę pomiaru charakterystycznych wymiarów nawozów rolniczych i ogrodniczych, wpływających na jakość technologiczną aplikacji.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę bezpieczeństwa technicznego maszyn i urządzeń rolniczych jako czynnik wpływający na wskaźnik wypadkowości w rolnictwie. Zaprezentowano stan bezpieczeństwa w rolnictwie na przestrzeni ostatnich 10 lat. Wyszczególniono przyczyny zagrożeń oraz sposoby ich uniknięcia w przyszłości. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na techniczne przyczyny wystąpienia wypadków w pracy rolniczej, bezpośrednio powiązanych z technologią produkcji, obsługą maszyn i narzędzi, ich stanem technicznym oraz stanem gospodarskich obiektów budowlanych.
EN
The article presents the problem of technical safety of machines and equipment as a factor affecting the accident rate in agriculture. The paper presents the state of safety in agriculture over the last 10 years. It details the causes of hazards and ways to avoid them in the future. Particular attention was paid to the technical causes of accidents in agricultural work, directly related to the production, operation of machines and tools, their technical condition and the condition of farm buildings.
EN
Using physiologically active, complex, polyfunctional, multicomponent (nano) systems – (nano) chips in the pre-sowing soya treatment (nano) technology allows precise seeding; enhancing field seed germination; reducing plant morbidity rate considerably or even deleting disease incidents; increasing plant adaptability to unfavorable environmental conditions; expanding crop yield; improving products quality by not using toxic chemical means of plant protection; intensifying competitive ability of agricultural products as well as assuring environmental safety in crop cultivation regions.
EN
The purpose of this article is to assess budgetary spending targeted agriculture (first pillar) and rural areas (the second pillar) of the CAP in Poland in the long period. There was compared the structures of the EU budget spending and the national for the first and second pillar of the CAP in passing the 2007-2013 financial perspective and was assessed whether there is a convergence pattern of the aid. It shows the differences between the proportions of European and domestic spending for the objectives of the CAP implemented in Poland. Also was identified the existence of convergence between the level of spending for certain titles financed from the national budget and EU.
PL
Celem artykułu było ocena wydatków budżetowych kierowanych na rolnictwo (I fi lar) oraz obszary wiejskie (II fi lar) WPR w Polsce w długim okresie. Dokonano porównania struktur wydatków budżetowych unijnych i krajowych na rzecz fi laru I i II wspólnej polityki rolnej w mijającej perspektywie fi nansowej 2007-2013 oraz oceniono, czy występuje zbieżność kierunkowa tej pomocy. Ukazano także różnice między proporcjami wydatków unijnych i krajowych przeznaczonych na cele WPR realizowane w Polsce. Zidentyfi kowano również istnienie zbieżności między poziomem wydatków na określone tytuły fi nansowane z budżetu krajowego i unijnego.
EN
Buffer zones are narrow strips of land lying structure. This will be used to develop clear along the surface water, covered with appro- criteria for the selection of the width of these priately selected vegetation. They separate zones based on land use land management. It aquatic ecosystems from the direct impact of can be used in the implementation of execuagricultural land and reduce the movement tive acts at different levels of space manageof nutrients in the environment. In 2008 the ment. Field research consisted of inventory European Commission established require- the extent of riparian buffer strips on selectments for the implementation of buffer strips ed water courses and photographic documenalong water courses. Poland committed to tation. Species composition of the vegetation the enforcement of these requirements un- forming a buffer zone was identified by ustil 1 January 2012. This was one of the rea- ing Braun-Blanquet method. There was lack sons of this study. The subject of the anal- of continuity of the riparian buffer zones on ysis included the following rivers in Lower investigated rivers. Buffer zones should have Silesia: Smortawa, Krynka, Czarna Woda carefully formulated definition and width beand the selected transects of Ślęza and Nysa cause they are element of the significant ecoŁużycka. Detailed studies were designed logical value, they perform important envito estimate the buffer zones occurring on ronmental protective functions and they are these watercourses and assess these zones’ also the subject of Community law.
EN
This case study summarizes the current knowledge in Finland on the efficiency of constructed wetlands to improve water quality at the same time providing multiple benefits. The efficiency is highly dependent on the wetland's relative size compared to the upstream catchment area, and on the amount of agricultural land in the upstream catchment. The case study analyses the incentives designed to motivate landowners to construct wetlands in Finland such as the non-productive investment support and the agri-environment payment support for wetland management. Farmers think that the support system is heavy and bureaucratic, and thus the target number of new constructed wetlands is far from being met. Individual projects have been more successful in wetland construction than the official support system. General wetland plans drafted for hotspot areas is an example of enabling factors and strict eligibility rules form one of the barriers of wetland construction identified in this case study. In spite of the criticism of the current wetland incentives, a support system for wetland construction is needed. One option would be to give regional authorities more freedom to select priority areas according to e.g. River Basin Management Plans.
PL
Artykuł stanowi podsumowanie stanu wiedzy w Finlandii na temat wielofunkcyjności niewielkich sztucznych zbiorników wodnych, w tym szczególnie poprawy jakości wody. Efektywność takich zbiorników w ochronie wód w dużym stopniu zależy od stosunku wielkości tych akwenów do obszaru zlewni bezpośredniej i wielkości powierzchni użytkowanej przez rolnictwo w tej zlewni. Badania obejmowały analizę takich czynników, jak pomoc w planowaniu i organizacji lub udzielanie wsparcia finansowego w ramach programów rolnośrodowiskowych w motywowaniu rolników do budowy niewielkich zbiorników wodnych (ang. "constructed wetlands") na cele ochrony jakości wody na terenach rolniczych. Farmerzy uważają, że system wsparcia jest zbyt zbiurokratyzowany i dlatego liczba nowych zbiorników jest dużo mniejsza od spodziewanych. Indywidualne projekty podejmowane z inicjatywy rolników są dużo efektywniejsze w stosunku do oficjalnego wsparcia. Ogólnokrajowe plany skierowane głównie na obszary "hot spots" są przykładem jednej z barier ograniczających szerokie zastosowanie małych zbiorników do ochrony jakości wody. Mimo dość krytycznej oceny, oficjalny system wsparcia jest jednak niezbędny. Szersze zastosowanie niewielkich zbiorników wodnych do ograniczenia zagrożeń wody w wyniku dopływu zanieczyszczeń z obszarów użytkowanych rolniczo wymaga zwiększenia uprawnień władz lokalnych do typowania obszarów, na których celowa jest budowa tego typu urządzeń. Zadania związane z budową zbiorników do oczyszczania wody powinny być uwzględniane w zlewniowych planach gospodarowania wodą.
PL
Uwarunkowania makroekonomiczne znaczenia i kierunków zmian inżynierii rolniczej. Implikacje zmian Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej i ustaleń WTO (Światowa Organizacja Handlu) dla rolnictwa i agroinżynierii. Miejsce inżynierii rolniczej w dziedzinach nauk. Paradygmaty postępu w inżynierii rolniczej - modele deterministyczne i statystyczne. Współczesne obszary badawcze i wdrożeniowe inżynierii rolniczej.
EN
Macro-economical terms of transformation process in agricultural engineering. Implication of changes in common agrarian policy and WTO settlements into agriculture and agro-engineering as well. Position of agricultural engineering among scientific disciplines. Paradigms of agricultural engineering development - deterministic and statistic models. Present space of research and implementation measures of agricultural engineering concern.
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