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Treatment Efficiency and Characteristics of Biomass in a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant with Aerobic Granular Sludge

Cydzik-Kwiatkowska A., Podlasek M., Nosek D., Jaskulska B.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 4

95--102

EN

Recently, studies have been carried out on an implementation of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology in full-scale wastewater treatment plants. The aim of the work was to evaluate the effectiveness of organic, phosphorus and nitrogen compounds removal from municipal wastewater and to characterize the biomass in a wastewater treatment plant upgraded from the activated sludge to AGS technology. In the upgraded facility, granulation was obtained quickly and it was observed that the granule morphology depended of the temperature. In the granular biomass harvested at moderate temperatures in the reactor (15°C), the granules with diameters in the range from 125 to 500 μm constituted the largest share (about 60%), while the second-largest biomass fraction comprised the granules with diameters over 1 mm (25%). The analysis of granule diameters carried out in winter (the temperature in the reactor equaled 8°C) showed a decrease in the share of the largest granules and predominance of the granules with diameters in the range from 90 to 355 μm (about 75%). Upgrading the municipal wastewater treatment plant from activated sludge to aerobic granular sludge significantly improved the settling properties of the biomass and efficiency of wastewater treatment. The average efficiency chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphorus removal increased by about 10% and 20%, respectively, while ammonium nitrogen was completely oxidized, regardless of the season. After modernization, the concentration of nitrates in the effluent increased significantly to about 3-6 mg/L. The results of the study show that it is possible to effectively upgrade the existing facilities to aerobic granular sludge technology; it was also proven that this technology is an excellent alternative to a conventional activated sludge.

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Wpływ polimerów zewnątrzkomórkowych na granulację osadu czynnego w warunkach tlenowych

Kończak B., Miksch K.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2016

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Vol. 25, No. 4

425--432

PL

Badano wpływ polimerów zewnątrzkomórkowych na proces biogranulacji. Po 7 dnia trwania eksperymentu obserwowano pojawianie się tlenowych biogranul osadu czynnego, Zaobserwowano, że wraz ze wzrostem produkcji substancji EPS następował wzrost średnic granul. Dominującym składnikiem substancji EPS w granulach były białka. W porównaniu do luźno związanych substancji EPS (LB-EPS), mocno związane EPS (TB-EPS) miały znaczący udział w formowaniu się granul. Wykazano, że polisacharydy stanowią ważny składnik strukturalny granul.

EN

In this study the influence of extracellular polymeric substances on biogranulation process was investigated. Aerobic biogranules were emerged from floc sludge on day 7 of operation. The average diameter of biogranules increase due to EPS production. It has been found that the predominat component of EPS are proteins. Compared to loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), tighly bound EPS (TB-EPS) showed more significant role in granules formation. It has been shown that polysaccharides are an important structural component of granules.

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Nowoczesne techniki i technologie inżynierii środowiska

Miksch K., Cema G., Felis E., Sochacki A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 1

833--857

EN

The novel technologies used in environmental engineering were discussed in this paper – the formation of aerobic granules, the Anammox process, the advanced oxidation processes, the use of fungi for dyes decolorization, constructed wetlands, the soil phytoremediation supported by rhizosphere microorganisms and the use of molecular biology technique in environmental engineering. The structure of granular sludge is influenced by EPS production. The average diameter and density of biogranules increase due to EPS production. Although polysaccharides are essential, proteins were found to be the predominant component of aerobic granular sludge. Compared to loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) showed more significant correlations with granules formation. This investigation will contribute towards a better understanding of the behavior and composition of EPS in sequencing batch reactors. The traditional nitrification and denitrification processes proceed well with typical municipal wastewater. Nevertheless, there are also nitrogen-rich wastewater streams like landfill leachate or reject waters from dewatering of digested sludge, for which traditional nitrification/denitrification can be generally ineffective due to free ammonia inhibition of nitrification and unfavorable biodegradable carbon content for denitrification. Because of high requirements for oxygen and the necessity for addition of external carbon source, treating such nitrogen-rich streams with nitrification/denitrification would become expensive and unsustainable. The least resources consuming pathway for the conversion of ammonium to nitrogen gas is a combination of partial nitrification and the Anammox process. The main advantages of this process compared to the conventional nitrification/denitrification are: low sludge production, decrease of the aeration costs by almost 60% (only half of the ammonia is oxidized to nitrite in the nitritation process without further oxidation to nitrate), and no need for external organic carbon source addition (Anammox process). Furthermore, anammox bacteria oxidize ammonium under anoxic conditions with nitrite as the electron acceptor, and converse energy for CO2 fixation. Additionally, the biomass yield of the Anammox process is very low (0.08 kg VSS kg NH4-N-1 in comparison to 1 kg VSS kg NH4-N-1 in conventional nitrification/denitrification process) consequently, little sludge is produced. The low sludge production is another factor that contributes to the substantially lower operation costs compared to conventional denitrification systems. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are oxidative methods which are based on the generation of the hydroxyl radicals, which are very reactive and less selective than other oxidants. In the wastewater treatment technology, AOPs can be used in a combination with conventional biological techniques (so called hybrid processes), as pre- and post- treatment processes. The advanced oxidation processes have been used in order to increase the biodegradability and also detoxification of the wastewater. The ability of fungi to degrade lignin-cellulose debris is well known. In addition to these natural molecules they may also degrade synthetic compounds, including synthetic dyes. High effectiveness of Evans blue and brilliant green mixture removal by all tested strains was demonstrated. The process was the most effective and fast in shaken conditions. Finally strain MB removed 90% of tested mixture in shaken samples after 96h. It was the best result reached among all the strains used in the experiment. High removal efficiency was accompanied by a decrease of toxicity (from V class to III class in test with D. magna and from IV class even to non-toxic in test with L. minor). The highest decrease of phytotoxicity was noticed in samples with shaken biomass in which the effect of dyes mixture elimination was the best. The research indicates very high potential of tested strains for decolorization and detoxification of dyes mixture. Constructed wetlands are man-made system mimicking the process occurring in natural wetlands. These systems are considered to be an alternative to more technically advanced waste water treatment technologies. The development of constructed wetlands is envisaged to pursue the following directions grouped according to: the type of the waste water to be treated, target contaminants, treatment intensification methods, ancillary benefits and the locality. Mycorrhiza fungi can be used for phytoremediation proccess. They support plant growth by lowering the stress caused by the lack of phosphorus and water. They produce enzymes participating in several stages of xenobiotics decomposition, which is helpful in their further biodegradation performed by the other rhisospherical organisms. The natural colonisation of PAHs contaminated soil is a long-term process. It could be shortend by adding fungal propagules as an inoculum to the soil. Fungi used for the injections should be isolated from PAHs contaminated soil. That guarantees their survival and development in the contaminated environment. The level of PAHs elimination from soil depends on a type of bioremediation modification used. It was shown that the best results are obtained with monocotylous plants combined with bacterial and fungal biopreparations obtained from contaminated soil. The symbiosis of mycorrhiza fungi with monocotylous plants caused ca. 40% increase of 3, 4, 5 and 30% of 6-ring hydrocarbons removal from soil in comparison with the conventional methods. Important aspect of environmental protection and engineering is the possibility for qualitative and quantitative monitoring of complex microbial communities, responsible for biotechnological processes, such as: soil bioremediation, wastewater treatment or composting. Due to the fact that most of the environmental bacteria cannot be grown in the laboratory conditions molecular techniques are widely used in environmental engineering. Among these methods the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based and hybridization-based (such as Fluorescent in situ Hybridization; FISH) techniques are known to be the most useful.

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Zastosowanie oraz perspektywy rozwoju technologii granulacji tlenowej w oczyszczaniu ścieków

Cydzik-Kwiatkowska A.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2014

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Nr 38

156--166

PL

W ostatnich latach są prowadzone badania nad granulacją biomasy w warunkach tlenowych zarówno w skali laboratoryjnej, jak i technicznej. Granule tlenowe to zwarte, sferyczne zbiorowiska mikroorganizmów, powstające w wyniku samorzutnej immobilizacji. Biomasę granulowaną wyróżniają bardzo dobre właściwości sedymentacyjne, długi wiek osadu oraz możliwość symultanicznego usuwania biogenów w strukturze granuli, co pozwala efektywnie oczyszczać ścieki w pojedynczym reaktorze. W pracy przedstawiono informacje o formowaniu, morfologii i strukturze gatunkowej granul, jak również przytoczono przykłady zastosowania tlenowej biomasy granulowanej do oczyszczania ścieków, w tym zawierających wysokie stężenia związków azotu czy związki toksyczne. Technologia granul tlenowych przedstawiona została jako atrakcyjna ekonomicznie i środowiskowo alternatywa dla systemów opartych o klasyczny osad czynny lub błonę biologiczną. W pracy zaprezentowano dane o instalacjach z granulami tlenowymi w skali technicznej na świecie oraz przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania technologii w warunkach krajowych.

EN

Recently an extensive studies have been carried out on aerobic granular sludge technology in both laboratory and technical scale. Aerobic granules are compact, spherical microbial consortia created by a spontaneous immobilization. Amongst their advantages are a very good settling ability, long biomass age and simultaneous pollutant removal in the granule structure that enables full biological treatment of wastewater in a single reactor. This review outlines up-to-date information on granule formation, morphology, microbial structure as well as on the applications of aerobic granular sludge technology for wastewater treatment including the treatment of high-nitrogen wastewater with a low COD/N ratio and wastewater of high toxicity. Aerobic granular sludge technology is presented as both environmentally and financially attractive alternative to wastewater treatment systems based on activated sludge or biofilm. This paper also reports on already existing full-scale installations in world and seeks to explore the potential of aerobic granular sludge within the Polish conditions.

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Proces formowania granulowanego osadu w warunkach tlenowych: przegląd literaturowy

Kończak B., Miksch K.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2011

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Vol. 20, No. 1

43--51

PL

Granulowany osad czynny pracujący w warunkach tlenowych jest nową, obiecującą technologią dla kompaktowych oczyszczalni ścieków. System ten, w odróżnieniu od konwencjonalnego układu z osadem czynnym, posiada wiele zalet, takich jak wysoki stopień retencji biomasy, wysoka efektywność oczyszczania ścieków, mniejsza produkcja osadów nadmiernych, doskonałe właściwości sedymentacyjne oraz odporność na substancje toksyczne. Tlenowe granule z sukcesem udało się pozyskać w reaktorach sekwencyjnych typu SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor). Na formowanie tlenowych granul ma wpływ: kompozycja pożywki, warunki „uczta-głód”, siły hydrodynamiczne, krótki czas sedymentacji, wysoka zawartość polimerów zewnątrzkomórkowych, a także inkluzje kationów dwuwartościowych. W tym przeglądzie przedstawiono dotychczasową wiedzę dotyczącą procesu formowania tlenowych granul.

EN

The aerobic granular activated sludge process is a promising technology for compact wastewater treatment plants. This system is superior to conventional activated sludge processes, in terms of high biomass retention, high conversion capacity, less biomass production, excellent settleabilty and resistance to inhibitory and toxic compounds. Aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). These systems fulfil most of the requirements for their formation as: substrate composition, feast-famine regime, hydrodynamic shear force, short settling time, high extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content, inclusion of divalent cations. In this review the current knowledge of aerobic granules formation is present.