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Grain size distribution of the Middle Gauja Lowland aeolian sediments and their substratum - preliminary results

Nartiss M., Kalińska E., Celins I.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 4

508--510

EN

The Middle Gauja Lowland is located in the northern part of Latvia next to the border with Estonia. It is enclosed by Aliiksne Upland in the north-east, Vidzeme Upland in south-west and Karula Upland in the north. Gulbene Interlobate Ridge separates the lowland from the Eastern Latvian Lowland in the south-east and Aumeisteri Interlobate Ridge separates it from the North Latvian Lowland in the north-west. The Middle Gauja Lowland has been formed by the Middle Gauja ice lobe of the Peipsijarv ice stream of the last (Weichselian) glaciation (Zelcs & Markots 2004). Ice retreated from the territory between Gulbene and Linkuva deglaciation phases (15.5-14.5 ka) (Kalm et al. 2011, Zelcs et al. 2011) forming large ice-dammed lake (Zelcs & Markots 2004). Sandy sediments of Middle Gauja ice-dammed lake form the upper part of Quaternary sediment sequence in the largest part of the lowland (Juskevics 2002). A total of 76 sandy sediment samples were collected at eight sites. At each site, one or two vertical outcrops, up to 5 m high, were sampled. Samples were taken from visually identifiable beds or, in cases when individual beds were very thick or had visually identifiable grading, samples were taken in approx. 10 cm intervals. Collected samples were dried at room temperature for at least two weeks. 200 g of each sample were dry sieved (mesh sizes in milimeters: 1, 0.8, 0.5, 0.315, 0.25, 0.2, 0.125, 0.1, 0.063) with mechanical shaker for 20 minutes. Each fraction was weighted on electronic scale (d = O.OOlg). The mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis of each sample were calculated with Folk and Ward (1957) logarithmic graphic method provided by customized version of R package "rysgran" (Gilbert et al. 2012). Mean grain size verbal description was taken from GRADISTAT (Blott & Pye 2001). Frequency and cumulative frequency plots for each sample were prepared by custom R script. Obtained frequency and cumulative frequency curves were visually compared between each other and with distribution curves published by Mycielska--Dowgiałło & Ludwikowska-Kędzia (2011). All of sampled sites consist of moderate to well sorted medium to fine grained sand. Grain size distributions of assumed aeolian and glacifluvial parts of the Zelini site are similar. Presumed glacifluvial part has a slight increase at medium sand fraction and small amount of fine gravel. Relation between substratum and dune suggests short duration of aeolian processes. Mustjogi 3 parabolic dune samples show almost no presence of very fine sand/silt and retain large percentage of coarser (< 2 phi) sand grains. It suggests the formation exclusively from slightly reworked underlying glacifluvial delta sediments consisting of medium/ coarse sand as observed in Mustjogi 1 site. Bimodal distributions of glacilacustrine sediments, as observed at Garengrida and Mielupite sites and, in lesser extent, at Mustjogi 1 glaciofluvial delta, explain observed bimodal distributions at some of dunes (Garengrida, Smilskalni, Mustjogi 3). Preservation of distribution maximas with only slight increase of fine sand maxima suggest only slight reworking of sandy sediment substratum in aeolian conditions before their final deposition in dunes. Similar preservation of substratum distribution characteristics has also been observed in dunes lying on fluvial and marine coastal sediments (Mycielska-Dowgiallo & Ludwikowska-Kędzia 2011). Observed similarities between both, size distributions of aeolian sediments and potential source of sediment grain size distributions, confirm observations of other authors (i.e. McManus 1988) that granulometric analysis without assistance of other methodology is not sufficient to allow unambiguous separation of different sedimentary environments.

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New approach to garnet redistribution during aeolian transport

Lisá L., Buriánek D., Uher P.

Geological Quarterly

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2009

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Vol. 53, No 3

333-340

EN

Garnet composition within Late Pleistocene (Weichselian) loess and loess-like deposits was studied in 13 samples of sediment heavy mineral fractions from Moravia and Silesia (Czech Republic). Four areas differing in garnet chemistry were identified, and some regional trends in garnet composition changes were documented. The data obtained support the generally accepted conclu ion of prevailing westerly winds during Weichselian loess deposition. Metamorphic rocks of the Bohemian Massif together with contributions fromig neous (mainly granitic) and sedimentary rocks were indicated as a source for the Weichselian loess and loess-like deposits studied. Local differences in garnet composition depend on the basement source rocks, on prevailing wind direction, on regional geomorphology and on transport distance.

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Precision and accuracy in the optically stimulated luminescence dating of sedimentary quartz: a status review

Murray A. S., Olley J. M.

Geochronometria

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2002

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Vol. 21

1-16

EN

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of light-exposed sediments is used increasingly as a mean of establishing a sediment deposition chronology in a wide variety of late Quaternary studies. There has been considerable technological development in the last few years . in instrumentation, in the preferred mineral, and in various measurement protocols. New approaches to the latter, especially with the introduction of the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol, have given rise to an increasing number of ages in the literature based on the OSL signals from quartz. This paper examines the reliability of these results by reviewing both published and unpublished SAR quartz ages for which some independent age control exists. It first discusses studies of modern (zero age) sediments, and the implications of these results for the importance of incomplete bleaching, especially in water-lain sediments, i.e. sediments for which the initial light exposure is expected to have been insufficient to reduce the apparent dose at deposition to a negligible fraction of the final burial dose. It then compares OSL and independent ages derived from various types of sediments, including aeolian, fluvial/lacustrine, marine and glacio-fluvial/lacustrine. It is concluded that, in general, the ages are accurate, in that there is no evidence for systematic errors over an age range from the last century to at least 350 ka. Nevertheless, the published uncertainties of a small fraction of OSL ages are probably underestimated. We conclude that OSL dating of quartz is a reliable chronological tool; this conclusion is reflected in its growing popularity in Quaternary studies.