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EN
Available techniques for dealing with uncertainties in the agro-industrial complex and their use for describing and assessing the adequacy of the decisions taken are incomplete, and often ineffective, as they usually do not take into account the combination of "field-machine-technological material", which prevents acceptance effective solutions for managing agro-biological potential of agricultural land and, as a consequence, obtaining the maximum economic efficiency of agricultural production. Reliable estimation of variables of agricultural production parameters using the "field-machine-technological material" model makes it possible to provide optimal control of available technical equipment (machinery, sowing machines, etc.), agro-biological (humus content, presence of nutrients, micro-and macro elements, etc. in soil or plant ) and technological resources for making adequate decisions and managing agro-biological potential of agricultural lands, which will provide the necessary economic efficiency. The task is achieved by ensuring the proper quality of the implementation of technological operations that are an integral indicator of economic efficiency and allow providing the necessary economic efficiency through optimal and efficient management of technical means for optimal action on the agro-biological potential of the field and the use of available technological resources. Such control is possible with the use of information and technical systems of local operational monitoring, which are located on machine-tractor units and provide effective control of technological operations by acting on the executive bodies of agricultural machines on the basis of data characterizing the agro-biological state of the soil environment. Information and technical systems of local operational monitoring of the agro-biological state of agricultural lands are used in the following cases: - before performing a technological operation, - simultaneously with the implementation of the technological operation (sowing, fertilizer application, etc.), - during the growing season and after harvesting. This opens new prospects for organic farming using such "smart" agricultural machines.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono program prowadzenia badań zawierający podstawowe etapy, takie jak: obiekt rzeczywisty (zespół silnik – prądnica), modele: fizyczny oraz matematyczny procesów zachodzących w silniku, opracowanie programu komputerowego, prowadzenie badań modelowych oraz empirycznych dla silnika sprawnego i uszkodzonego oraz ocena adekwatności modelu. Następnie opisano wytypowane parametry wykorzystane do oceny adekwatności modelu w stosunku do silnika. W dalszej części przedstawiono plan badania dla silnika w dwóch stanach zdatności technicznej (silnik sprawny oraz silnik z wyłączonym zasilaniem paliwem cylindra nr 2). Końcowa część artykułu zawiera wyniki przeprowadzonych badań modelowych i empirycznych oraz ich analizę.
EN
The paper presents a research program containing basic stages such as: real object (motor–generator set), models: physical and mathematical processes occurring in the engine, development of a computer program, conducting model and empirical tests for an efficient and damaged engine and assessment of the model's adequacy. Next, the selected parameters used to assess the adequacy of the model in relation to the engine were described. The further part describes the test plan for the engine in two states of technical suitability (efficient engine and engine with cylinder 2 powered off). The final part of the article contains the results of model and empirical research as well as their analysis.
3
Content available remote Modeling temperature of pellet press matrix for wood pellets
EN
Modeling temperature of pellet press matrix for wood pellets. On the basis of active industrial experiments on industrial equipment mathematical dependence is obtained, showing the change in temperature of the matrix during the granulation of wood pellets. This dependence, adequate to real conditions, can be effectively used to control this important parameter that provides stable operation of the equipment. Minimum temperature of the matrix, determined from the results of presented research, increases service life of matrix and reduces the probability of emergency situations.
PL
Europejski regionalny system elektroenergetyczny musi uporać się z rosnącą rolą źródeł odnawialnych o nieciągłej produkcji przy zapewnieniu elastyczności i wystarczalności generacji. Pomocne mogą być jedynie innowacyjne technologie i nowe mechanizmy rynkowe. Bez adekwatnych sygnałów cenowych trudność stanowi uzyskanie elastyczności, opartej na odpowiedniej strukturze źródeł i właściwych typach technologii.W artykule, opartym na pracy wyróżnionej w konkursie na najlepszą publikację na Kongresie POWER-GEN w r. 2013, przedstawiono model rynku, zapewniający równocześnie sygnały dla inwestorów i wystarczalność generacji.
EN
Europe’s regional electricity system must cope with the growing role of intermittent renewables while ensuring flexibility and adequacy of capacity. Only innovative technology and new market mechanisms can help. Without appropriate price signals there is concern around flexibility based on the sufficiently mix of capacity and right types of capacity. In the paper based on the Best Paper Award winner at POWER-GEN Europe 2013 market model that provides investment signals for the right types of capacity and ensures capacity adequacy at the same time is presented.
5
Content available remote A simple adequate categorical model for PCF, II
EN
Usually types of PCF are interpreted as cpos and terms as continuous functions. It is then the case that non-termination of a closed term nation of a closed term of ground type corresponds to the interpretation being bottom; we say that the semantics is adequate. We shall here present an axiomatic approach to adequacy for PCF in the sense that we will introduce categorical axioms enabling an adequate semantics to be given. We assume the presence of certain 'undefined' maps with the role of being the interpretation of non-terminating terms, but the order-structure is left out. This is different from previous approaches where some kind of order-theoretic structure has been considered as part an adequate categorical model for PCF. We take the point of view that partiality is the fundamental notion from which order-structure should be derived, which is corroborated by the observation that our categorical model induces an order-theoretic model PCF in a canonical way.
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