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Inspiracje tradycją klasyczną w architekturze XX wieku: prace Tadeusza Zielińskiego - ojca dla szkół wyższych w Warszawie

Wagner A.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

2008

T. 53, z. 4

66-80

Po I wojnie światowej i odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości, istotnym zagadnieniem dla odrodzonego państwa stała się kwestia szkolnictwa wyższego. Jego rozwój w czasach rosyjskiego zaboru w XIX wieku był świadomie hamowany. Po reaktywowaniu w listopadzie 1915 roku wyższych uczelni warszawskich - Politechniki i Uniwersytetu - rozpoczął się okres powoływania do życia nowych szkół wyższych m. in. Szkoły Głównej Handlowej, Szkoły Nauk Politycznych, czy Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego. Architekt Tadeusz Zieliński stosunkowo dużo projektował w latach 20. XX wieku dla potrzeb warszawskich uczelni, rozbudowując istniejące zespoły Politechniki i Uniwersytetu, a także wznosząc siedzibę dla nowopowstałej Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego. Jego prace to: gmach Nowej Kreślarni w zespole gmachów Politechniki Warszawskiej (por. A. Wagner, Idea architektury klasycznej w gmachu Nowej Kreślarni PW, Wydział Architektury PW "Prace naukowe", T.II, 2000-2001, s. 197-206.), przebudowa pawilonu po koszarach artylerii przy ul. Koszykowej na potrzeby kliniki dermatologicznej Wydziału Lekarskiego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego i dla tego samego Wydziału gmach Medycyny Sądowej przy ul. Oczki, oraz nowy Gmach Chemii Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego przy ul. Rakowieckiej. Przedwczesna śmierć Tadeusza Zielińskiego w 1925 roku, przed awangardowym przełomem w polskiej architekturze, ograniczyła jego twórczość do historyzujących form, bazujących przede wszystkim na wzorach architektury klasycznej i barokowej. Charakterystycznym rysem jego twórczości jest wrażliwość na kontekst urbanistyczny, poprawność rozwiązań funkcjonalnych, a w pierwszych latach po odzyskaniu niepodległości, spontaniczne okazywanie patriotyzmu, w formie dostępnej dla architekta, poprzez umieszczanie emblematów państwowości polskiej na wszystkich projektowanych przez siebie gmachach użyteczności publicznej.

After the first world war and Poland regaining independence, the issue of higher education became vital for the revived country. Its development under the Russian partition in the 19th century was intentionally hampered. After reactivation in November 1915 of the higher education institutions in Warsaw - University of Technology and the University - the process of establishing new higher educational institutions started - including the Warsaw School of Economics, the School of Political Sciences, and the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW). The Architect Tadeusz Zieliński designed relatively much in the 1920s for the needs of Warsaw higher education schools by extending the existing complexes of the University of Technology and the University, and also erecting the building for the newly established Warsaw University of Life Sciences. His works include the building of the new drafting room (Nowa Kreślarnia) in the complex of buildings of the Warsaw University of Technology (compare with A. Wagner, Concept of classic architecture in the building of Nowa Kreślarnia of the Warsaw University of Technology, Architecture faculty of the Warsaw University of Technology "Scientific Studies", Vol. II, 2000-2001, p. 197-206.), rebuilding of the pavilion of artillery barracks at Koszykowa street for the needs of dermatology clinics of the medical faculty of Warsaw University and for the same faculty, the building of the forensic medicines on Oczki street, and the new Chemistry building of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences on Rakowiecka street. The premature death of Tadeusz Zieliński in 1925, before the avant-garde breakthrough in Polish architecture, limited his works to historical forms, based primarily of examples of classical and baroque architecture. The characteristic feature of his works is sensitivity to the urban context, the correctness of functional solutions, and in the first years after regaining independence, spontaneous demonstration of patriotism in the form available to the architect by placing emblems of Polish statehood on all public utility buildings he designed.

Tadeusza Zielińskiego koncepcja reformy rosyjskich uniwersytetów

Schiller J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2006

R. 51, nr 3/4

57-89

Towards the close of the XIXth century, and even till the end of existing of Russia under czarism, there were made many at tempts at reorganizing the universities. Academic Statute, which was put into force in 1884 and officially obliged till the period of revolution, was an object of attacks both from the side of professors, and studentsand few Russian intellectuals' representatives. The reason why such events took place was the statute set restrictions on the universities to the high degree, and even, in some people's opinion, entirely imposed a ban on having a law to self- determination by them. The universities were not only determined with the state that completely held sway over them, but also the professors were perceived to be average civil servants at the instance of the authorities. The deprived of any association laws students, more and more violently called for their right to organize themselves into associations. The nation-wide strikes organized by the students that took place in the years 1899-1903, and the out break of a revolution in 1905 made the Govemment make the at tempts at carrying out a reform in cooperation with academic circle. This fact opened a wide area for the discussions that were taken up not only during the academic committees' session s that were organized by the committee's govemment, but also in the press. One of the disputants was a Polish professor of the classics at the University of Petersburg -Tadeusz Zieliński. On August 1906, in the columns of the official organ belonging to the Ministry of Public Education he published an article entitled Uniwersitetskij wapras w 1906 gadu (University Affair in 1906), in which he presented his own conception conceming the necessary changes. First of alI, his idea was characterized by the realism. Zieliński was absolutely aware of the political and social realities, and very often warned against putting forward too fastidious demands that the Government could not and was not willing to realize. In his opinion, one should not only accept that the universities have to stay under state's control to a certain degree, but also fight for the ideas that would be most important for the academy -for example, strife for a complete liberty of action in setting up the rules concerning learning and teaching. This was the second, distinctive fea- ture of his conception -the only aim of all changes must be welfare of the university, its permanent develop- ment and most favourable perfonning functions the university was created for. The university's main task is to serve leaming and teaching through striding over such obstacles as, for example, casual and political aims, and the conception of its organization must allow for such point of view only. Such outlook upon the role and ; tasks of the university was presented by professor Zieliński till the end of his life. His statements from the 1930s show that the autonomy of the university and its break with politics turned out to be a kind of organiza- tional foundation of the higher education.