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Voice in the discussion about the original architecture of the Powder Tower and the 16th century third defensive line in the Lviv Middletown

Bevz Mykola Bevz

Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych

2021

T. 17, nr 2

76--86

The Powder Tower was an integral part of the third defensive line, which was laid around the Lviv City Centre since 1522. The active phase of construction of the third line begins after 1527 (the Great Fire of Lviv) and continues until the end of 1540. Construction took place during twenty years when the city was exempt from paying taxes to the state royal treasury and could spend money on the modernization of fortifications. In the article, we prove that the date of its construction should be considered 1522−1535 based on the analysis of the defensive parameters of the Powder Tower, its architectural and typological characteristics. Although in the literature most often we can find that construction of the tower was conducted in 1554−1556. In my opinion, at this time there could only be some kind of modernization of the building – the construction of an additional last tier, covering galleries or installing a roof over the entire building. A defence facility of such cubic capacity could not be built in 2 or 3 years. Therefore, given the Great Fire in the city in 1527, the following dating scheme looks very logical: the beginning of work – in 1522, completion – in 1535 and modernization – in 1554−1556. The environment around the Powder Tower, in addition to the extraordinary value of architectural space, has preserved archaeological remains of a unique complex of fortifications of the XIV-XVI centuries. Improvement and and architectural and landscape transformations of the territory around the Powder Tower should be considered as a complex regeneration of the eastern side of the fortifications of the Lviv city centre, which consisted of three defensive lines: a High wall (from the port Ruthenica, Mulyarska and Rymarska towers), a Low wall with three small bastei, the Third belt of fortifications. Unlike the Low wall, the third defensive line of artillery bastions surrounds the city centre on all four sides. The third belt of fortifications had constant phases of modernization and reconstruction. After its construction in 1522−1540 and modernization in 1554−1556 and further reconstruction of its individual objects took place. For example, in the eastern part of the third line: the north-eastern rondel eventually became the Royal belleward; the empty Powder Tower at the beginning received the upper tier with machicolations, and later the roof; the Carmelite entrance was gradually transformed due to the standards of the defensive gate; the triangular bastei was rebuilt into a “fifth-form” bastion; the Royal Rondel in the south-eastern corner of the defensive belt received a high upper part.

Ornamentyka wybranych kafli piecowych z Krakowa jako przyczynek do badań nad kulturą i społeczeństwem XV i XVI-wiecznego miasta

Mazur D., Mazur D.

Szkło i Ceramika

2015

R. 66, nr 2

10--14

W artykule przedstawione zostały wybrane motywy dekoracyjne występujące na wczesnonowożytnych kaflach piecowych z terenu Krakowa. Opisane zostały poszczególne przedstawienia i zestawione z analogicznymi dekoracjami na kaflach z innych stanowisk z Krakowa, Królestwa Polskiego, Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego oraz Królestwa Czeskiego i Węgierskiego. Analiza ikonograficzna wskazała na powszechność i popularność omawianych motywów na określonych obszarach, jak również pozwoliła na określenie pewnych trendów panujących w zdobnictwie pieców w ówczesnym czasie w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. Wyniki pozwoliły wskazać na Kraków, a zwłaszcza dwór królewski, jako na centrum czerpiące z południowych i zachodnich wzorców dekoracyjnych oraz samokształtujące je na innych terenach Królestwa Polskiego i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Elementy strojów renesansowych umożliwiły poszerzenie wiedzy o modzie i sposobie ubierania się w omawianym okresie.

This article demonstrates selected decorative motifs found on early modern stove tiles from the area of Krakow. In the present paper the different presentation were described and summarized with similar decorations on the tiles with other posts from Krakow, the Polish Kingdom, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Bohemia and Hungary. Iconographic analysis of the relief decoration of tiles indicated the prevalence and popularity of these motifs in certain areas, as well as helped to establish certain trends in the decoration furnaces at that time in Central and Eastern Europe. The results shows that Krakow and especially the royal court was a center drawing on the southern and western decorative patterns and shaped them into areas of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Renaissance costumes elements allowed increased knowledge about fashion and way of dressing in the same period.