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1

A multicriteria approach to different land use scenarios in the Western Carpathians with the SWAT model

Kowalczyk Agnieszka W., Grabowska-Polanowska Beata, Garbowski Tomasz, Kopacz Marek, Lach Stanisław, Mazur Robert

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 57

130--139

EN

Water erosion in mountainous areas is a major problem, especially on steep slopes exposed to intense precipitation. This paper presents the analysis of the topsoil loss using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. The SWAT model is a deterministic catchment model with a daily time step. It was designed to anticipate changes taking place in the catchment area, such as climate change and changes in land use and development, including the quantity and quality of water resources, soil erosion and agricultural production. In addition to hydrological and environmental aspects, the SWAT model is used to address socio-economic and demographic issues, such as water supply and food production. This program is integrated with QGIS software. The results were evaluated using the following statistical coefficients: determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliff model efficiency (NS), and percentage deviation index (PBIAS). An assessment of modelling results was made in terms of their variation according to different land cover scenarios. In the case of the scenario with no change in use, the average annual loss of topsoil (average upland sediment yield) was found to be 14.3 Mg∙ha-1. The maximum upland sediment yield was 94.6 Mg∙ha-1. On the other hand, there is an accumulation of soil material in the lower part of the catchment (in-stream sediment change), on average 13.27 Mg∙ha-1 per year.

2

The Jurassic–Cretaceous transition in the High-Tatric succession (Giewont Unit, Western Tatra Mts, Poland): integrated stratigraphy and microfacies

Lodowski Damian Gerard, Pszczółkowski Andrzej, Wilamowski Andrzej, Grabowski Jacek

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 1

107--135

EN

Herein are presented the results of detailed bio - (calcareous dinocysts, calpionellids, foraminifers, saccocomids) and chemostratigraphic (δ13C) studies combined with high-resolution microfacies, rock magnetic and gamma-ray spectrometry (GRS) investigations performed on the upper Kimmeridgian-upper Valanginian carbonates of the Giewont succession (Tatricum, Giewont and Mały Giewont sections, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland). The interval studied covers the contact between the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone (RTL) Fm. and the Wysoka Turnia Limestone (WTL) Fm. Their sedimentary sequence is composed of micrites, pseudonodular limestones, cyanoid packstones, lithoclastic packstone and encrinites. A precise correlation with the previously published Mały Giewont section is ensured by biostratigraphy, rock magnetic and GRS logs. The methodology adopted has enabled the recognition of two stratigraphic discontinuities, approximated here as corresponding to the latest Tithonian-early (late?) Berriasian and the early Valanginian. The hiatuses are evidenced by biostratigraphic data and the microfacies succession as well as by perturbations in isotopic compositions and rock magnetic logs; they are thought to result from a conjunction of tectonic activity and eustatic changes. A modified lithostratigraphic scheme for the Giewont and the Osobita High-Tatric successions is proposed. The top of the RTL Fm. falls in the upper Tithonian, where cyanoid packstones disappear. At the base of the WTL Fm. a new Giewont Member is defined as consisting of a basal lithoclastic packstone and following encrinites.

3

Contrasting tectonic styles of the western and eastern parts of the Western Carpathian Klippen Belt in Slovakia based on magnetotelluric sounding of deep tectonic structures

Bezák Vladimír, Vozár Ján, Majcin Dušan, Klanica Radek, Madarás Ján

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 2

art. no. 25

EN

To characterize the deep structure of the Klippen Belt, we made magnetotelluric measurements in profiles across the western and eastern segments in the territory of Slovakia, from which we created 3D models. The models revealed significant differences in tectonic structure between these segments. In the western segment, the Klippen Belt is located in the southern reversing wing of the original subduction flower structure (retroarc thrusting) with an overthrust to the south onto the Inner Western Carpathian units. This structure was later modified by significant transpressional movements. In the eastern segment, the Klippen Belt is primarily an organic part of the accretionary wedge of the Outer Western Carpathians and it is overthrusted onto the Flysch Belt. This was followed by modification of the structures, mostly in a transpressional regime, including local reversing overthrusts and the development of a steep fault boundary, mainly along the southern margin, against the Inner Carpathian Paleogene succession. These differences between the structure of the western and eastern Klippen Belt segments indicate the contrast between the interaction of the western and eastern parts of the Inner Western Carpathians with the European Platform. In the western part, oblique collision and sinistral transpression dominate. In the eastern part, by contrast, subduction and orthogonal collision dominated over later transpressional modifications.

4

Addendum to the chemostratigraphy of the uppermost Callovian–middle Oxfordian interval of the Tethyan Fatricum domain (Tatra Mts, Krížna Nappe, southern Poland)

Jach Renata

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2021

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Vol. 91, No. 4

419--425

EN

New isotope (δ13C, δ18O of bulk carbonates) and carbonate content data from the uppermost Callovian–middle Oxfordian radiolarites of the Fatricum domain belonging to the north-western segment of the Tethys are added to previously published data. The new data supplement the Długa Valley section, the most nearly complete Bajocian–lower Tithonian section of the Krížna Nappe in the Tatra Mts. The uppermost Callovian and Lower Oxfordian bulk δ13C values (from 3.1 to 3.3‰) remain nearly constant with highly positive values. Therefore, the positive excursion identified in bulk carbonate δ13C values is interpreted as a record of the upper Callovian–middle Oxfordian global phenomenon. In this interval, a significant increase of CaCO3 content is recorded, which accompanies facies change from ribbon radiolarites with siliceous shale partings to calcareous radiolarites with rare shale intercalations. The abrupt CaCO3 increase may reflect a turning point in Early Oxfordian carbonate production and recovery of the marine carbonate factory.

5

Last scene in the large scale rotations of the Western Carpathians as reflected in paleomagnetic constraints

Márton Emö

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 2

109--133

EN

This paper provides an overview of the paleomagnetic results which constrain the post-Paleogene tectonic development of the Western Carpathians. A group of these results are relevant to the last stage of the Tertiary folding and thrusting of the Silesian, Dukla and Magura nappes of the Outer Western Carpathian and were obtained from Paleogene-Lower Miocene flysch sediments. Both the pre- and post-folding remanences indicate about 50° CCW vertical axis rotation with respect to the present orientation. This is about a 60° rotation relative to stable Europe. It follows that the general orientation of the Silesian and more internal nappes were NW-SE, at least until the mid-Miocene. The CCW vertical axis rotation was coordinated with that of the Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin. The termination of the rotation can be estimated from the paleomagnetic data available from the Pieniny andesites which intruded the Pieniny Klippen Belt and the southern part of the Magura Nappe as well as from those obtained for the Neogene intramontane basins which opened up in the Outer and in the Central Western Carpathians. The paleomagnetic vectors for the andesites form two groups. The first group suggests about 45° CCW rotation relative to north, while the second shows no rotation. At the present stage of our knowledge it seems likely that some of the andesite bodies were intruded around 18 Ma, which is the oldest isotope age for the intrusions of the Wżar Mts, while some other bodies could have been emplaced after the rotation, around 11 Ma, which is the youngest isotope age for the Brijarka quarry. Vertical axis CCW rotation was also observed on sediments older than 11.6 Ma in the Orava-Nowy Targ Intramontane Basin which saddles the Magura Nappe and the Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin. However, this rotation was related to fault zone activity and was not attributed to the general rotation of the Outer Western Carpathian nappe system. Paleomagnetic results from the Nowy Sącz Intramontane Basin, which opened over the Magura Nappe, and those for the Central Western Carpathian Turiec Intramontane Basin do not indicate vertical axis rotation. In the first case, the loosely controlled age limit of the termination of the rotation is around 12 Ma. Well constrained results from the second basin imply that the rotation was definitely over by 8 Ma. Based on the above observations, and aware of the problem of often loose age control on the formation and deformation of the deposits of the intramontane basins, it is tentatively concluded that the large scale CCW rotation of the Central Western Carpathians, together with the Magura, Dukla and Silesian nappes, must have started after 18 Ma and terminated around 11 Ma.

6

Tescheniceras gen. nov. (Ammonoidea) and the definition of the Valanginian/Hauterivian boundary in Butkov Quarry (Central Western Carpathians, Slovakia)

Vašíček Zdeněk

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2020

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Vol. 70, no. 4

569--584

EN

Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous successions of the Manín Unit of the Central Western Carpathians are exposed in Butkov Quarry in the Middle Váh Region, Slovakia. A significant part of the macrofauna belonging to neocomitid ammonites, formerly classified under the genus Teschenites Thieuloy, 1971, occurs in deposits spanning the Valanginian/Hauterivian boundary. The original definition of Teschenites was accompanied by uncertainties in the taxonomic and stratigraphic position of its original type species, i.e., Hoplites neocomiensiformis Uhlig, 1902. The present contribution focuses on and provides a possible taxonomic solution by establishing the new genus Tescheniceras. In Butkov Quarry, the new genus includes five species. Tescheniceras flucticulum (Thieuloy, 1977), the type species, is the most abundant. Tescheniceras callidiscum (Thieuloy, 1971), the subzonal species for the uppermost Valanginian (Thieuloy 1971b), occurs only sporadically. Because Acanthodiscus radiatus (Bruguiére, 1789), the index species for the basal Hauterivian (radiatus Zone) in the international ammonite zonation, does not occur in the locality, the basal Hauterivian is indicated by the first appearance of the genus Spitidiscus Kilian, 1910.

7

Assessment of landslide hazard from tree-ring eccentricity and from compression wood : a comparison

Łuszczyńska Katarzyna, Malik Ireneusz, Wistuba Małgorzata, Krąpiec Marek

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 2

296--301

EN

We have compared maps of landslide activity and hazard, developed with the use of two different dendrochronological indicators: tree-ring eccentricity and reaction (compression) wood. The maps were prepared based on 125 Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) trees growing at 44 sampling points, distributed over an area of 3.75 km2. In general, the two maps show similar patterns of landslide activity. However, tree-ring eccentricity yielded a greater number of dated events (246) compared to compression wood (129). Besides the differences in the absolute values of dating results, the general landslide activity and hazard zonation based on both disturbances are similar. Both growth disturbances develop as a result of stem tilting. Eccentricity develops after slight tilting, while compression wood is developed when tilting is more significant. Because of the differences in the strength of disturbing factors, which cause the development of compression wood and growth eccentricity, the best approach would be to combine the results of dating obtained from the two methods. The dendrochronological analysis of tree growth disturbances (eccentric growth and compression wood) is a promising approach for determining landslide hazards in forested mountain areas and can be applied in spatial management.

8

The intramontane Orava Basin - evidence of large-scale Miocene to Quaternary sinistral wrenching in the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian area

Ludwiniak Mirosław, Śmigielski Michał, Kowalczyk Sebastian, Łoziński Maciej, Czarniecka Urszula, Lewińska Lena

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2019

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Vol. 69, no. 3

339--386

EN

The Carpathian Orava Basin is a tectonic structure filled with Neogene and Quaternary deposits superimposed on the collision zone between the ALCAPA and European plates. Tectonic features of the south-eastern margin of the Orava Basin and the adjoining part of the fore-arc Central Carpathian Palaeogene Basin were studied. Field observations of mesoscopic structures, analyses of digital elevation models and geological maps, supplemented with electrical resistivity tomography surveys were performed. Particular attention was paid to joint network analysis. The NE-SW-trending Krowiarki and Hruštinka-Biela Orava sinistral fault zones were recognized as key tectonic features that influenced the Orava Basin development. They constitute the north-eastern part of a larger Mur-Mürz-Žilina fault system that separates the Western Carpathians from the Eastern Alps. The interaction of these sinistral fault zones with the older tectonic structures of the collision zone caused the initiation and further development of the Orava Basin as a strike-slip-related basin. The Krowiarki Fault Zone subdivides areas with a different deformation pattern within the sediments of the Central Carpathian Palaeogene Basin and was active at least from the time of cessation of its sedimentation in the early Miocene. Comparison of structural data with the recent tectonic stress field, earthquake focal mechanisms and GPS measurements allows us to conclude that the Krowiarki Fault Zone shows a stable general pattern of tectonic activity for more than the last 20 myr and is presently still active.

9

„Depositional setting of the Oligocene sequence of the Western Carpathians in the Polish Spisz region : a reinterpretation based on integrated palynofacies and sedimentological analyses” – Reply

Filipek A., Wysocka A., Barski M.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 3

751--754

EN

[...]First of all, we would like to note that our reply will concentrate on substantial comments on the presented results or/and questionable interpretations.[...]

10

„Depositional setting of the Oligocene sequence of the Western Carpathians in the Polish Spisz region : a reinterpretation based on integrated palynofacies and sedimentological analyses” – Discussion

Gedl P.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 3

745--750

EN

In their recent paper, Filipek et al. (2017) provided some data on age (dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy) and sedimentary setting (sedimentological and palynofacial analysis) of the Podhale Flysch (Central Carpathian Paleogene) from the Polish Spisz (their fig. 1). They carried out their integrated studies on the middle part of the Podhale Flysch succession – the upper part of the Szaflary beds through the lower part of the Chochołów beds. These studies, as stated in Introduction, “…allow for a new approach to the knowledge on the CCPB with regard to stratigraphy, depositional palaeoenvironment, and changes during deposition”.

11

Dendrochronological dating as the basis for developing a landslide hazard map – An example from the Western Carpathians, Poland

Łuszczyńska K., Wistuba M., Malik I., Krąpiec M., Szypuła B.

Geochronometria

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2018

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Vol. 45, no. 1

173--184

EN

Most landslide hazard maps are developed on the basis of an area’s susceptibility to a landslide occurrence, but dendrochronological techniques allows one to develop maps based on past landslide activity. The aim of the study was to use dendrochronological techniques to develop a landslide hazard map for a large area, covering 3.75 km2. We collected cores from 131 trees growing on 46 sampling sites, measured tree-ring width, and dated growth eccentricity events (which occur when tree rings of different widths are formed on opposite sides of a trunk), recording the landslide events which had occurred over the previous several dozen years. Then, the number of landslide events per decade was calculated at every sampling site. We interpolated the values obtained, added layers with houses and roads, and developed a landslide hazard map. The map highlights areas which are potentially safe for existing buildings, roads and future development. The main advantage of a landslide hazard map developed on the basis of dendrochronological data is the possibility of acquiring long series of data on landslide activity over large areas at a relatively low cost. The main disadvantage is that the results obtained relate to the measurement of anatomical changes and the macroscopic characteristics of the ring structure occurring in the wood of tilted trees, and these factors merely provide indirect information about the time of the landslide event occurrence.

12

Solution-collapse breccias in the upper Olenekian–Ladinian succession, Tatra Mts, Poland

Jaglarz P., Rychliński T.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2018

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Vol. 88, No. 4

303--319

EN

The upper Olenekian-Middle Triassic succession of the Tatricum domain (Central Western Carpathians, southern Poland) includes a few horizons of breccias, which are intercalated with early-diagenetic dolostones. On the basis of macroscopic and microscopic (including cathodoluminescence) observations, the paper presents a new interpretation of the genesis of the breccias and their diagenetic history. The rocks studied range from monomictic, cemented mosaic packbreccias to chaotic, unsorted, monomictic, particulate rubble floatbreccias. The processes that preceded the formation of the breccias encompassed the precipitation of evaporites and the early-diagenetic dolomitization of lime muds. The solution-collapse breccias were formed during episodes of cyclic sediment emersions in the upper Olenekian and Middle Triassic, as the result of gradual sediment collapse after karstic dissolution of the intercalated evaporites. After the brecciation process, during diagenesis the rocks were subjected to cementation by sulphate minerals and next, to multi-stage dolomitization. Later tectonic processes led to fracturing and even re-brecciation of the previously formed solution-collapse breccias.

13

Stepwise clockwise rotation of the Cenozoic stress field in the Western Carpathians as revealed by kinematic analysis of minor faults in the Manín Unit (western Slovakia)

Šimonová V., Plašienka D.

Geological Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 61, No. 1

251--264

EN

This study aims at quantitative kinematic analysis of fault-slip data and palaeostress reconstruction of polyphase brittle structures developed in the Manín Unit cropping out in the Middle Váh River Valley of western Slovakia. The Manín Unit neighbours the Pieniny Klippen Belt that follows the boundary between the Paleogene accretionary wedge of the Outer Carpathians and the Cretaceous nappe system of the Central Western Carpathians. After the nappe emplacement during mid-Cretaceous times, the Manín Unit was incorporated into the Pieniny Klippen Belt and attained its complex tectonic style. Based on kinematic analysis of meso-scale faults with slickensides, six (D1–D6) brittle deformation stages have been discerned. The relative succession of individual palaeostress states was derived from field structural relationships; their stratigraphic age was estimated primarily by comparison with other published data. Palaeostress analysis in the Manín Unit revealed the existence of six different palaeostress fields acting from the Middle Eocene to the Quaternary. The first three generations of meso-scale brittle structures were formed under a transpressional tectonic regime during the pre-Late Eocene–Early Miocene D1–D3 deformation. Generally, the maximum horizontal stress axis rotated clockwise from a W–E to an approximately N–S direction. Thereafter, a transtensional tectonic regime was characterized by a WNW–ESE to NNW–SSE oriented minimum horizontal stress axis during Middle and Late Miocene D4–D5 deformation. A general extensional tectonic regime influenced the structural evolution of the area in the Pliocene to Quaternary, when a gradual reorientation of the palaeostress field resulted in the development of variable, often reactivated, fault structures.

14

Pseudothurmanniid ammonites from quarries near Lietavská Lúčka and their stratigraphical significance (Late Hauterivian, Central Western Carpathians, Slovakia)

Vašiček Z., Malek O.

Geological Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 61, No. 3

613--631

EN

Pseudothurmanniid ammonites within Upper Hauterivian calcareous deposits are present in quarries on Polomec Hill near the village of Lietavská Lúčka, Slovakia. These deposits belong to the Mráznica Formation of the Krížna Nappe that is a part of the Fatricum Unit in the Central Western Carpathians. Nine ammonite species are described in detail, one of which, Binellicerasmichalíki, is new. The species identified indicate the Upper Hauterivian Balearis and Ohmi ammonite zones. The zone of the uppermost Hauterivian, Catulloi Zone, is not documented as far as pseudothurmanniid ammonites are concerned. The lackof developmentally younger representatives of the pseudothurmanniid ammonites neitherin the studied locali ty, nor in other Slovak locali ties, is explained by marked changes in the northern Tethyan margin in Europe duri ng the latest Hauterivian.

15

Chromian spinels from the Magura Unit (Western Carpathians, Eastern Slovakia) : their petrogenetic and palaeogeographic implications

Bónová K., Špisiak J., Bóna J., Kováčik M.

Geological Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 61, No. 1

3--18

EN

Detrital chromian spinels in sedimentary rocks provide much information concerning the tectonics of their parental ultrabasic rocks. Chromian spinels occurring in the Eocene to Oligocene depos its from the Magura Nappe were exam i ned to provide some constraints on the history of the Magura Basin. The Magura Nappe is a part of the Flysch Belt belonging to the External Western Carpathians. The Magura Nappe is separated by a narrow zone associated with the Pieniny Klippen Belt and is divided into three principal tectono-lithofacies units (from the S to N): the Krynica, Bystrica and Rača units. Cr-spinel is a common accessory mineral (2.3-5.9 vol% of heavy mineral spectra) in the siliciclastic rocks of the Rača and Krynica units. In terms of texture and chemical composition, two types of Cr-spinels were recognized: unaltered and altered. Unaltered spinels were found to contain silicate inclusions such as chromio-pargasite, enstatite, diopside, pargasite, plagioclase and olivine (forsterite). The chromian spinels show wide variations in compositional parameters such as Cr# (0.3-0.7), Mg# (0.3-0.7), TiO2 (<0.03-1.9 wt.%) and Fe2+/Fe3+ (2.5-13) whereas the differences between the Rača and Krynica units are in- significant. These parameters suggest a peridotitic and volcanic origin of the spinels, respectively. The ophiolite source consisting of harzburgitic mantle peridotites was developed mainly in a supra-subduction zone setting; volcanic spinels indicate an origin in mid-ocean ridge basalts, back-arc basin basalts and sporadically in ocean-island basalts. Concerning their geochem i cal features, we propose that during the Eocene to Early Oligocene, the ophiolitic detritus in the eastern part of the Magura Basin deposits may have been derived from a source area located in the Fore-Marmarosh Suture Zone (Eastern Carpathians) that is considered an equivalent of the Black Flysch and Ceahlau units. Some Cr-spinels found in the Eocene sedimentary successions may have resedimented from older Late Cretaceous-Paleocene formations of the Magura Unit, which are considered as reworked sedimentary material from the Pieniny Klippen Belt.

16

Przestrzenny model geologiczno-strukturalny strefy przypowierzchniowej w rejonie Soli

Michna M., Mitan K., Machowski G., Papiernik B.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2016

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nr 209 wyd. konferencyjne

585--588

PL

Wykorzystując zaktualizowaną mapę geologiczną, 18 przekrojów geologicznych, profile stratygraficzne 7 otworów wiertniczych, wyniki pomiarów terenowych oraz numeryczny model terenu opracowano przestrzenny model geologiczno-strukturalny w rejonie Soli (Karpaty Zachodnie) obejmujący swym zasięgiem powierzchnię ok. 227 km2. Skomplikowana budowa geologiczna Karpat Zewnętrznych w analizowanym rejonie objawia się występowaniem 3 jednostek tektonicznych, w obrębie których można wyróżnić 27 wydzieleń litostratygraficznych. Osnowę strukturalną modelu stworzono na podstawie 66 dyslokacji. Podział litostratygraficzny został uproszczony tak, aby możliwe było połączenie modelu strefy przypowierzchniowej z modelem głębszej strefy skonstruowanym na podstawie interpretacji sejsmiki.

EN

Using an updated geological map, 18 geological cross-sections, stratigraphic profiles of 7 boreholes, the results of field measurements and a digital terrain model spatial geological and structural model in the area of Salt (Western Carpathians) was created. Modeling area covers an area of approximately 227 km2. The complicated geological structure of the Outer Carpathians in the analyzed region revealed the presence of three tectonic units, within which one can ditinguish 27 lithostratigraphic units. The structural model was created based on 66 dislocations. Lithostratigraphic division has been simplified so that it can be combined with model constructed based on seismic data interpretation.

17

Rola wyróżników i wyznaczników krajobrazu przyrodniczego i kulturowego w określeniu wyspowego charakteru Beskidu Małego

Łach J.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2016

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nr 33

39--52

PL

Badania na potrzeby artykułu dotyczyły określenia wyspowego charakteru Beskidu Małego w stosunku do otaczającego go Beskidu Śląskiego, Beskidu Makowskiego, Kotliny Żywieckiej oraz Pogórza Śląskiego. W tym celu sięgnięto do metody wyróżników/wyznaczników krajobrazu na płaszczyźnie geograficznej oraz etnograficznej, badając jego izolację przestrzenną i kulturową. Z analizy elementów przyrodniczych za szczególny wyróżnik wyspowości Beskidu Małego wybrano rzeźbę oraz dominujący typ pokrycia terenu, natomiast z elementów etnograficznych za unikatowy wyróżnik przyjęto konstrukcyjny typ budowli polaniarskiej oraz przynależność etniczno-kulturową mieszkańców regionu. Zdefiniowane w artykule inne wyróżniki krajobrazowe stanowiące często pojedyncze, niewielkie płaty krajobrazowe, posiadające historyczne oraz geograficzne powiązania z regionem, pozwoliły z powyższymi wyróżnikami określić Beskid Mały jako krajobrazową wyspę górską Zewnętrznych Karpat Zachodnich.

EN

The research for the needs of the article referred to the definition of island character of the Little Beskids in relation to surrounding Silesian Beskids, Makowski Beskids, Żywiec Basin and Silesian Foothills. To realize this goal, the method of landmarks and determiners of landscape was used on geographical and ethnographical plane examining its spatial and cultural isolation. From the analysis of the natural elements, terrain and dominant type of the land cover were chosen as a specific landmark of the island character. From ethnographic elements, structural type of pastoral buildings and ethno-cultural affiliation of the inhabitants of the Little Beskids were used as unique landmark. Other landscape landmarks defined in the article posing often single, small landscape patch with historical and geographical connections to the region allowed in the above determine the Little Beskids as a landscape mountain island in the Outer Western Carpathians.

18

Heavy minerals from sedimentary rocks of the Malcov Formation and their palaeogeographic implications for evolution of the Magura Basin (Western Carpathians, Slovakia) during the Late Eocene–Late Oligocene

Bónová K., Bóna J., Kováčik M., Laurinc D.

Geological Quarterly

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2016

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Vol. 60, No. 3

675--694

EN

Detrital heavy minerals separated from the Malcov Fm. deposits (Magura Nappe) indicate their source rocks and areas. The heavy mineral assemblages predominantly consist of garnet, zircon, tourmaline, rutile and Cr-spinel. EPMA analyses reveal a few groups of garnets: zoned and unzoned Grs almandines, Prp-Sps almandines, unzoned Prp almandines, almandines, Sps almandines and rare zoned spessartine grains (~85 mol% Sps). The garnet composition indicates that gneisses, mica schists, amphibolites and granites were their main source rocks, but low-grade metapelites with Mn mineralisation probably contributed as well. The detrital dravitic tourmalines were mostly derived from paragneisses and mica schists. Cr-spinel indicates a volcanic source. Based on heavy mineral assemblages, coupled with palaeoflow analysis, we conclude that the Marmarosh Massif and Fore-Marmarosh Suture are the most probable source areas. Aditionally, the Malcov sedimentary basin was supplied by material from the crystalline complexes of the Tisza Mega-Unit and Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB). The bulk of the clastic deposits comprise classical turbidites. These lithofacies were deposited from either turbidity currents or from concentrated density flows. The palaeoflow record is varied and highlights the contribution of sedimentary material from several directions and/or diversion of gravity currents from the main flow direction (SE–NW). The marginal parts of the Malcov sub-basins were formed of deformed and uplifted older formations of surrounding units of the Magura Nappe and PKB (submerged ridges). Older (Late Cretaceous to Eocene) flysch sediments may have been redeposited from these ridges to neighbouring sub-basins in a transverse direction (NE–SW).

19

Radiocarbon dating of fossil bats from Dobšina Ice Cave (Slovakia) and potential palaeoclimatic implications

Gradziński M., Hercman H., Peresviet-Soltan A., Zelinka J., Jelonek M.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2016

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Vol. 86, No. 3

341--350

EN

Although Dobšina Ice Cave (DIC, Carpathians, Slovakia) is located outside the high-mountain area, it hosts one of the most extensive blocks of perennial subterranean ice, the volume of which is estimated at more than 110,000 m3. Frozen bat remains were found in the lowermost part of the perennial ice block. They belong to Myotis blythii (Tomes) and the M. mystacinus morpho-group. The radiocarbon dating of bat soft tissues yielded ages of 1266–1074 cal. yr BP and 1173–969 cal. yr BP. The undetermined bat, found in the same part of the ice section in 2002, was previously dated at 1178–988 cal. yr BP (Clausen et al., 2007). The dates testify that the ice crystallized at the turn of the Dark Ages Cold Period and the Medieval Warm Period. The calculated accumulation rate of cave ice varies between 0.7 cm/year and 1.4 cm/year at that time, and is similar to the present ice accumulation rate in DIC. Constant crystallization of ice during the Medieval Warm Period is hypothesized to reflect dry summer seasons since the supply of relatively warm water in the summer is one of the key factors causing the erosion of cave ice. The uppermost sample was covered with 20.6 m of ice. Between ca 1065 cal. yr BP and the present day, the ice grew faster than between ca 1210 yr BP and ca 1065 yr BP by a factor of 1.3–1.8. This may have resulted from conditions favourable for ice accumulation during the Little Ice Age.

20

Granice złóż gazu ziemnego Lachowice i Stryszawa w świetle testów rurowym próbnikiem złoża

Dubiel S., Rzyczniak M., Solecki M. L., Maruta M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 1

60–-66

EN

Identification of hydrocarbon accumulation boundaries within an oil field area is an important factor for making decisions whether or not to drill out and develop the field, or to give up extraction in some parts of the areas. As an example, two gas/condensate fields in the Devonian strata of the Western Carpathians are presented in this paper. These deposits were found at various depths in the Miocene basement in two separate tectonic blocks. Boundaries of the Stryszawa field were identified with the traditional Horner method and with the modern log-log method on the basis of industrial data obtained with DST and production tests. Based on the analysis of the drilling-up and testing methods used in the L-4 well in the Devonian strata of the Lachowice field the authors formulated the causes of considerably lower inflow of reservoir fluid to the tester during four DST tests, and the inability to determine boundaries of this part of the deposit.