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1

Diversity of Peritricha (Ciliophora) in Activated Sludge Depending on the Technology of Wastewater Treatment

Babko Roman, Kuzmina Tatiana, Pliashechnik Volodimir, Zaburko Jacek, Szulżyk-Cieplak Joanna, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 2

158--166

EN

The representation of Peritricha ciliates was studied in the activated sludge of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), one of which operates using a technology that includes alternating aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic conditions in bioreactors (Lublin, Poland), and the other – only aerobic conditions (Sumy, Ukraine). During the study, 14 Peritricha species were identified in the WWTP Lublin, and 13 species were identified in the WWTP Sumy. The similarity of species lists was 81.5% (Sørensen index). On the basis of on the similarity and taking into account the occurrence rate (≥ 60%), a common group of Peritricha species characteristic of the activated sludge from these two types of treatment facilities was identified, which includes 4 species of colonial Peritricha: Carchesium polypinum, Epistylis coronata, Epistylis longicaudatum and Opercularia articulata, and also 4 species of solitary Peritricha: Vorticella aquadulcis, Vorticella convallaria, Vorticella infusionum and Vorticella microstoma. Despite the very high similarity in species composition, statistical analysis of the population structure of Peritricha showed a clear separation of two WWTPs with different wastewater treatment technologies. If there is a significant similarity in the species composition of Peritricha, the species, based on their abundance and occurrence, are divided into two groups, focused on different technological schemes. The population structure of Peritricha responds to the changes in purification technology, showing the changes not so much in species composition as in their quantitative structure. The differences in bioreactor conditions and increased effluent treatment efficiency demonstrated by the WWTP Lublin result in differences in Peritricha species structure, which are reflected in higher Peritricha abundance in WWTP Lublin compared to WWTP Sumy.

2

Distribution of Microplastics in Domestic Wastewater and Microplastics Removal Potential in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Fauzi Mhd., Darnas Yeggi, Muna Cut Rauzatun, Nizar Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

79--86

EN

Microplastics in domestic wastewater are detrimental to living organisms and appear in a variety of sizes, colors, and shapes. The purpose of this study is to examine the distribution of microplastics in domestic wastewater, as well as the possibility for microplastic removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The sampling method used is SNI 6989.59:2008 concerning Wastewater Sampling Methods that Apply in Indonesia. To remove organic compounds in the sample, 0.05 M Fe (II) and 30% H2O2 solution were added by the digestion process at 75 °C for 30 minutes and cooled. Samples were filtered using Whattman GF/C filter paper with the help of a vacuum pump and dried. To identify the concentration, shape, size, color of microplastics, visual analysis was used with the help of a microscope using the zig-zag technique. The concentration of microplastics in domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot is 30.17 ± 0.75 particles/100 mL sample. The most commonly found microplastic size is 1,001–5,000 μm, while the dominant color is transparent. The forms of microplastic found in the samples were fiber, fragments and microbeads with a percentage of 65.20%, 23.16% and 11.64%, respectively. These microplastics come from local community activities such as washing clothes, bathing, washing dishes, and other activities. So, it is necessary to treat domestic wastewater using WWTP. Not only does it remove organic matter and nutrients, WWTP also has the potential of microplastics removal around 7–99% depending on the processing unit.

3

Benefits and Risks of Liquid Sewage Sludge Recycling in Agricultural Spreading – A Case Study of WWTP of Skhirat, Morocco

Achkir Abdelmajid, Aouragh Abdelhakim, El Mahi Mohammed, Lotfi El Mostapha, Kabriti Mohamed, Abid Abdesalam, El Moussaoui Tawfik, Yagoubi Maâmar

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

277--288

EN

The sewage sludge recycling as an agricultural land resource has received a great deal of attention worldwide. This practice has highly increased because of ever-increasing municipal wastewater production and the awareness of its fertilizing potential as amendment resources. However, there is a concern about land spreading linked mainly to health associated risks due to the presence of diverse pollutants. Thus, sewage spreading management is a key factor the guarantees benefits and avoids risks. The present work aimed to investigate the benefits and risks of sewage sludge (SS) application on agricultural land. To this end, physicochemical main parameters and bacteriological indicators, fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS), of the sewage sludge generated form WWTP of Skhirat, Morocco, were performed during the period 2018–2019. The obtained results of physicochemical parameters reveal high concentration of organic matter in SS, which reach 96.3 mg/l, and in nutrients. Indeed, total Kjeldahl nitrogen TKN reaches a maximum of 3791 mg/l, potassium K+ reaches 58.71 mg/l. In addition, the average content of FC and FS are around 5.40 CFU/ml and 5.85 CFU/ml, respectively, whereas total phosphorus reaches 508.25 mg/l. In addition, concentrations of micronutrients such as Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ were high, which is interesting and could benefit for both soils and plant. Furthermore, this sewage sludge contains high concentration of heavy metals, mainly zinc and copper which could limit reuse in land spreading. The obtained results were compared to the applied standards and directives established within the framework of the agricultural spreading.

4

Policy Development of River Water Quality Governance Toward Land Use Dynamics Through a Risk Management Approach

Namara Idi, Hartono Djoko M., Latief Yusuf, Moersidik Setyo Sarwanto

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 2

25--33

EN

The Cisadane River, Tangerang City, is one of the most important rivers in Indonesia. This river provides raw water for Municipal Waterworks (PDAM) of the Tangerang City and Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, but the water quality tends to deteriorate due to pollution. The government has made various efforts to manage the river water quality, but no significant resolution was issued yet. The problem is becoming more complicated due to land-use changes that affect the pollutant load. Therefore, more precise, integrated, and comprehensive management is needed. This study used an approach with various methodologies according to the stages of the research, including; qualitative and quantitative analysis, GIS, statistics, risk management, and System Dynamic. The outcome of this research was the development of the policies in river water quality management, specifically land use manage-ment, separation of drainage channels from domestic sewage channels, enhancement of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) services coverage, as well as reinforcement of institutional and regulatory aspects, especially in funding commitments.

5

Estimation of Per Capita Loading and Treated Wastewater Quality Index in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

Aboulfotoh Ahmed, Heikal Ghada

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

73--80

EN

Monthly reports from June 2017 to May 2018 of Twenty-one wastewater treatment plants in Sharkia were evaluated for the following parameters: temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO3), oil and grease (O&G) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) values. The first aim of this study was to estimate the main wastewater per capita pollution generation per day (PCPL) and found that the 90th percentile PCPL for TSS, COD, BOD, NO3 and O&G were equal to 57.42, 91.59, 59.13, 1.64 and 12.39 (g/capita/day) respectively. The second aim was to assess the performance of the WWTPs in the governorate, by calculating of the wastewater quality index (WWQI) of each plant and for the entire governorate which shows that; 2 WWTPs gives a good performance, 9 WWTPs gives a fair performance, 9 WWTPs gives a marginal performance and 1 WWTP is in bad conditions, the average performance all over the governorate is considered marginal. A simple empirical formula had been established to be used for calculation of the WWQI based on the tested parameters using the multiple linear regression and found to be very effective in predicting the WWQI for the WWTPs.

6

Analysis of the Hydraulic Load of a Local WWTP in the South-Eastern Poland Including Hydraulic Capacity of the Sewage Receiver

Młyńska Anna, Młyński Dariusz, Chmielowski Krzysztof

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 11

261--272

EN

The paper constitutes the analysis of hydraulic load of a local wastewater treatment plant in the south-eastern Poland along with the analysis of sewage receiver hydraulic capacity and related receiving waters protection. Assuming that the daily outflow of treated sewage should not exceed 10% of the mean-low flow (SNQ) of the receiver, no case of daily sewage outflow greater than 10%·SNQ = 51 840 m3·d-1 was recorded. Moreover, average daily hydraulic load of the treatment plant was lower than the limit value by over 70% and the maximum recorded value – by over 40%. Furthermore, the conducted analysis shows that the particular months differed from each other in the values of the daily hydraulic load of the wastewater treatment plant at the outflow; May was the month with the highest average daily sewage outflow, while September was characterized by the lowest average daily outflow of treated sewage. There was also no clear dependence between the hydraulic load of the WWTP and the day of the week. Daily sewage outflows ranging from 10 000 m3·d-1 to 12 000 m3·d-1 constituted the largest part of all observations. The daily sewage outflows directed to the receiver prove that there is no threat to the preservation of the water environment quality.

7

Water and Sewage Management in The Districts of Lubuskie Voivodeship, Poland

Płuciennik-Koropczuk Ewelina, Myszograj Sylwia

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 4

345--375

EN

Since 1991, Poland has been taking steps to organize the country's wastewater management in order to meet the requirements of Council Directive 91/271/EEC. The current goals to achieve the said requirements are set in the VI update of the National Urban Wastewater Treatment Program (KPOŚK) and has to be achieved to 2027. The article presents the status of water and wastewater management in the districts of Lubuskie Voivodeship, Poland in 2021, in relation to year 2017. The degree of water supply and sewerage system, as well as wastewater systems management in individual agglomerations of Lubuskie Voivodeship are defined.

8

Applying the Wastewater Quality Index for Assessing the Effluent Quality of Recently Upgraded Meet Abo El-koum Wastewater Treatment Plant

Ayoub Mohamed, El-Morsy Ahmed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 2

128--133

EN

The wastewater quality index (WWQI) can be defined as a single value, which reflects the overall wastewater quality related to its input constituent parameters. The major objective of the present study was to investigate the suitability of the effluent quality from Meet Abo El-koum wastewater treatment plant in Egypt for safe disposal based on the wastewater quality index approach. Moreover, statistical analysis was applied to develop a simple model using multiple linear regression (MLR) for accurate prediction of WWQI depending on different wastewater quality parameters. The results indicate good quality of the treated wastewater for safe disposal in general. Moreover, it is apparent that about 17% of the WWQI values reached excellent quality referring to the classification of the WWQI levels. For greater simplicity, a relationship between BOD5 and COD was deduced using linear regression, so that the results of the BOD5 analyses that appear after five days can be skipped. This approximation can be used to calculate WWQI on a specific day given the results of the treated wastewater analyses on that day.

9

The Influence of a Selected External Carbon Source on the Share of COD Fractions and the Speed of Denitrification Processes

Ignatowicz Katarzyna, Smyk Joanna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 8

57--63

EN

The article presents the effectiveness of the N, P, C (nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon) removal from sewage with the use of molasses as an external carbon source (ECS). The research was carried out during the wastewater treatment processes in two SBR-type activated sludge reactors. A cycle of the SBR operation lasted 360 minutes and included the following phases: wastewater supply (2 min), anaerobic (60 min), aeration (210 min), sedimentation (60 min) and decantation (30 min). After twenty minutes of the wastewater supply, molasses was added to one of the reactors in the cycle, as a source of easily available organic compounds. The conducted tests showed that the use of molasses as an ECS during wastewater treatment resulted in higher nitrogen removal efficiency in comparison with the reactor without ECS. The wastewater treatment in the SBR without the addition of ECS resulted in a total nitrogen removal of 80% and ammonium nitrogen of 95.9%, whereas the wastewater treatment in the reactor with the addition of molasses resulted in the removal of total nitrogen at 90.3% and ammonium nitrogen at 97.3%. Despite the increase in the final nitrate concentration in both SBRs, the nitrate concentration in the reactor using an external carbon source was lower by as much as 4.5 mg N/dm3. The COD fractions and their changes in wastewater were determined in order to find out their quantitative and percentage share. Determination of the COD fraction allows assessing the susceptibility of wastewater to biological treatment, additionally indicating the impurities that are difficult to decompose, which reduce the effectiveness of biological wastewater treatment. Introduction of ECS in the form of molasses to municipal wastewater caused an increase in the SS fraction by 9 mg O2/dm3, thus increasing the percentage of the readily biodegradable dissolved organic compounds by about 10%. The increased amount of easily available carbon compounds has contributed to the increase of the denitrification rate. In the initial phase of denitrification with the addition of ECS in the form of molasses, an acceleration in the removal of nitrogen compounds by 2.48 mg N∙dm3/h compared to the control reactor, was observed.

10

Circular economy in wastewater treatment plant

Kalemba Katarzyna

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2020

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Vol. 13, no. 4

93--97

EN

Wastewater treatment plants are becoming an important part of circular economy. In addition to the classic role of wastewater treatment plants, they are gaining a new important mission to fulfil. According to the Nutrients-Energy-Water (N-E-W) paradigm, wastewater treatment plants should also focus on energy production and resource recovery. Intensification of biogas production is an important element in improving the energy efficiency of wastewater treatment plants. This can be achieved by introducing sewage sludge co-digestion with organic substrate, thermal hydrolysis and disintegration of the sludge. Water renewal, which includes a number of processes to restore the water features of the wastewater, is also becoming an important objective. Intensive research is being carried out on the production of bioplastics by bacteria inhabiting municipal and industrial sewage. Technologies for recovery of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from sewage and sludge are also advanced. The paper presents current trends in the development of sewage treatment plants based on the assumptions of circular economy and current policy of the European Green Deal.

11

The Prevalence of tet(A) and tet(M) Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Municipal Wastewater

Hubeny Jakub, Buta Martyna, Zieliński Wiktor, Harnisz Monika, Korzeniewska Ewa, Nowrotek Monika, Płaza Grażyna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 10

1--6

EN

Antibiotic resistance is a widespread problem that poses one of the greatest risks to public health around the world. The main cause of antibiotic resistance is the overuse of antibiotics in the human and veterinary medicine and in agriculture. Drugs are released into the environment with treated wastewater, and they can act as stressors that increase the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not equipped with appropriate technologies for eliminating the genetic material from the treated wastewater. In this study, the prevalence of tet(A) and tet(M) genes encoding resistance to tetracycline antibiotics was investigated in the samples of municipal wastewater and sewage sludge collected from two WWTPs and in the water samples collected from rivers which receive the treated wastewater. The samples were collected in two seasons of the year (summer and fall). The presence of ARGs was confirmed by PCR. The study revealed that ARGs were not effectively removed from wastewater by the WWTP in the Region of Silesia. Seasonal variations in the occurrence of the analyzed genes were not observed in the samples collected from the above-mentioned plant. Tetracycline resistance genes were detected in all samples of river water. The tet(A) gene was not removed from the treated wastewater in the WWTP in the Region of Warmia and Mazury, whereas the tet(M) gene was detected on a seasonal basis. The tet(M) gene was not detected in the samples of river water collected upstream and downstream from the WWTP. The study demonstrated that the existing WWTPs lack the means to eliminate ARGs. The wastewater treatment systems have to be modified to effectively remove ARGs from the treated wastewater.

12

Prevalence of Beta Lactamases Genes in Sewage and Sludge Treated in Mechanical-Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants

Zieliński Wiktor, Buta Martyna, Hubeny Jakub, Korzeniewska Ewa, Harnisz Monika, Nowrotek Monika, Płaza Grażyna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 9

80--86

EN

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a very important link in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes to the environment and the formation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The mechanical and biological methods of wastewater treatment in WWTPs do not completely remove the resistance genes from sewage. The genes responsible for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are very common in the family Enterobacteriaceae that colonize the human digestive tract and are abundant in wastewater. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of genes encoding beta-lactamases in the wastewater and sludge samples collected from two WWTPs in the Polish regions of Warmia and Silesia and from the river water upstream and downstream from the WWTPs. The wastewater samples were passed through polycarbonate membrane filters, whereas the sludge samples were homogenized, and genomic DNA was extracted. The blaTEM, blaOXA and blaSHV genes were detected by means of standard PCR. The most prevalent gene was blaTEM which occurred in all samples, including the treated wastewater. The blaOXA gene was also frequently detected in all samples from the WWTP in Silesia. The blaSHV gene was least prevalent in the tested samples. These results indicate that wastewater is a hotspot for resistant bacteria. Beta-lactamase genes are not eliminated through the mechanical-biological wastewater treatment methods, and they can spread to other environments, thus increasing the pool of antibiotic resistance genes around the world and creating epidemiological risks.

13

Charakterystyka dopływu ścieków do oczyszczalni w Harasiukach

Pintal Roksana, Masłoń Adam

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2019

|

Nr 10

324--327

PL

Ilość ścieków dopływająca do oczyszczalni jest zmienna czego skutkiem mogą być problemy z odpowiednim oczyszczeniem dopływających ścieków. Dopływ ścieków do oczyszczalni zmienia się z cyklu godzinowym, dobowym, miesięcznym, kwartalnym a także rocznym. W oczyszczalniach ścieków może występować zarówno zjawisko niedociążenia jak i przeciążenia hydraulicznego. Niedociążenie hydrauliczne oczyszczalni często występuje w niewielkich, wiejskich oczyszczalniach ścieków. Przeciążenie jak i niedociążenie oczyszczalni ma wpływ na skuteczność procesów oczyszczalnia ścieków. W przypadku dopływu do oczyszczalni innej ilości ścieków, niż ta zakładana przy projektowaniu oczyszczalni może przynieść szereg negatywnych skutków i znacznie pogorszyć proces oczyszczania ścieków. Znajomość ilości i jakości dopływających ścieków do oczyszczalni jest istotna przy sporządzaniu bilansów potrzebnych przy projektach technologicznych. Celem artykułu jest analiza zmienności dopływu ścieków do oczyszczalni w Harasiukach w okresie od 1 lipca 2016 roku do 1 lipca 2018 roku.

EN

The amount of wastewater flowing into the wastewater treatment plant varies which can be a problem with appropriate cleaning of the inflowing wastewater. The wastewater inflow to the WWTP changes in cycle hourly, daily, monthly, quarterly and annually. In the WWTPs can be both the phenomena hydraulic overload and hydraulic underload. Hydraulic underload often occurs in small, rural wastewater treatment plants. Overloading and underloading of the treatment plant have an impact on the efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant processes. In the case of supply to plant another wastewater volume than that assumed in the design of the WWTP can produce a range of adverse effects and significantly worsen the wastewater treatment process. Knowledge of the quality and quantity of the wastewater flowing into the treatment plant is important for the development of the balance reports that are used for technological projects. The aim of the work is the analysis of the variation of wastewater inflow to the Harasiuki WWTP from 1 July 2016 to 1 July 2018.

14

Study on activated sludge flocs morphology and composition in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant in Poland

Liwarska-Bizukojc Ewa, Andrzejczak Olga, Solecka Monika

Environment Protection Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 45, nr 2

69--82

EN

This work is a comprehensive study of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the city of Zgierz (Poland) aiming at the estimation of the impact of seasonal changes of temperature on flocs morphology, biomass concentration, quantity of filamentous bacteria, content of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and composition of microinvertebrates in the activated sludge system. Two short-term measurement campaigns, in winter and in summer, were carried out under dry weather conditions. It occurred that lower temperatures (11.1–14.6 °C) had hardly any effect on flocs size or concentration of activated sludge biomass in the full-scale activated sludge system treating municipal wastewater. They did not aggravate the biosynthesis of PHB either. However, decreasing temperature favored the growth of filamentous bacteria and led to the elevation of the sludge volume index (SVI). In spite of this, it did not induce any bulking events. Irrespective of the season, the groups of crawling ciliates, attached ciliates and testate amoebae, indicating good performance of the full-scale plant tested, were predominant.

15

Analysis and Assesment of the Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation in the City of Kłodzko

Garbowski T., Wiśniewski J., Bawiec A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

|

Vol. 19, nr 2

114--124

EN

In this study, the current operation efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the city of Kłodzko in the Lower Silesia Voivodeship (Poland) was analyzed and the predicted amount of the wastewater flowing to the WWTP in a 20-year period (until the year 2036) was estimated. The data on the quality and the quantity of raw (entering to the WWTP) and treated sewage from the years 2012-2016 were analyzed. The five essential pollutants indicators: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen and total phosphorus, regulated in the water permit were used to evaluate the efficiency of contaminants removal. On the basis of the percentage reduction of the individual pollutants indicators and their acceptable concentrations in the treated sewage, the effectiveness of the operation of the object was determined. Furthermore, a so-called the treatment plant reliability factor (RF) was calculated and its value below 1.0 indicates the correct operation of the wastewater treatment plant. After determining the prospective amount of raw sewage in 2036 (based on the decreasing population in the city) it has been found that the WWTP will work with a significant reserve of capacity and the modernization of the treatment system, leading to a decrease of its capacity should be considered.

16

Zastosowanie zewnętrznego źródła węgla do wspomagania procesu denitryfikacji na oczyszczalni ścieków „Czajka" w Warszawie

Umiejewska K., Jęksa W., Filipowicz-Wrocławska M., Batkowski B.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

|

2018

|

Nr 6

236--240

PL

Skuteczne usuwanie związków azotu jest jednym z głównych problemów oczyszczalni ścieków. W przypadku gdy efektywność procesu denitryfikacji jest niewystarczająca, możliwym rozwiązaniem staje się wprowadzanie zewnętrznego źródła węgla do reaktora biologicznego. Na oczyszczalni ścieków „Czajka", w latach 2015-2016, do wspomagania procesu denitryfikacji zastosowano preparaty: Brenntaplus VP3 i KemCarbo SM70. Przeprowadzona analiza jakości ścieków, z okresu prowadzenia eksperymentu, nie pozwoliła na potwierdzenie znacznego wpływu zewnętrznych źródeł węgla na skuteczność usuwania ze ścieków związków azotu, w układzie technologicznym zastosowanym na oczyszczalni „Czajka". Uzyskane wyniki mogły być skutkiem za małych dawek zastosowanych preparatów, zwłaszcza że jedynie nieznaczne podwyższono wartości ilorazu ChZT do azotu, czasami nie osiągając wartości wskazywanej za wymaganą.

EN

The effective removal of nitrogen compounds is one of the main problems of WWTPs. When the denitrification process is inefficient, it is possible to dose an external carbon source to the biological reactor. At „Czajka" WWTP the following substances were used to support the denitrification process: Brenntaplus VP3 and KemCarbo SM70. The analysis covered the influence of external carbon sources used at the WWTP on the efficiency of the denitrification process in the years 2015-2016.The conducted analysis did not confirm any significant influence of the used external carbon sources on the high efficiency of nitrogen compounds removal from sewage at the "Czajka" WWTP. The obtained results can be caused by small doses of the applied preparations. During the experiment a slight increase in COD/N ratio was obtained, sometimes without reaching the value indicated as required.

17

Polybrominated flame retardants in sewage sludge and sediments (review)

Kryłów M., Rezka P.

Technical Transactions

|

2017

|

Vol. 3(114)

153--166

EN

This paper is a wide review of literature concerning the presence of flame retardants in sediments, treated wastewater, sewage sludge and the possibilities of their biodegradation. These compounds are widely applied in, for example, the textile and electronics industries. Flame retardants (FRs) are hydrophobic with very low solubility in water; however, they are released slowly during the washing of clothing, and as a result of the discarding of waste electronic products, etc. FRs show low mobility in the environment and can accumulate in wastewater, sewage sludge, in sediments in the beds of rivers and lakes, and in soil. Total concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ranged from 0.59 to 48.000 ng/g d.w and decaBDE (BDE 209) concentrations from 0.4 to 47,400 ng/g d.w. BDE 209 dominated the congener profile.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przegląd literatury dotyczący występowania związków obniżających palność w osadach dennych, ściekach i osadach ściekowych oraz możliwości ich biodegradacji. Związki te są szeroko stosowane, np. w przemyśle tekstylnym i elektronicznym. Środki uniepalniające są substancjami hydrofobowymi o bardzo niskiej rozpuszczalności w wodzie, jednakże są powoli uwalniane podczas prania odzieży lub wymywane ze składowisk odpadów. Wykazują dość niską mobilność w środowisku i mogą kumulować się w osadach ściekowych, osadach dennych rzek i jezior oraz w glebie. Stężenia opisywanych polibromowanych eterów difenylowych (PBDEs) wynosiły od 0,59 do 48,000 ng/g suchej masy, a stężenia decaBDE (BDE 209) wynosiły 0.4–47,400 ng/g s.m. BDE 209 zdominował profil kongenerów.

18

The impact of food on the growth of clones of Lecane inermis, a potential bulking control agent

Kowalska E., Paturej E., Zielińska M.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2017

|

Vol. 43, nr 1

49--57

EN

Excessive growth of filamentous bacteria, inducing activated sludge bulking, presents a serious problem in many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The idea of using Lecane inermis rotifers as a tool for controlling the filamentous bacteria density in activated sludge requires developing a method of culturing rotifers at high concentrations. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of two culture media on the growth of three Lecane inermis strains. The growth of rotifers from a single individual (parthenogenetic female) fed the tested culture media was observed for 10 days. The rotifers showed different individual growth, depending on the strain and type of culture medium. The results of the studies suggest that by using the tested culture media, it may be possible to select a Lecane inermis strain with the highest culturing capacity at high density of rotifers in order to inoculate activated sludge with these organisms in wastewater treatment plants.

19

Porównanie efektywności biologicznego usuwania zwiqzków biogennych w procesach MUCT i A2/O na przykładzie oczyszczalni w Gdańsku

Klimowicz S., Swinarski M., Gajewska M.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

|

2016

|

Nr 1

35--39

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono porównanie efektywności usuwania substancji biogennych w różnych systemach technologicznych, funkcjonujących na oczyszczalni ścieków „Wschód" w Gdańsku. Do roku 2011 bioreaktory oczyszczalni pracowały w systemie zmodyfikowanego UCT (MUCT). W latach 2009-2011 przeprowadzono ich modernizację, w celu usprawnienia procesu oczyszczania ścieków i spełnienia zaostrzonych wymagań w zakresie stężenia azotu ogólnego w odpływie (< 10 mg N/dm3). Od roku 2012 linia biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków pracuje w systemie opartym na A2/O, który zastąpił dotychczasowy system MUCT. Analiza wyników badań jakości ścieków wykazała, że średnie dobowe stężenie azotu ogólnego w ściekach oczyszczonych biologicznie uległo zmniejszeniu z 11,0 mg N/dm3 do 8,0 mg N/dm3 Jednocześnie średnie dobowe stężenie fosforu ogólnego zmniejszyło się z 0.5 mg P/dm3 do 0.4 mg P/dm3. Badania potwierdzają, że pomimo obserwowanego trendu pogarszania się jakości ścieków dopływających do bioreaktorów, proces biologicznego usuwania substancji biogennych przebiega z większą skutecznością w nowym systemie A2/O. W wyniku modernizacji reaktorów biologicznych jakość ścieków odprowadzanych do środowiska spełnia wymogi określone przez Ministra Środowiska, jak również bardziej rygorystyczne zalecenia HELCOM w zakresie stężeń związków biogennych w ściekach odprowadzanych do Morza Bałtyckiego.

EN

This paper presents a comparison of the efficiency of nutrient removal in two different technological systems functioning in WWTP in Gdansk. The upgrade was necessary in order to adjust the parameters of wastewater treatment to more stringent requirements for Total Nitrogen removal (Total Nitrogen concentration < 10 mg/L). Since 2012 the biological treatment line has operated based on modified A2/O process instead of MUCT process. The modernization were carried out in 2009-2011. The analysis of wastewater quality showed that the average daily effluent of total nitrogen (TN) concentration was decreased from 11 to 8 mg TN/L after 2011. Moreover, average the daily effluent of total phosphorus (TP) concentration was reduced from 0.5 to 0.3-0.4 mgTP/L. It demonstrates that despite of the slight but continuous deterioration of wastewater quality, the modified A2/O process is more efficient than MUCT process in terms of biological nutrient removal. As a result of WWTP modernization the quality of discharged wastewater already meets the requirements set by the Regulation of the Ministry of Environment from 18th November 2014 and recommendation of HELCOM organization especially in terms of conditions of biogenic compounds removal from wastewater.

20

Temporal variability of sewage sludge heavy metal content from Greek wastewater treatment plants

Spanos T., Ene A., Patronidou C. S., Xatzixristou C.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2016

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Vol. 23, nr 2

271--283

EN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal variations of selected heavy metals level in anaerobic fermented and dewatered sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were collected in different seasons and years from three municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Northern Greece, in Kavala (Kavala and Palio localities) and Drama (Drama locality) Prefectures. An investigation of the potential of sludge utilization in agriculture was performed, based on the comparison of average total heavy metal concentrations and of chromium species (hexavalent, trivalent) concentrations with the allowed values according to the Council Directive 86/278/EEC and Greek national legislation (Joint Cabinet Decision 80568/4225/91) guidelines. In this regard, all the investigated heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg) and chromium species Cr(VI) and Cr(III) have average concentrations (dry matter weight) well below the legislated thresholds for soil application, as following: 2.12 mg kg−1 Cd; 103.7 mg kg−1 Cr; 136.4 mg kg−1 Cu; < 0.2 mg kg−1 Hg; 29.1 mg kg−1 Ni; 62.0 mg kg−1 Pb; 1253.2 mg kg−1 Zn; 1.56 mg kg−1 Cr(VI) and 115.7 mg kg−1 Cr(III). Values of relative standard deviation (RSD) indicate a low or moderate temporal variability for domestic-related metals Zn (10.3-14.7%), Pb (27.9-44.5%) and Cu (33.5-34.2%), and high variability for the metals of mixed origin or predominantly resulted from commercial activities, such as Ni (42.4-50.7%), Cd (44.3-85.5%) and Cr (58.2-102.0%). For some elements the seasonal occurrence pattern is the same for Kavala and Palio sludge, as following: a) Cd and Cr: spring>summer>winter; b) Cu, Ni and Pb: winter>spring>summer. On average, in summer months (dry season) metal concentrations are lower than in spring and winter (wet seasons), with the exception of Zn. For Kavala and Palio the results demonstrate that the increased number of inhabitants (almost doubled) in summer time due to tourism does not influence the metal levels in sludge. Comparing the results obtained for similar spring-summer-winter sequences in 2007 and 2010/11 and for the spring season in 2007, 2008 and 2010, it can be noticed that, in general, the average heavy metal contents show an increasing tendency towards the last year. In all the measurement periods, the Palio sludge had the highest metal contents and Kavala sludge the lowest, leading to the conclusion that the WWTP operating process rather than population has a significant effect upon the heavy metal content of sludge. Cr(VI)/Cr(total) concentration ratios are higher for Kavala sludge in the majority of sampling campaigns, followed by Drama and Palio sludge. The metals which present moderate to strong positive correlation have common origin, which could be a domestic-commercial mixed source.