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1
Content available The Impact of Brexit on the Transport Industry
EN
By referendum on 23 June 2016, voters in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland voted narrowly to leave the EU. The vote was called for party political reasons, as the ruling Conservative party was divided on the issue of continued EU membership, and the Government expected that a national pro-EU popular vote would silence those who wanted to leave. When the result turned out to be the opposite of what the Government expected, the Prime Minister resigned, despite an earlier pledge that he would abide by and implement the result. The new Prime Minister – who had voted to remain in the EU – repeated the pledge, even though the referendum had been an advisory, not a binding, one. The subsequent period has been spent in trying to achieve an agreement that minimises the adverse socio-economic consequences, to both sides, of a UK departure from the EU, prior to the declared leaving date of 29 March 2019. This paper examines likely effects of Brexit on the transport industry. It starts by explaining the meaning of Brexit, the timetable for UK exit, and some of the possible reasons why the referendum vote turned out as it did. (There has been a surprising lack of research into this subject, and none was undertaken by the UK Government in the aftermath of the vote.) The paper then considers the possible trade and commercial alternatives that the UK has to EU membership. ‘Norway’ or ‘Canada’ (or Canada Plus) arrangements were part of the internal discussion in the UK in the period after the referendum (which had not included a question on alternatives). A UK Government insistence (‘red line’) that the UK would no longer be subject to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, which interprets EU law, limited the options available to the UK. The possible consequences to the UK, if it leaves the EU without a mutually acceptable withdrawal agreement, are then considered. Having set the background to this possible event, the paper then looks at how it may affect the transport industry. All modes of transport, other than inland waterway transport which has no direct connection between the UK and other EU countries, are examined. In each case new agreements will be needed to avoid serious disruption in the event of a ‘no-deal’ Brexit that removes the UK from the single market and customs union, with the UK then being regarded as a third country for trade and transport links. The final part of the paper examines the likely effect of Brexit on the economies of the UK and the remainder of the EU (and hence transport demand). It finds that Ireland may be the most affected EU country, but that the economy of the remaining EU-27 as a whole will suffer as a result of Brexit. After Ireland, the UK economy will be hit hardest, and we may never know if that is a result that the ‘leave’ voters in 2016 expected or not.
PL
Cel: Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie znaczenia kolejnych etapów procesu dopuszczania do użytkowania pojazdów pożarniczych w kontekście zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa strażaków. Wprowadzenie: Użytkownicy końcowi, decydując się na wybór danego sprzętu pożarniczego, oczekują spełnienia przede wszystkim trzech warunków: bezpieczeństwa, ergonomii i funkcjonalności. Co więcej wysoka skuteczność oraz niezawodność działania wyposażenia i sprzętu wykorzystywanego do działań ratowniczo-gaśniczych przez jednostki ochrony przeciwpożarowej jest warunkiem koniecznym do spełnienia z uwagi na powodzenie prowadzonych działań oraz zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa zarówno osób ratowanych, jak i samych ratowników. Aby wyjść naprzeciw wymaganiom i potrzebom jednostek ochrony przeciwpożarowej w Polsce wprowadzono system dopuszczeń. W niniejszym artykule, na przykładzie pojazdów pożarniczych, przedstawiono kolejne etapy procesu dopuszczenia wyrobów do użytkowania oraz ich znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa strażaków. Omówiono aktualne przepisy prawa w zakresie dopuszczania pojazdów do użytkowania oraz przedstawiono główne założenia oraz przebieg procesu dopuszczenia. Zwrócono również uwagę na znaczenie nadzoru nad udzielonymi dopuszczeniami, realizowanego na drodze kontroli dopuszczeń. Poruszono również kwestie posługiwania się świadectwem dopuszczenia, odpowiedzialności za wyrób oraz wprowadzania zmian mogących mieć odzwierciedlenie w zapisach świadectwa dopuszczenia. Metodologia: W artykule przeanalizowano literaturę przedmiotu. Treść opracowano w oparciu o aktualnie obowiązujące przepisy prawa w zakresie zarówno wprowadzania samochodów pożarniczych do użytkowania, jak i ich klasyfikacji, podziału oraz oznaczenia. Literaturę stanowią dodatkowo procedury opracowane przez Jednostkę Certyfikującą CNBOP-PIB. Wnioski: System dopuszczeń oparty na ściśle określonych wymaganiach i sposobie postępowania stanowi skuteczne narzędzie selekcji pojazdów pożarniczych trafiających na polski rynek. Znaczenie tego systemu dla bezpieczeństwa jednostek ochrony przeciwpożarowej jest znaczące. Dostarcza on bowiem odbiorcom szereg istotnych informacji na temat przedmiotowych wyrobów, co ułatwia podjęcie decyzji w zakresie zakupu pojazdu wprowadzonego do użytkowania na zasadach zgodnych z aktualnie obowiązującymi przepisami prawa oraz spełniającego nie tylko oczekiwania samych użytkowników końcowych, ale i przede wszystkim wymagania z uwagi na ich bezpieczeństwo.
EN
Aim: The purpose of this article is to expose the importance of the admittance process for firefighting vehicles from the viewpoint of firefighters’ safety. Introduction: During the selection process, involving firefighting equipment, end users focus on the satisfaction of three conditions; safety, ergonomics and functionality. Moreover effectiveness and equipment reliability during operations are prerequisites, which must be satisfied, to achieve successful outcomes and ensure the safety of incident victims and firefighters. In order to satisfy demands and needs of Fire Service establishments, Poland introduced an admittance process. This article has identified sequential stages of the admittance process, involving equipment destined for use, using vehicle acquisitions for illustrative purposes and discussed the significance of the process from the viewpoint of firefighters’ safety. In parallel with discussions about current legislation dealing with admittance of equipment, the article exposed main assumptions used and the course of the admittance process. Attention was also drawn to the issue of supervision over the granting of certificates od admittance, performed as part of the admittance control mechanism. Additionally, the article discussed issues associated with the use of certificates od admittance, product liability and introduction of modifications to equipment, which may be reflected in certificates of admittance. Methods: The authors carried out an analysis of literature dealing with the topic. The article was based on sources of law, which are currently in force and apply, not only to bringing into use but also classification, division and rules of designation. Moreover, procedures developed by CNBOP-PIB Certification Department formed part of the literature source. Conclusions: The admittance process, based on specific requirements and procedures, is an effective tool for selection of firefighting vehicles, from those available on the Polish market. The importance of this system to the safety of Fire Service personnel is significant. It provides users with important information about products. Such information simplifies purchasing decisions involving vehicles introduced for use in accordance with current legislation, which, not only satisfy user expectations but above all address requirements concerning safety.
4
Content available remote Handel elektroniczny w przemyśle tekstylno-odzieżowym na świecie i w Polsce
PL
Praca dotyczy badań nad stopniem wykorzystania handlu i biznesu elektronicznego w przemyśle tekstylno-odzieżowym oraz ich wpływu na ten przemysł. W tym celu przeprowadzono badania empiryczne wśród polskich przedsiębiorstw ww. sektora, przeanalizowano uwarunkowania prawne dotyczące handlu i biznesu elektronicznego międzynarodowych organizacji zajmujących się handlem (takich jak Światowa Organizacja Handlu - WTO, Unia Europejska, i inne), a także przeanalizowano wszystkie dostępne programy Unii Europejskiej pod kątem ich przydatności w finansowaniu projektów związanych z handlem elektronicznym oraz technologiami ICT (ang. information and communication technologies) dla firm sektora tekstylno-odzieżowego.
EN
The structure of the thesis was subordinated to the specific goals and research hypotheses. It consists of four main chapters and conclusions. Chapter one is of an introductory character. It presents a short history of internet, basic aspects of electronic commerce and business, such as its models or unique features with respect to traditional commerce. Basic statistical data concerning the electronic commerce with particular reference to trade of products from textile and clothing sector, as well as those concerning the number of users of internet in the world and in Poland are given. The conclusions from the report concerning the electronic commerce in the textile and clothing sector in the European Union prepared by the eBusiness W@tch organization in 2005 with the comments of the author, and the new ICT paradigm are also presented. Chapter two is devoted to the legal aspects of electronic commerce. At first the regulations of the international organizations such as the WTO, OECD and UNCITRAL are presented. In the next part of this chapter the EU directives are thoroughly described, as Poland is a member of this organization and its regulations are the most important for our country. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the analysis of Polish legal system and its adjustments to the regulations of international organizations. Chapter three is dedicated to presenting and analyzing the empirical research carried out on the basis of questionnaires among enterprises from Polish textile and clothing sector, and drawing conclusions from those results. The research was aimed at checking the level of utilization of electronic commerce and business in those companies and evaluation if their influence on the firms was positive. From the point of view of the main goal of the thesis it is the most important chapter. Chapter four presents the analysis of a wide range of the EU programs with respect to their usefulness for companies from textile and clothing sector in order to achieve direct (financial) and indirect assistance for projects connected with ICT. The last part of the thesis is dedicated to the final conclusions and summary of the performed researches and analyses.
PL
Uwarunkowania makroekonomiczne znaczenia i kierunków zmian inżynierii rolniczej. Implikacje zmian Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej i ustaleń WTO (Światowa Organizacja Handlu) dla rolnictwa i agroinżynierii. Miejsce inżynierii rolniczej w dziedzinach nauk. Paradygmaty postępu w inżynierii rolniczej - modele deterministyczne i statystyczne. Współczesne obszary badawcze i wdrożeniowe inżynierii rolniczej.
EN
Macro-economical terms of transformation process in agricultural engineering. Implication of changes in common agrarian policy and WTO settlements into agriculture and agro-engineering as well. Position of agricultural engineering among scientific disciplines. Paradigms of agricultural engineering development - deterministic and statistic models. Present space of research and implementation measures of agricultural engineering concern.
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