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1

Leveraging Radar and VTS for Enhanced Oil Spill Detection

Fiorini Michele, Trevisani Roberto

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 1

77--84

EN

The Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) conducted oil-on-water exercises in 2018 to evaluate new oil spill response technologies, including advanced radar systems. This study assesses radar performance based on data collected during these exercises, focusing on the potential of radar technology to enhance Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) systems. By analysing radar data from various simulated oil spill scenarios, key strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement were identified. Findings highlight the benefits of integrating radar technology into VTS for improved oil spill detection, tracking, and response. This includes recommendations for expanding VTS system features to leverage radar data more effectively, such as developing algorithms for automated oil spill detection and implementing real-time data fusion techniques. The study demonstrates the potential of radar- enhanced VTS systems to significantly improve oil spill response capabilities, particularly in challenging conditions.

2

LEAS: An AI-based Demonstrator as Decision Support Tool for Traffic Monitoring at VTS Centers

Stach Thomas, Koch Paul

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 1

301--308

EN

Maritime traffic is prevalent worldwide, with particularly high density in coastal waters. To ensure safety and efficiency, Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) centers monitor and coordinate maritime traffic. For this purpose, VTS centers utilize various sensor and communication technologies such as radar, Automatic Identification System (AIS), electro-optical systems or radio communication. Additionally, any Vessel Traffic Service Operator (VTSO) is motivated to utilize a Decision Support Tool (DST). The LEAS project addresses emerging challenges at VTS centers. One key challenge results from the continuous evolution of maritime traffic, in particular, its ever increasing automation and autonomization. Another key challenge is the growing shortage of skilled workers. Consequently, it is crucial to process increasing volume of maritime traffic data while maintaining or improving safety and efficiency. DSTs at VTS centers must be adapted to these emerging challenges, accordingly. In the LEAS project, we develop and evaluate a demonstrator which represents a DST. This demonstrator is being developed in close collaboration with VTSOs to address these challenges. Most notably, it has a situation detection which makes use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods and displays relevant information in an intuitive Human-Machine Interface (HMI). The demonstrator is evaluated using simulated traffic scenarios in the German Bight and Baltic Sea, with VTSOs as test subjects. This paper provides an overview of the project and demonstrator. First, we introduce the key requirements for the demonstrator and discuss their impact on the system architecture. Next, we present its AI-based situation detection. We explain the underlying formalism of the situation detection and resolution as well as its implementation in the demonstrator. Finally, we evaluate the capabilities and limitations. The paper concludes with an outlook to future work with focus on potential deployment at DST at VTS centers.

3

Dependence of the Maximum Approach Distance on the Shape of the Ship's Safe Domain

Burmaka Igor, Zhukov Dmytro

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 1

265--268

EN

In work analytical expressions are resulted for a calculation minimum - possible distance of rapprochement in the case of application of domains of elliptic and difficult form. Shown graphic dependence minimum - possible distance of rapprochement from foreshortening of ships which are drawn together, for the domains of both types. It is shown that the domains of elliptic and difficult form have a similar character of change minimum - possible distance of rapprochement depending on foreshortening of ships.

4

Multifunctional analysis of the state administration bodies of the Republic of Croatia in the implementation of control and protection of the rights and interests in the east coast of the Adriatic Sea

Sunko T., Kos Serđo, Mišković Toni, Dedo Mihael

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

969--977

EN

The paper has conducted a structural analysis of the relevant state administration bodies of the Republic of Croatia regarding the operational efficiency of implementing the protection of rights and interests in the marine and underwater areas of the semi-enclosed Adriatic Sea, where the respective coastal state (the Republic of Croatia) exercises jurisdiction in accordance with international law. A comprehensive overview of all components of the system, as well as some sensors of the state administration bodies of the Republic of Croatia involved in the implementation of control, monitoring, and protection of rights and interests in the Adriatic Sea – the eastern part, has been synthesized. An analysis of maritime traffic security was conducted. Data on ship, cargo, and passenger traffic in the seaports of the respective coastal state were collected. The analysis covered a four-year period between 2019 and 2022.

5

From ship to shore – studies into potential practical consequences of autonomous shipping on VTS operation and training

Janssen T., Baldauf M., Claresta G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 2

383--390

EN

Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) are to improve the safety and efficiency of vessel traffic and to protect the marine environment by interacting with the ship’s traffic in monitored coastal areas. Today, VTS operators are maritime professionals with nautical education from a university or technical college and practical experience on board. This experience and nautical background is a key element of the work as a VTS operator. It is to support understanding the daily work. The current situation in the maritime domain is undergoing substantial changes, such as introducing new technologies, implementing the e-Navigation concept based on sustainable digitalization and ambitions to realize unmanned and autonomous shipping. This paper will present preliminary results of a pilot study conducted in VTS Centres along the coast of North and Baltic Sea and discuss selected options and opportunities for education and training of future VTS operators, which might not have the advantage of practical sea experience anymore.

6

Developments of Interface for VHF, MF/HF Communication Using DSC in GMDSS Services in the Framework of E-navigation Concept

Koshevyy V. M., Shyshkin O. V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

593--600

EN

It is proposed the description of interface for VHF/MF/HF for simplification of DSC communication for implementation in the frame of conception developments in GMDSS services, applied to Maritime Mobile Services. This interface is realized within its integration with INS by an appropriate way on the base of common communication protocol for all three DSC communication sub bands in standardized and harmonized format and significantly simplifies the DSC user interface. It is very important for application in Maritime services, including GMDSS services, VTS services and SAR service. Suggested approach for improving DSC communication is based on the three main outputs of e-navigation strategic direction development related to the integration of communication and navigation equipment/systems, including standardized mode of operation. Implementation of the standardization demands to include in this integration the satellite AIS system. The feasibility of the proposal is supported by the existence of relevant IEC standards and IMO documents.

7

Changes in and recent experiences from Norwegian Emergency Towing Service (NETS)

Berg T. E., Selvik Ø

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 1

203--209

EN

The Norwegian Emergency Towing Services (NETS) is managed by the Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA). In the early days of the NETS, the operational part was sheared between commercial tug companies and the Norwegian Coast Guard (NCG). A major change in the organization of the operation took place from January 1st 2020, when NCG was given the operational responsibility for NETS. This change is briefly described and the vessels in today's NETS are presented. Statistics for drifting vessels in Norwegian waters are presented before some selected recent maritime emergency incidents are highlighted. Actions by the NETS vessels and other NCG vessels will be highlighted. Handling of "FV Nortguider" after the grounding in Hinlopen (Svalbard) and the wreck removal work is one of the cases. The other two are drifting ship represented by the cruise vessel "Viking Sky" and the cargo vessel "Eemslift Hendrika". The final part of this paper discusses ways to ensure knowledge and operational experience sharing for personnel on vessels performing emergency towing tasks.

8

Norwegian emergency towing service – past – present and future

Berg T. E., Selvik Ø, Jordheim O. K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 1

83--88

EN

The Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA) is an agency of the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, and is responsible for services related to maritime safety, maritime infrastructure, transport planning and efficiency, and emergency response to acute pollution and drifting vessels. NCA has five regional Vessel Traffic Service centres. Of those, Vardø VTS has the special task of monitoring high-risk maritime traffic in Norwegian territorial waters, including the sea areas around Svalbard. Based on the history of ship incidents in Norwegian waters and lack of commercial tug resources in Northern Norway and the Svalbard area, the government decided in 2005 to establish a national emergency towing service. The establishment and coordination of this service was assigned to the Norwegian Coastal Administration. This paper briefly describes the development of the Norwegian Emergency Towing Service (NETS), how the service has changed over the years and plans for the coming years. Some cases involving emergency towing vessels are described. The paper also reviews the development of a national competence plan for senior officers on vessels employed by the Norwegian Emergency Towing Service.

9

Merging conventionally navigating ships and MASS - Merging VTS, FOC and SCC?

Baldauf M., Fischer S., Kitada M., Mehdi R. A., Al-Quhali M. A., Fiorini M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 3

495--501

EN

Current maritime transportation and shipping is characterized by rapid technological developments effecting the basic concepts of operating ships and even changing traditional paradigms of controlling ships. The e-Navigation concept of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) specifically aims at more comprehensive and reliable support of the human operators on-board and ashore. However, autonomous unmanned ships remote controlled or even autonomously navigating are expected to come soon. In this paper, selected operational aspects of maritime traffic merging conventional and unmanned remote controlled ships in coastal areas are discussed. Furthermore, some preliminary results of experimental simulation studies into a future scenario of maritime traffic are presented and preliminary conclusions in respect to job profiling and training requirements are discussed.

10

AIS based shipping routes using the dijkstra algorithm

Silveira P., Teixeira A. P., Guedes-Soares C.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 3

565--571

EN

This paper proposes an approach for identifying and characterizing shipping routes using information contained in Automatic Identification System messages broadcasted by ships and recorded by the coastal Vessel Traffic Service centre. The approach consists of using historical Automatic Identification System data to build a graph, where nodes are cells of a grid covering the geographical area being studied and the weights of directional edges are inversely related to ship movements between cells. Based on this graph, the Dijkstra algorithm is used to identify a potential safe route, assumed to be the most used route by ships between two locations. A second graph is created simultaneously, with the same nodes and edges, but with edge weights equal to the average speed of transitions between cells, thus allowing the determination of the average speed profile for any possible path within the graph. The proposed approach is applied to two scenarios: an approach to the port of Lisbon and the entry through the fairway to a RO-RO terminal in the port of Setubal in Portugal.

11

Method foranalyzing AIS data and determination of simultaneously ships passage via strait of split

Bukljaš M., Vukša S., Pavić I.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 4

679--684

EN

The traffic density is a basic characteristic of marine traffic for some navigational area. In the case of narrow channels such as Strait of Split (Splitska vrata), apart from the traffic density, the number of simultaneous ship passages is also important as well as ships characteristics. Based on such data, additional navigational safety guidelines and regulations may be planned for the observed area. The purpose of this research is to determine the number of simultaneous ship passages via Strait of Split for a certain period of time. Collected AIS data in SPNMEA format was decoded by AIS Decoder online program to csv file. For five randomly selected days in the summer period, based on AIS data, the number of simultaneous ship passages was determined and ships information presented.

12

Analiza kolizji statków w wąskim przejściu o dużym natężeniu ruchu – znaczenie systemu rozgraniczenia ruchu oraz służby kontroli ruchu w Cieśninie Dardanele

Roeske J.

Prace Wydziału Nawigacyjnego Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2018

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Z. 33

77--93

PL

W artykule przeprowadzono analizę kolizji statku pasażerskiego „Celestyal Crystal” z chemikaliowcem „STI Pimlico” w Cieśninie Dardanele, 27 czerwca 2015 roku. Dokładny opis poważnego wypadku morskiego w aspekcie prawideł MPZZM oraz analiza manewru ostatniej chwili uwzględniają większość czynników wpływających na bezpieczeństwo żeglugi. W publikacji przedstawiono również szczególne znaczenie systemów rozgraniczenia ruchu (TSS) oraz komunikacji ze służbą kontroli ruchu (VTS) na akwenach uznanych za trudne nawigacyjnie ze względu na ograniczoną szerokość toru wodnego i duże natężenie ruchu statków.

EN

The article presents analysis of the collision between passenger ship „Celestyal Crystal” and chemical tanker „STI Pimlico”in the Çanakkale Strait’s Traffic Separation Scheme on 27 June 2015. The detailed description of accident in the aspect of the COLREG rules and the analysis of the last chance manoeuver shows majority of the factors influencing on the safety in navigation. The role of Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) and communication with Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) in narrow passages with high traffic density were also presented.

13

Developing a Maritime Safety Index using Fuzzy Logics

Olindersson F., Bruhn W.C., Scheidweiler T., Andersson A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2017

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Vol. 11, no. 3

469--475

EN

Safe shipping is essential for society and different measures are taken to improve maritime safety, for example through implementation of traffic separation schemes, radar surveillance and traffic management concepts. But how can maritime safety be measured to determine the effects of those implementations? In this study, a real-time maritime safety index for a ship is developed, taking into account both the probability of grounding and the probability of collision. The index is developed using fuzzy integrated systems and validated in ship handling simulator scenarios. It uses numerical data from the simulator as an input to assess the present traffic situation from the perspective of a specific ship and outputs a comprehensive index. This paper describes the concept of sea traffic management as proposed and evaluated in the EU funded STM Validation project, the motivation for developing a maritime safety index, the numerical input variables and model properties and also validates the feasibility of the approach.

14

M-estimation as a tool supporting a vessel traffic controller in the VTS system

Świerczyński S., Czaplewski K.

Polish Maritime Research

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2015

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nr 3

3--13

EN

In order to improve maritime safety and the efficiency of vessel traffic, systems supervising vessel traffic, i.e. VTS (Vessel Traffic Service), started to be created. These systems are aimed to control vessel traffic in waters where traffic congestion, a large concentration of vessels or the presence of navigational hazards creates a risk of collision or stranding. VTS systems constitute maritime safety centres and they must be equipped with appropriate devices in order to be fully functional. Among devices that provide information about vessels are coastal radar stations which are located around a monitored sea area. This kind of spatial arrangement of these stations can be used to simultaneously obtain information about every vessel, but such observations may be fraught with serious errors. Therefore, the estimation methods that are employed and developed in geodesy can be used to improve the accuracy with which a vessel’s position is determined. The Interactive Navigational Structure, i.e. IANS, is an example of how these methods can be applied in navigation; this term has already been introduced into the literature (Czaplewski, 2004). The text below presents the theoretical assumptions underlying the use of IANS as a tool supporting a vessel traffic controller using the VTS system in his/her work. This presentation is supported by a numerical test that was performed in the waters of the Bay of Gdańsk which are covered by the VTS system.

15

Pozyskiwanie informacji nawigacyjnej na potrzeby systemów VTS

Świerczyński S., Czaplewski K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2012

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R. 53 nr 3 (190)

113-121

PL

W rejonach, gdzie występuje duże natężenie ruchu statków, istnieje znaczne niebezpieczeństwo kolizji lub wejścia na mieliznę. System kontroli ruchu usprawnia ruch statków i poprawia bezpieczeństwo. Dla właściwego funkcjonowania systemu istnieje sieć stacji brzegowych, których sygnał jest wykorzystywany do tworzenia mapy obszaru odpowiedzialności. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje stan aktualny pozyskiwania informacji nawigacyjnej na przykładzie VTS Zatoka Gdańska (Vessel Traffic Service for Gulf of Gdańsk) z wykorzystaniem brzegowych stacji radarowych.

EN

In areas of heavy vessel traffic there exists a serious danger of collision or getting aground. The vessel traffic control system facilitates traffic and improves shipping safety. There is a network of shore-based stations used to properly operate the system. Their signals are used to develop charts of responsibility. This paper presents the up-to-date picture of navigational information acquisition with shore-based stations based on the example of VTS (Vessel Traffic Service for Gulf of Gdańsk) Gulf of Gdansk.

16

Determination of the precise observed ship’s position using the traffic control systems and applying the geodesic estimation methods

Świerczyński S., Czaplewski K.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Akademia Morska w Szczecinie

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2012

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nr 32 (104) z. 2

167-172

EN

In the sea areas with heavy traffic, there is a great danger of collision or grounding. In order to improve maritime safety at the gulf of Gdańsk in the middle of 90s, a vessel traffic services was installed. The VTS system operators can provide navigational assistance, if the parameters of the ships movement endanger the safety of navigation. For proper functioning of the system there is a network of coastal radars stations whose signal is used to create a radar picture of the navigational situation. In the vts determination of the ship position based on radar observations may lead to large errors. The IMO organization recommends to reject and repeat measurements containing large errors. For a moving ship perform a re-measurement in the same position is not possible. This paper presents possibility of compensation the coordinates of the vessel position based on radar observations using the of M-estimation methods.

17

Wykorzystanie geodezyjnych metod wyrównania obserwacji nawigacyjnych do zwiększenia dokładności określania pozycji statków w systemach VTS

Czaplewski K., Świerczyński S.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2012

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R. 19, nr 9

3125--3134, CD

PL

Na obszarach morskich gdzie występuje duży ruch statków tworzone są systemy nadzoru ruchu statków (VTS). Wykorzystują one obraz radarowy otrzymywany z radarowych stacji brzegowych, które są rozmieszczone w punktach o znanych współrzędnych. Dostarczają one informacji o jednostkach aktualnie poruszających się na obszarze objętym zewnętrznym nadzorem. Dzięki nim można śledzić ruch jednostek, wykrywać przeszkody nawigacyjne w różnych warunkach meteorologicznych. Jedną z ich zalet, aktualnie niedocenianą, jest możliwość wyznaczania pozycji obserwowanej obiektów poruszających się na obszarze VTS. W systemach nadzoru ruchu statków wyznaczenie pozycji jednostki pływającej w oparciu o obserwacje radarowe mogą być obarczone dużymi błędami. W takim przypadku chcąc poprawić dokładność wyznaczania pozycji można wykorzystać metody estymacji stosowane w geodezji. Artykuł przedstawia metody wyrównania współrzędnych pozycji jednostki w oparciu o pomierzone namiary przez stacje radarowe, wykorzystując metody estymacji.

EN

In the areas of water with heavy vessel traffic vessel traffic services (VTS)are created. They use a radar image obtained from coastal radar stations, which are located on land with known coordinates. They provide information about ships which are currently moving in the area under external supervision. As a result, it is possible to trace the traffic of vessels and to detect obstructions to navigation even in different meteorological conditions. One of their advantages, which is currently not appreciated, is the ability to determine vessel observed positions in the VTS area. Determination of vessel positions based on radar observations may be encumbered with large errors. In this case, to improve the accuracy of defining the position, the classic methods of estimation, which are used in geodesy, may be applied. This paper presents methods of estimation vessel position coordinates based on the bearings measured received from radar stations by means of the methods of estimation.

18

Techniczna charakterystyka systemu automatycznej identyfikacji statków AIS

Czajkowski J.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2010

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Vol. 51, nr 5

13-16

PL

W artykule przedstawiono założenia i techniczną charakterystykę uniwersalnego pokładowego automatycznego systemu identyfikacji statków AIS, który wykorzystuje techniki wielokrotnego dostępu czasowego i jest przeznaczony do pracy w morskim pasmie częstotliwości zakresu VHP. System ten zapewnia efektywną wymianę informacji odnośnie danych nawigacyjnych między statkami i stacjami nadbrzeżnymi co ma istotny wpływ na podniesienie bezpieczeństwa żeglugi.

EN

The article presents system assumptions and technical characteristics for an automatic identification system - AIS using time division multiple access in the VHF maritime mobile band. The use of a universal shipborne AIS allow efficient exchange of navigational data between ships and between ships and shore station, thereby improving safety of navigation.

19

Reliability structure of the vessel traffic services in the Gulf of Gdansk

Budny T.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2009

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Vol. 2, iss. 3

3-7

EN

In the paper reliability structure of the Vessel Traffic Services Gulf of Gdansk system is described. Four different functional subsystems are distinguished. Some definitions of the different kinds of structures are also presented.

20

Safety of Vessels’ Traffic, Bound for Polish Ports

Hajduk J., Montewka J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 2

131--134

EN

Vessels’ traffic in the area of Southern Baltic has not been organized yet. Therefore a risk of potential grounding or collisions is imminent. Organization the traffic by means of passive methods like determination the ships’ routes or traffic separation schemes is one of the better measures to improve navigation safety. Although such activities should take into account interests of coastal countries. The whole area should be considered, and the needs arising from traffic at present and in the future should be met. Due to complexity of above problem, solutions that are fragmentary may lead to deterioration of existing situation and cause new threats for all Baltic countries.