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EN
It should be observed that for the sake of national welfare, while transporting state VIPs by military aircraft, the level of risk that is acceptable is lower than in the case of other passengers. Consequently, normative documentation regarding such transport regulates a range of issues that is considerably wider and more precisely defined than when transporting other passengers, relying on the principle “safety above all.” Regulations contained in normative documents concerning the transport of state VIPs by military aircraft are to protect not only against human mistakes, which might cause an air incident during such flights. Normative documents also regulate additional requirements that concern (1) aviation equipment used during transport of state VIPs by military aircraft (so as to limit the risk of mechanical failure) and (2) in-depth analysis of environmental factors (so as to reduce threat to transport safety as a result of adverse weather conditions).
EN
It should be noted that for reasons of state security (the so-called “national interest”), the transport of VIPs using military aircraft has a lower acceptable level of risk than is the case for other passengers. Consequently, the regulatory documents relating to these transport operations regulate a much broader and more detailed range of issues than is the case for other passenger transport operations, taking into account the principle of ‘safety first’. The regulations contained in the regulatory documents for the carriage of the most important persons in the state on military aircraft are intended to safeguard against human error, which may affect the possibility of an aviation event occurring during such operations. The regulatory documents also deal with additional requirements for equipment needed on military aircraft carrying VIPs, to reduce the risk of incidents, and a more in-depth analysis of environmental factors to reduce the safety risks due to adverse weather conditions.
EN
It should be noted that due to the good of the state (the so-called “national interest”), in the case of transport of VIPs by military aircraft, its acceptable level of risk is lower than in the case of transportation of other passengers. Thus, normative documentation regarding such transport regulates a significantly wider and more extensively indicated range of issues, including the principle of “security above all”, when compared to transportation of other passengers. The regulations contained in the normative documents concerning transportation of state VIPs by military aircraft are to protect them not only from human errors which may have influence on the occurrence of air incidents in the course of such transportation. Normative documents also regulate additional requirements regarding aviation equipment employed to transport state VIPs by military aircraft (to decrease the risk of failure) and an in-depth analysis of environment factors (to decrease the risk related to threats to security of transportation due to unfavourable atmospheric conditions).
EN
Ensuring the security of people who hold the most important state positions is one of the most significant tasks for all institutions and people involved in securing the official activities of such people, including their mobility and movement by air. This requires undertaking actions aimed at eliminating security threats and thus minimising risk. Proposals regarding directions of changes in the content of normative documents concerning the transport of the most important people in the state by military aircraft concern: flight experience of crews; selection and assembly of the crew; planning the flight and preparing the crew for the flight; preparation, equipment and technical condition of the aircraft and atmospheric conditions and analysis of them.
EN
Ensuring the safety of people that hold the most important state positions is one of the most important tasks that all institutions and those involved in securing the official activities of such people are involved in, including their mobility and movement by air. This requires undertaking actions aimed at eliminating security threats and thus minimising risk. Regulations contained in normative documents concerning the transport of the most important persons in the state by military aircraft are not only concerned with protection against the occurrence of human error, but also regulate the issues of additional requirements for aviation equipment used to carry out such transports and in-depth analysis of environmental factors.
PL
Zwiększające się wymagania i potrzeby dotyczące efektywności energetycznej budynków wytyczyły jeden z najważniejszych kierunków rozwoju nowych technologii budowlanych. Jest on związany z termoizolacjami i ich stosowaniem w przegrodach zewnętrznych budynków oraz w instalacjach grzewczych. W artykule scharakteryzowano wyroby do izolacji cieplnej, m.in. panele próżniowe (VIP).
EN
Higher and higher requirements and needs related to the energy efficiency of buildings paved the way for the most important directions of the development of new building technologies. The direction concerns thermal insulations and their application in external partitions of buildings and heating installations. The article characterizes products used in thermal insulation, among others vacuum panels.
PL
Przedstawione badania dotyczą opracowania algorytmu redukcji ilości danych wysokościowych w postaci numerycznego modelu terenu z lotniczego skanowania laserowego (ALS) dla potrzeb modelowania powodziowego. Redukcja jest procesem niezbędnym w przetwarzaniu ogromnych zbiorów danych z ALS, a jej przebieg nie może mieć charakteru regularnej filtracji danych, co często ma miejsce w praktyce. Działanie takie prowadzi do pominięcia szeregu istotnych form terenowych z punktu widzenia modelowania hydraulicznego. Jednym z proponowanych rozwiązań dla redukcji danych wysokościowych zawartych w numerycznych modelach terenu jest zmiana jego struktury z regularnej siatki na strukturę hybrydową z regularnie rozmieszczonymi punktami oraz nieregularnie rozlokowanymi punktami istotnymi. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest porównanie algorytmów ekstrakcji punktów istotnych z numerycznych modeli terenu, które po przetworzeniu ich z użyciem redukcji danych zachowają swoją dokładność przy jednoczesnym zmniejszeniu rozmiaru plików wynikowych. W doświadczeniach zastosowano algorytmy: indeksu pozycji topograficznej (TPI), Very Important Points (VIP) oraz Z-tolerance, które posłużyły do stworzenia numerycznych modeli terenu, podlegających następnie ocenie w porównaniu z danymi wejściowymi. Analiza taka pozwoliła na porównanie metod. Wyniki badań potwierdzają możliwości uzyskania wysokiego stopnia redukcji, która wykorzystuje jedynie kilka procent danych wejściowych, przy relatywnie niewielkim spadku dokładności pionowej modelu terenu sięgającego kilku centymetrów.
EN
The presented research concerns methods related to reduction of elevation data contained in digital terrain model (DTM) from airborne laser scanning (ALS) in hydraulic modelling. The reduction is necessary in the preparation of large datasets of geospatial data describing terrain relief. Its course should not be associated with regular data filtering, which often occurs in practice. Such a method leads to a number of important forms important for hydraulic modeling being missed. One of the proposed solutions for the reduction of elevation data contained in DTM is to change the regular grid into the hybrid structure with regularly distributed points and irregularly located critical points. The purpose of this paper is to compare algorithms for extracting these key points from DTM. They are used in hybrid model generation as a part of elevation data reduction process that retains DTM accuracy and reduces the size of output files. In experiments, the following algorithms were tested: Topographic Position Index (TPI), Very Important Points (VIP) and Z-tolerance. Their effectiveness in reduction (maintaining the accuracy and reducing datasets) was evaluated in respect to input DTM from ALS. The best results were obtained for the Z-tolerance algorithm, but they do not diminish the capabilities of the other two algorithms: VIP and TPI which can generalize DTM quite well. The results confirm the possibility of obtaining a high degree of reduction reaching only a few percent of the input data with a relatively low decrease of vertical DTM accuracy to a few centimetres. The presented paper was financed by the Foundation for Polish Science - research grant no. VENTURES/2012-9/1 from Innovative Economy program of the European Structural Funds.
PL
Wymogi konkurencji na światowych rynkach oraz coraz wyższe wymagania środowiskowe stymulują ciągłe zmiany oraz udoskonalanie istniejących rozwiązań. Równocześnie następuje dynamiczny rozwój ekologicznych technik, alternatywnych w stosunku do chłodnictwa tradycyjnego jak choćby chłodnictwo magnetyczne czy termoakustyczne. W artykule tym omówione zostały główne kierunki rozwoju przemysłu chłodniczego i klimatyzacyjnego w kontekście efektywności energetycznej oraz zagadnień ochrony środowiska które związane są z bieżącą działalnością Centralnego Ośrodka Chłodnictwa COCH.
EN
Competition on world markets and rising environmental requirements enforce development of existing cooling technologies. At this same time rapidly increase develop of new ecological and alternative solutions to conventional refrigeration techniques like thermoacoustic or magnetic refrigeration. In this paper were specified principal development directions of refrigeration and air-conditioning industry in context of energy efficiency and environmental protection which are connected with present Refrigeration Research and Development Centre COCH activity
PL
Przedstawiono zmiany na polskim rynku telefonii stacjonarnej w okresie ostatnich trzech lat. Ze szczególną uwagą uwzględniono zmiany prawne i pojawienie się oraz gwałtowny rozwój nowej technologii VIP.
EN
There are presented the Polish fixed markefs changes for the last three years in respect to the law changes in telecommunication and the huge development of the VolP technology.
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