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Lithic Technology and Origin of the Stone Raw Material from the Guenfouda Cave (Jerada Province, Eastern Morocco)

Souhir Mohamed, Cruz Sergio Almisas, Aouraghe Hassan, Mhamdi Hicham

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2021

Vol. 22, nr 8

258--277

The Guenfouda cave is located 30 km south of the city of Oujda in the Jbel Metssila belonging to the Oujda Mountains. It was recognized as a site of archaeological interest in 2003. Excavations are scheduled every year, and important archaeological material (lithic, faunal and human) has been brought to light. A first study on the lithic industry was carried out by S. Almisas and M. Souhir [2018] under the title of "New studies on the lithic industry of the Neolithic deposits of the Oujda Mountains. Raw material and technology" [Reg.03 "Upper Pleistocene and Holocene cognitive complexity & archaeogenetics in North Africa" 15th PANAF Conférence, Rabat 2018]. The study is based on technological techniques, the typology of cut products and also on the origin of the raw material used. The lithic industry is abundant, well preserved in all levels and phases of the operating chain are present, indicating debitage in situ in the cave. The artefacts are brought back to the Neolithic for the upper levels, then to the final Upper Paleolithic (or Epipaleolithic) for the lower levels, marked by a change in culture with the appearance of back-to-body lamellae. The first analyses of the raw material used by prehistoric man in this cave, in particular the flint, generally comes from the Swimina area, located to the south of the Oued El Hay basin (Ain Béni Mathar). The limestones come from the surroundings of the mountains of ‘Oujda, plains and wadis. As for the basalt, it comes from an ancient Quaternary volcano located near the cave at the top of Jebel Metssila. In turn, quartzites, phtanites, silicified green schist and tuffite, they come from the Paleozoic buttonholes of Glib Naam and jbel boussofane (Province of Jerada). Given the information above, it appears that the man from Guenfouda may have used various rocks for the manufacturing of tools, and would have traveled distances of up to 60 km in radius to stock up on raw material, especially flint.

The formation of mammoth bone accumulation at the Gravettian site Kraków-Spadzista B+B1

Kalicki T., Kozłowski J. K., Krzemińska A., Sobczyk K., Wojtal P.

Folia Quaternaria

2007

nr 77

5-30

The subject of this paper is sector B+B1 of the Upper Palaeolithic site Kraków-Spadzista. In this sector, situated on the rocky elevation above the Rudawa River valley in the loess deposit (layer 6), an accumulation of mammoth bones was partially excavated and provided some evidence of activities of Gravettian hunters (hearths, lithic artefacts, rare modified bones). The accumulation of mammoth bones is a result of several occupational episodes dated between 24,000 and 23,000 years BP; in every episode some mammoths were killed and butchered. Postdepositional factors, such as solifluction (forming a sequence of lobes), human and carnivore activities, and animal trampling disturbed the original structure of killing and butchering areas, particularly in the filling of the karstic depression in the bedrock. Some in situ structures have only been preserved on the platform surrounding the depression.